ベルギーの歴史
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2023/09/26 07:30 UTC 版)
ベルギーの歴史(ベルギーのれきし)ではベルギー地域、ベルギー人、またはベルギーを支配する政権について解説する。
- ^ Patak, Bindeshwar (2010). Glimpses of Europe: A Crucible of Winning Ideas, Great Civilizations and Bloodiest Wars. Gyan Publishing House. p. 565. ISBN 9788178358314
- ^ “Descriptions of Fossil Neandertals”. Bone and Stone. 2012年11月7日閲覧。
- ^ Boerderij uit de jonge steentijd ontdekt in Riemst
- ^ a b c Vanmontfort (2007), “Bridging the gap. The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in a frontier zone”, Documenta Praehistorica 34, オリジナルの2012-04-02時点におけるアーカイブ。
- ^ “100,000 Year-old DNA Sequence Allows New Look At Neandertal's Genetic Diversity”. Sciencedaily.com (2006年6月7日). 2012年11月7日閲覧。
- ^ Constantin; Ilett; Burnez-Lanotte (2011), “"La Hoguette, Limburg, and the Mesolithic"”, in Vanmontfort; Kooijmans; Amkreutz, Pots, Farmers and Foragers: How Pottery Traditions Shed a Light on Social Interaction in the Earliest Neolithic of the Lower Rhine Area, Amsterdam University Press
- ^ Vanmontfort Bart (2004). “Les Flandres durant la fin du 4° et le debut du 3° millenaire avant notre ere. Inhabitees ou invisibles pour l'archeologie” (フランス語). Anthropologica et praehistorica 115: 9-25. ISSN 1377-5723 .
- ^ Louwe Kooijmans, L.P. (1983). Bulletin van de Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis 1: 55-68. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/2799 title=Tussen SOM en TRB, enige gedachten over het laat-neolithicum in Nederland en België.
- ^ a b Lamarcq, Danny; Rogge, Marc (1996). De Taalgrens: Van de oude tot de nieuwe Belgen. Davidsfonds
- ^ Wightman, Edith Mary (1985). Gallia Belgica. University of California Press. pp. 12–14
- ^ Tacitus, Gaius Claudius. Germania 2
- ^ Wightman, Edith Mary (1985). Gallia Belgica. University of California Press. p. 14
- ^ a b “Povinzen”. Antikefan. 2018年4月28日閲覧。
- ^ “モザン美術”. コトバンク. 2018年4月28日閲覧。
- ^ Howe, Jeffrey (1997年). “Architecture in Belgium: Antwerp” (英語). www.bc.edu. Boston College. 2017年10月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年4月28日閲覧。
- ^ Ott, Mack (2012). The Political Economy of Nation Building: The World's Unfinished Business. Transaction Publishers. p. 92
- ^ Herman van der Wee (1963). The growth of the Antwerp market and the European economy: (fourteenth-sixteenth centuries). Nijhoff. p. 127
- ^ James Donald Tracy (1993). The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750. Cambridge U.P.. p. 263
- ^ a b Parker, Geoffrey (1990). The Dutch Revolt (Revised ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140137125
- ^ Bart de Groof, "Alexander Farnese and the Origins of Modern Belgium", Bulletin de l'Institut Historique Belge de Rome (1993) Vol. 63, pp. 195–219.
- ^ a b c d Violet Soen, "Reconquista and Reconciliation in the Dutch Revolt: The Campaign of Governor-General Alexander Farnese (1578–1592)", Journal of Early Modern History (2012) 16#1 pp. 1–22.
- ^ Geert H. Janssen, "The Counter-Reformation of the Refugee: Exile and the Shaping of Catholic Militancy in the Dutch Revolt", Journal of Ecclesiastical History (2012) 63#4 pp. 671–692.
