悪
(極悪 から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/12/08 03:18 UTC 版)
悪（あく）は、一般的な意味では、善の反対または欠如である。非常に広い概念であることもあるが、日常的な使い方では、より狭い範囲で深い邪悪さを表現することが多い。それは一般的に、複数の可能な形をとると考えられている。例えば、悪と一般的に関連している個人的な道徳的悪、または非個人的な自然的悪（自然災害または病気の場合のように）の形や、宗教的思想においては悪魔的または超自然的/永遠的な形などである[1]。
- ^ Griffin, David Ray (2004) [1976]. God, Power, and Evil: a Process Theodicy. Westminster. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-664-22906-1
- ^ a b “Evil”. Oxford University Press (2012年). 2019年12月8日閲覧。
- ^ Ervin Staub. Overcoming evil: genocide, violent conflict, and terrorism. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 32.
- ^ Matthews, Caitlin; Matthews, John (2004). Walkers Between the Worlds: The Western Mysteries from Shaman to Magus. New York City: Simon & Schuster. p. 173. ASIN B00770DJ3G
- ^ de Hulster, Izaak J. (2009). Iconographic Exegesis and Third Isaiah. Heidelberg, Germany: Mohr Siebeck Verlag. pp. 136-37. ISBN 978-3-16-150029-9
- ^ a b Ingram, Paul O.; Streng, Frederick John (1986). Buddhist-Christian Dialogue: Mutual Renewal and Transformation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 148-49. ISBN 978-1-55635-381-9
- ^ Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Ethics"
- ^ a b c Roy F. Baumeister "Human Evil: The Mythical and the True Causes of Violence" Florida State University. archive
- ^ Stern, Fritz; Lifton, Robert Jay (1986). “The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide”. Foreign Affairs 65 (2): 404. doi:10.2307/20043033. ISSN 0015-7120.
- ^ Dower, John W. (2017), War without mercy : race and power in the pacific war, Tantor Media, ISBN 978-1-5414-2124-0, OCLC 982707419 2019年12月8日閲覧。
- ^ Hesse, Petra; Mack, John E. (1991). Rieber, Robert W.. ed (英語). The Psychology of War and Peace: The Image of the Enemy. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 131-153. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0747-9_6. ISBN 978-1-4899-0747-9
- ^ Baumeister, Roy F. (2005). The cultural animal : human nature, meaning, and social life. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516703-1. OCLC 770765517
- ^ Baumeister, Roy F.; Smart, Laura; Boden, Joseph M. (1996). “Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.”. Psychological Review 103 (1): 5-33. doi:10.1037//0033-295x.103.1.5. ISSN 0033-295X.
- ^ Bushman, Brad (1998年). “Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and directed and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?”. PsycEXTRA Dataset. 2019年12月8日閲覧。
- ^ Solomon, Richard L.; Corbit, John D. (1974). “An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. Temporal dynamics of affect.”. Psychological Review 81 (2): 119-145. doi:10.1037/h0036128. ISSN 1939-1471.
- ^ O'Neal, Edgar C. (1994). “Human aggression, second edition, edited by Robert A. Baron and Deborah R. Richardson. New York, Plenum, 1994, xx + 419 pp” (英語). Aggressive Behavior 20 (6): 461-463. doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:63.0.CO;2-O. ISSN 1098-2337.
- ^ Bushman, Brad J.; Geen, Russell G. (1990). “Role of cognitive-emotional mediators and individual differences in the effects of media violence on aggression.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 (1): 156-163. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.156. ISSN 1939-1315.
- ^ Baumeister, Roy F. (2006). Losing control : how and why people fail at self-regulation. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-083140-6. OCLC 553911110
- ^ Bushman, B. J.; Cooper, H. M. (1990-05). “Effects of alcohol on human aggression: an integrative research review”. Psychological Bulletin 107 (3): 341-354. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.341. ISSN 0033-2909. PMID 2140902.
- ^ Good and Evil in Chinese Philosophy Archived 2006年5月29日, at the Wayback Machine. C.W. Chan
- ^ History of Chinese Philosophy Feng Youlan, Volume II The Period of Classical Learning (from the Second Century B.C. to the Twentieth Century A.D). Trans. Derk Bodde. Ch. XIV Liu Chiu-Yuan, Wang Shou-jen, and Ming Idealism. part 6 § 6 Origin of Evil. Uses strikingly similar language to that in the etymology section of this article, in the context of Chinese Idealism.
- ^ a b Benedict de Spinoza, Ethics, Part IV Of Human Bondage or of the Strength of the Affects Definitions translated by W. H. White, Revised by A. H. Stirling, Great Books vol 31, Encyclopædia Britannica 1952 p. 424
- ^ Stephen Palmquist, Dreams of Wholeness: A course of introductory lectures on religion, psychology and personal growth (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1997/2008), see especially Chapter XI.
- ^ Book website
- ^ Philosophy of Religion Charles Taliaferro, Paul J. Griffiths, eds. Ch. 35, Buddhism and Evil Martin Southwold p 424
- ^ Lay Outreach and the Meaning of “Evil Person Taitetsu Unno Archived 2012年10月18日, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ The Jewel Ornament of Liberation. Gampopa. ISBN 978-1559390927[要ページ番号]
- ^ Hans Schwarz, Evil: A Historical and Theological Perspective (Lima, Ohio: Academic Renewal Press, 2001): 42-43.
- ^ Schwarz, Evil, 75.
- ^ Thomas Aquinas, SUMMA THEOLOGICA, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominician Province (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1947) Volume 3, q. 72, a. 1, p. 902.
- ^ Henri Blocher, Evil and the Cross (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1994): 10.
- ^ Gaymon Bennett, Ted Peters, Martinez J. Hewlett, Robert John Russell (2008). "The evolution of evil". Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p.318. ISBN 3525569793
- ^ Gourevitch, Phillip (1999). We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With our Families. Picador. ISBN 0-31224-335-9
- ^ “Frontline: the triumph of evil.”. 2007年4月9日閲覧。
- ^ url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p3s1c1a6.htm
- ^ Harris, Sam (2004). The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of Reason. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-03515-8
- ^ a b Peck, M. Scott. (1983;1988). People of the Lie: The hope for healing human evil. Century Hutchinson.
- ^ Peck, M. Scott. (1978;1992), The Road Less Travelled. Arrow.
- ^ Peck, 1983/1988,p105
- ^ Peck,1978/1992,p298
- ^ Martin Luther, Werke, XX, p58
- ^ a b Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, Dante University of America Press, 2003, ISBN 0-937832-38-3 ISBN 978-0-937832-38-7
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