ボイコット、投資撤収、制裁 各国政府の反応

ボイコット、投資撤収、制裁

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/06/08 01:39 UTC 版)

各国政府の反応

パレスチナ自治政府の反応

2012年12月、パレスチナ人に代わってイスラエルが集めた税収の支払凍結英語版に際し、パレスチナの首相サラーム・ファイヤードがイスラエル製品のボイコットを呼びかけた。なお彼は過去にもイスラエル入植地で製造された製品のボイコットを呼びかけたことがあったが、この時は成功には至らなかった[31]

2013年に実施された南アフリカ共和国への訪問において、マフムード・アッバース大統領は「パレスチナ人はイスラエルの(全ての側面に対する)ボイコットについては、支援しない」と発言し、記者やパレスチナ人活動家らを驚かせた。しかしながら、イスラエル入植地の製品に対するボイコットについては支持している[32]

2015年2月には、イスラエルによって再び実行された税収支払凍結による懲罰措置に対抗する形で、ファタハ系の活動家らが新たなキャンペーンを打ち出した。彼らは人々に対して、6つのイスラエル系食品会社の製品に対するボイコットを呼びかけた。アッバースはというと、一見する限りは公にこのボイコットを支持することはなかったようだが、むしろファタハ指導のPLOに対し、このキャンペーンを指揮するよう打診していた[33]

また、2015年6月に開催された第25回アフリカ連合会議にて、アッバースはアフリカ諸国に対し、西岸地区の入植地で製造された製品のボイコットを求めている[32]

イスラエル政府の反応

2011年7月11日にクネセットは、イスラエル国家に対するボイコットを公的に呼びかける行為を民事上の犯罪とみなせるようにする法案を可決し、ボイコットは「他人または他の要因との間の経済的、文化的、学術的な関係について、それがイスラエル国家や(イスラエル系の)機関、あるいはイスラエルの支配下に置かれた地域との関係を持つという理由のみにおいて、経済的、文化的、学術的な損害をもたらす方法を用いて意図的にこれを避けること」と定義された。この法律に従えば、ボイコットを呼びかけた者は誰であっても訴訟の対象になり得、また実際の損害の規模にかかわらず賠償請求の対象となる。さらに政府の大臣の裁量で、政府調達への入札が禁じられる場合もある[34]

しかし、上記の法律は多くの批判を呼んだ。32名のイスラエル人法学教授が、同法律は憲法違反であり、政治的表現と抗議の自由に対する重大な損害をもたらすとする請願に署名している[35]。他の批判者らの中には、NGOモニター英語版ジェラルド・スタインバーグ英語版や、アメリカ・シオニスト機構代表のモートン・クライン英語版など、基本的に反BDS運動の立場をとる者も含まれ、彼らはBDS運動に対抗するためにはより良い方法があることを指摘しながら、この法律を批判している[36]

2012年12月20日には、イスラエル最高裁判所英語版は上記の法律を凍結し、なぜこの法律を破棄すべきではないのかを説明するよう政府に要求する暫定的命令を公布した。回答期限は2013年3月14日であった。最終公聴会はイスラエル最高裁判所長のアシェル・グルニス英語版率いる9人の公正委員の前で行われるとされた。報道によれば、当時イスラエル司法長官英語版だったイェフダー・ワインスタイン英語版は同法律を防衛可能な「ボーダーライン」と表現し、同法律を守る立場で公聴会に臨みつつも「(同法律には)深刻な問題があった」と認めている[37]。2015年の裁判所の裁定では、同法律のほとんどの規定を承認していたが、実害を示すことが必要であり、そのため原告不在で訴訟が進行する可能性については棄却した[38]

2016年3月には、イスラエルの情報・原子力大臣のイスラエル・カッツ英語版が、イスラエルはBDS運動の指導者らを「排除」すべきだと発言した。なおこの表現はヘブライ語で「暗殺」を指す語と掛けて用いられていた[39]

2016年6月にハアレツは、イスラエル戦略問題担当大臣英語版が、BDS運動の支持者に関する消極的な情報を流布するために、イスラエルと関係を持たない非営利の組織やグループを作ったり誘い入れたり雇ったりすることを目的とした「汚い謀略」部隊の創設を進めていると報じた[40]。この報道は、BDS運動に対抗するイスラエルの努力が効果を上げていないとする報道に続いてなされたものだったが、そうした状況のひとつの要因は、外務省から戦略問題担当省へと責任が移管されたことであった。ハアレツは報告書を引用しながら「2013年には、イスラエルに対する非合法化とボイコットの試みに対抗する政府のキャンペーンを実行するために、さらに拡大された権限を委譲されたにもかかわらず、戦略問題担当省はその予算を十分に活用せず、この分野で大きな成果を得ることはなかった」と報じている。また「2015年に至っても、まだ事業計画を行わなかった」としている[41]

2017年3月6日にイスラエルでは、イスラエル入国法第27修正案英語版を可決している。これはイスラエルあるいはイスラエル入植地に対するボイコットを公に呼びかけた者を入国禁止にする内容であり、BDS運動とその支持者を標的としたものとなっている[42]

その他諸国政府の反応

カナダ

2016年には、超党派による投票の結果、オンタリオ州議会英語版が「議会に対し、ヘイト、偏見、人種差別を促進するようないかなる運動に対しても反対するよう呼びかけ」、「BDS運動による、イスラエルに対する『差別的措置』を排除する」旨の決議を可決した[43]

フランス

2003年にはルルーシュ法英語版が、国籍などを含む「不変の特性」の差異に基づく差別を非合法化している[44][45]。この法律とあわせ、ヘイトスピーチ法英語版がBDS運動に適用されている[46]

アメリカ

2015年4月、テネシー州がBDS運動に対する非難決議を可決した。これはアメリカ合衆国においては初の事例であった[47]。2017年6月時点では、合計で21の州が反BDS法令を可決している[48]

2017年にはエルサレムをイスラエルの首都とするアメリカ合衆国の承認が行われたうえ、2018年には米国大使館がエルサレムに移転し[49]、2019年にはエイミー・クロブシャーなど民主党議員らが、イスラエル反ボイコット法英語版を成立させた。


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