- ^ “Belgium”. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ Jacques Godechot, "The Business Classes and the Revolution Outside France", American Historical Review (1958) 64#1 p. 7 in JSTOR
- ^ Janet L. Polasky, and Michael J. Sydenham, "The French Revolution: A Belgian Perspective", Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings (1986), Vol. 16, pp. 203–212.
- ^ Brookes, Richard (1812) (英語). The General Gazetteer Or Compendious Geographical Dictionary (15th edition ed.). London
- ^ Kossmann, E.H. (1978). The Low Countries: 1780–1940. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–81, 101–2. ISBN 9780198221081
- ^ Ganse, Alexander. “Belgium under French Administration, 1795–1799”. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. 2008年4月3日閲覧。
- ^ Kossmann, The Low Countries, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Kossmann, The Low Countries, pp. 74–76.
- ^ Ganse, Alexander. “The Flemish Peasants War of 1798”. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. 2008年4月2日閲覧。
- ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2005). Belgium: A History. pp. 49–54. ISBN 9780820458243
- ^ Samuel Clark, "Nobility, Bourgeoisie and the Industrial Revolution in Belgium", Past & Present (1984) # 105 pp. 140–175; in JSTOR
- ^ Janet Polasky, Revolutionary Brussels, 1787–1793 (Brussels, 1984).
- ^ Godechot, "The Business Classes and the Revolution Outside France", American Historical Review (1958) 64#1 pp. 1–13 in JSTOR
- ^ Chapman, Tim (2006) (英語). The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 9781134680511
- ^ Kurth, Godefroid, "Belgium" in Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) online
- ^ 宗教比例の地図についてはmapを参照。
- ^ Schama, "The Rights of Ignorance: Dutch Educational Policy in Belgium 1815–30", p. 86.
- ^ Schama, "The Rights of Ignorance: Dutch Educational Policy in Belgium 1815–30", p. 87.
- ^ J. C. H. Blom; E. Lamberts et al. History of the Low Countries (1999) pp. 307–312.
- ^ a b Cook, Bernard A. (2004). Belgium: a history. New York [u.a.]: Peter Lang. pp. 59–60. ISBN 0820458244
- ^ Els Witte, "La Construction de la Belgique 1828–1847", in E. Witte, É. Gubin and J.P. Nandrin, G. Deneckere, Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique, vol. I: 1830–1905, p. 73.
- ^ Els Witte, pp. 74–76.
- ^ Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (1994) pp. 671–91, 716–18.
- ^ a b Bond, Brian (1984). War and society in Europe, 1870–1970. London: Fontana Paperbacks. p. 70. ISBN 0006355471
- ^ Simon Schama, "The Rights of Ignorance: Dutch Educational Policy in Belgium 1815–30," History of Education (1972) 1:1, pp 81–89. link
- ^ Schama, "The Rights of Ignorance, p 83
- ^ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781107507180
- ^ Joel Mokyr, "The Industrial Revolution in the Low Countries in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century: A Comparative Case Study," Journal of Economic History (1974) 34#2 pp 365–99 in JSTOR
- ^ Chris Evans, Göran Rydén, The Industrial Revolution in Iron; The impact of British Coal Technology in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Ashgate, 2005, pp. 37–38).
- ^ Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devos, 'Breaking stereotypes', in M. Neven and I. Devos (editors), 'Recent work in Belgian Historical Demography', in Revue belge d'histoire contemporaine, (2001) 31#3–4, pp 347–359 FLWI.ugent.be
- ^ Carl Strikwerda, A house divided: Catholics, Socialists, and Flemish nationalists in nineteenth-century Belgium (1997) pp 44-46.
- ^ Norman Pounds and William Parker, Coal and steel in Western Europe (1957) Ch. 5.
- ^ Patrick O'Brien, Railways and the economic development of Western Europe, 1830–1914 (1983) ch. 7.
- ^ a b Ascherson, Neal (1999). The King incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo. ([New ed.] ed.). London: Granta. p. 231. ISBN 1862072906
- ^ Ascherson, Neal (1999). The King incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo. ([New ed.] ed.). London: Granta. pp. 231–232. ISBN 1862072906
- ^ Samuel Clark, "Nobility, bourgeoisie and the industrial revolution in Belgium," Past & Present (1984) p. 165.
- ^ Kossmann, The Low Countries, ch. 4–8.
- ^ Rondo E. Cameron, France and the economic development of Europe, 1800–1914 (2000) p. 343.
- ^ Louis Vos, "Nationalism, Democracy and the Belgian State" in Richard Caplan and John Feffer, Europe's New Nationalism: States and Minorities in Conflict (Oxford, 1966) pp. 89–90.
- ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2004). Belgium : a history. New York [u.a.]: Peter Lang. p. 81. ISBN 0820458244
- ^ Kas Deprez and Louis Vos, eds. Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780–1995 (1998), pp. 10–11, 139–152.
- ^ Kas Deprez and Louis Vos, eds. Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780–1995 (1998), pp. 10–12, 83–95.
- ^ Chartrand, Rene. The Mexican Adventure 1861–67. pp. 36–7. ISBN 1 85532 430X
- ^ Ascherson, Neal (1999). The King incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo. ([New ed.] ed.). London: Granta. pp. 78–79. ISBN 1862072906
- ^ Ascherson, Neal (1999). The King incorporated : Leopold the Second and the Congo. ([New ed.] ed.). London: Granta. p. 81. ISBN 1862072906
- ^ E.H. Kossmann, The Low Countries pp. 316–318.
- ^ Marx and Engels on the Trade Unions. Edited with an introduction and notes, by Kenneth Lapides, Originally published, Praeger, New York, 1987, p. 69. ISBN 0-7178-0676-6
- ^ Peter Flora &, Arnold J. Heidenheimer (1995). The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America. Transaction. pp. 51
- ^ Els Witte, et al., Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards (2009), p. 86.
- ^ Meier, Petra. “Report from Belgium”. European Database – Women in Decision-making. 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ Jacques Le Goff (1992). History and Memory. Columbia University Press. p. 198
- ^ Stanard, Matthew G. (2012). Selling the Congo: A History of European Pro-Empire Propaganda and the Making of Belgian Imperialism. U of Nebraska Press. p. 8
- ^ Palmer, Alan (1979) The Penguin Dictionary of Twentieth Century History. London: Allen Lane; p. 42.
- ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (1995). The age of empire : 1875–1914 (Reissued. ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 66. ISBN 0297816357
- ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (1995). The age of empire : 1875–1914 (Reissued ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 59. ISBN 0297816357
- ^ Pavlakis, Dean. “Belgian Congo”. Genocide Studies Program. 2013年1月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年1月15日閲覧。
- ^ Rubinstein, William D. (2004). Genocide : a history (1. ed.). Harlow: Longman. pp. 98–99. ISBN 0-582-50601-8
- ^ Kakutani, Michiko (1998年9月1日). “'King Leopold's Ghost': Genocide With Spin Control”. The New York Times 2014年12月31日閲覧。
- ^ Elizabeth Stice, "Review" of Matthew G. Stanard, Selling the Congo: A History of European Pro-Empire Propaganda and the Making of Belgian Imperialism in H-Empire, H-Net Reviews. January, 2013
- ^ MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. Random House Digital, Inc.. p. 277
- ^ a b c Cook, Bernard A. (2004). Belgium : a history. New York [u.a.]: Peter Lang. p. 102. ISBN 0820458244
- ^ John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (Yale U.P. 2001)
- ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2004). Belgium : a history. New York [u.a.]: Peter Lang. p. 101. ISBN 0820458244
- ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2004). Belgium : a history. New York [u.a.]: Peter Lang. p. 104. ISBN 0820458244
- ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2004). Belgium : a history. New York [u.a.]: Peter Lang. p. 105. ISBN 0820458244
- ^ E.H. Kossmann. The Low Countries (1978), p 523-35
- ^ Kossmann, p. 525.
- ^ Kossmann, p. 533.
- ^ George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917 (1988)
- ^ David Burner, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (1996) p. 74.
- ^ Burner, p. 79.
- ^ Burner, p. 82.
- ^ a b Cook, Bernard A. (2004). Belgium : a history. New York: Peter Lang. p. 113
- ^ Laurence VanYpersele, and Xavier Rousseaux, "Leaving the War: Popular Violence and Judicial Repression of 'Unpatriotic' Behaviour in Belgium (1918–1921). European Review of History (2005) 12#1 pp. 3–22.
- ^ William Roger Louis, Ruanda-Urundi 1884–1919 (Oxford U.P., 1963).
- ^ Mary T. Duarte, "Education in Ruanda-Urundi, 1946–61, " Historian (1995) 57#2 pp. 275–284.
- ^ Chronicle of the 20th Century; editors: Derrik Mercer [et al.] London: Dorling Kindersley ISBN 0-7513-3006-X; pp. 529–531.
- ^ J. Lee Ready, Jefferson: McFarland, Forgotten Allies (Vol.1), (1985) p. 254.
- ^ Thomas, Nigel. Foreign Volunteers of the Allied Forces: 1939–45 (Osprey, 1998) p. 17.
- ^ N. C., « Breendonk, Le Mémorial ne changera pas de nom », dans Le Soir, 6 décembre 2007, p. 5.
- ^ “Atelier de réflection” (ドイツ語). 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ O. Van der Wilt (conservateur du Mémorial national du fort de Breendonk), Le projet pédagogique du Mémorial National du Fort de Breendonk, p. 1.(フランス語)
- ^ John Nichol and Tony Rennell, Home Run: Escape from Nazi Europe (Penguin, 2007) p. 470.
- ^ Miller, Russell. The Resistance: WWII Time Life Education (1979).
- ^ “Museum van Deportatie en Verzet”. 2011年2月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ The number provided by the Museum van Deportatie en Verzet (“Museum van Deportatie en Verzet”. 2011年2月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年11月3日閲覧。)では子供3千人を含むユダヤ人2万人とされた。Fogelmanは成人2万人と子供8千人とした。
- ^ “Des soldats belges en Allemagne 1945–2002”. KLM-MRA. 2013年1月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年11月13日閲覧。
- ^ “Belgian Forces in the Korean War (BUNC)”. hendrik.atspace.com. 2013年8月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年11月13日閲覧。
- ^ Bud, Guy. “Belgians and the Korean War”. belgiansandthekoreanwar.co.uk. 2013年5月16日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年11月13日閲覧。
- ^ “Belgium and the European Union”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2012年11月18日閲覧。
- ^ “Belgium”. Member Countries. European Union. 2012年11月18日閲覧。
- ^ Kenneth Bertrams, "Productivite Economique et Paix Sociale au sein du Plan Marshall: Les Limites de l'influence Americaine aupres des Industriels et Syndicats Belges, 1948-1960," [Economic Productivity and Social Peace Within the Marshall Plan: the Limits of American Influence on Belgian Industrialists and Trade Unionists, 1948-60]. Cahiers D'histoire du Temps Présent 2001 (9): 191-235. ISSN 0771-6435
- ^ Gildea, Robert (英語). Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe
- ^ Tony, Cliff (1961年). “Belgium: Strike to Revolution?” (英語). 2018年5月8日閲覧。
- ^ Victor George and Roger Lawson, eds. Poverty and Inequality in Common Market Countries (1980)
- ^ Michel, ARIES .... Sous la dir. de Jacques (2005). La laïcité histoires nationales – perspectives européennes ; [regards croisés sur la laïcité: droit, histoire, philosophie ; actes du colloque de Valence ; 12–13 septembre 2002]. Lyon: J.André. ISBN 9782915009651
- ^ Renée C. Fox, In the Belgian Château, Ivan R.Dee, Chicago, page 13, 1994 ISBN 1-56663-057-6
- ^ Els Witte and Alain Meynen (2009). Political History of Belgium: From 1830 Onwards. Asp / Vubpress / Upa. p. 280
- ^ Belgium's Striking Doctors - The New York Times. April 7, 1964
- ^ Doctors in Belgium Strike in a Protest Over Health Plan - The New York Times. April 1, 1964
- ^ Belgien/Ärztestreik: Am Galgen. - Der Spiegel 16/1964, 15. April 1964.
- ^ “Según el Bild Zeitung, tres personas han muerto en Bélgica a consecuencia de la huelga de médicos”. ABC. EFE: p. 16. (1964年4月8日) 2017年11月19日閲覧。
- ^ «Trágicas consecuencias de la huelga de médicos en Bélgica. Han muerto siete enfermos por falta de asistencia». La Vanguardia Española. 5 de abril de 1964.
- ^ Deschouwer, Kris (January 2004). “Ethnic structure, inequality and governance of the public sector in Belgium”. United Nations Research Institute for National Development. オリジナルの14 June 2007時点におけるアーカイブ。 2013年1月28日閲覧。.
- ^ “Belgium.be”. 2011年11月1日閲覧。
- ^ “Sixth State Reform” (英語). 2018年5月9日閲覧。
- ^ “Belgium and the euro”. Economic and financial affairs. European Commission. 2012年11月18日閲覧。
- ^ Liebman, Marcel (1966). The Crisis of Belgian Social Democracy. The Socialist Register 1966. pp. 44–65 2012年11月26日閲覧。
- ^ Bocken, Hubert; de Bondt, Walter (2001). Introduction to Belgian Law. Kluwer Law International. pp. 18–19
- ^ “Timeline of Events during the Rwandan Genocide”. American Radio Works. 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ “U.N. force looks more European, less multinational”. Asian Tribune. 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ “Belgium to send 400 troops to Lebanon”. Expatica Communications. 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ “Belgium to assume command of UNIFIL's maritime task force”. belgium.be. 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ “Belgische F-16's in Afghanistan zijn Operationeel”. Het Nieuwsblad. 2012年11月3日閲覧。
- ^ “Essential Programme to Underpin Government Policy on Nuclear Power” (PDF). Scientific Alliance. 2005年9月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年5月9日閲覧。
- ^ “Status of nuclear in current member states”. World Information Service on Energy. 2012年11月25日閲覧。
- ^ “Serious incident vindicates Belgian nuclear phaseout”. World Information Service on Energy. 2012年11月25日閲覧。
- ^ “Irak”. Dossier. GVA. 2003年8月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年5月9日閲覧。
- ^ “The Fries Revolution: Belgium's Political Crisis Foretells EU's Future”. Spiegel Online. 2012年11月18日閲覧。
- ^ Tom Verschaffel, "The modernization of historiography in 18th-century Belgium," History of European Ideas (2005) 31#2 pp. 135–146.
- ^ Jo Tollebeek, "Historical representation and the nation-state in romantic Belgium (1830–1850)," Journal of the History of Ideas (1998) 59#2 pp 329–53 in JSTOR
- ^ Jo Tollebeek, "At the crossroads of nationalism: Huizinga, Pirenne and the Low Countries in Europe," European Review of History (2010) 17#2 pp. 187–215.
- ^ Hugo Soly, "Honderd Jaar Geschiedenis van de Nieuwe Tijd Aan de Universiteit Gent: De Dynamiek van een Selectief En Kritisch Eclectisme," [One hundred years of modern history at the University of Ghent: the dynamics of a selective and critical eclecticism], Handelingen der Maatschappij voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent (2006), Vol. 60, pp. 49–62.
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