物理学における時間
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/05/03 22:18 UTC 版)
物理学における時間は、その測定によって定義される。すなわち、時間は時計によって読み取られるものである[1]。
- ^ Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D. (1985). Process instruments and controls handbook (3 ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 18–61. ISBN 0-07-012436-1
- ^ 例えば、ガリレオ・ガリレイは自由振動の周期を自分の脈拍で測定した。
- ^ a b オットー・ノイゲバウアー The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952; 2nd edition, Brown University Press, 1957; reprint, New York: Dover publications, 1969. Page 82.
- ^ 例えばウィリアム・シェークスピアの『ハムレット』に、次のような一節がある。" ... to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man."
- ^ “Heliacal/Dawn Risings”. Solar-center.stanford.edu. 2012年8月17日閲覧。
- ^ Farmers have used the sun to mark time for thousands of years, as the most ancient method of telling time.
- ^ エラトステネスは地球の大きさの測定にこの基準を使用した
- ^ フレッド・ホイル (1962), Astronomy: A history of man's investigation of the universe, Crescent Books, Inc., London LC 62-14108, p.31
- ^ メソポタミア(現代のイラク)天文学者は3500年以上前に肉眼で天文観測を記録した。パーシー・ブリッジマンは、20世紀に操作的定義を定義した。
- ^ 肉眼#天文学として#肉眼による天体観測は、1609年にガリレオの望遠鏡による観測で廃止された。 Galileo Galilei Linceo, Sidereus Nuncius (星界の報告) 1610.
- ^ http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpstt.html http://www.phys.lsu.edu/mog/mog9/node9.html Today, automated astronomical observations from satellites and spacecraft require relativistic corrections of the reported positions.
- ^ “Unit of time (second)”. SI brochure. 国際度量衡局 (BIPM). pp. Section 2.1.1.3. 2008年6月8日閲覧。
- ^ S. R. Jefferts et al., "Accuracy evaluation of NIST-F1".
- ^ Fred Adams and Greg Laughlin (1999), Five Ages of the Universe ISBN 0-684-86576-9 p.35.
- ^ Charles Hose and William McDougall (1912) The Pagan Tribes of Borneo, Plate 60. Kenyahs measuring the Length of the Shadow at Noon to determine the Time for sowing PADI p. 108. This photograph is reproduced as plate B in Fred Hoyle (1962), Astronomy: A history of man's investigation of the universe, Crescent Books, Inc., London LC 62-14108, p.31. The measurement process is explained by: Gene Ammarell (1997), "Astronomy in the Indo-Malay Archipelago", p.119, Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures, Helaine Selin, ed., which describes Kenyah Tribesmen of Borneo measuring the shadow cast by a gnomon, or tukar do with a measuring scale, or aso do.
- ^ North, J. (2004) God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time. Oxbow Books. ISBN 1-85285-451-0
- ^ Watson, E (1979) "The St Albans Clock of Richard of Wallingford". Antiquarian Horology 372-384.
- ^ Jo Ellen Barnett, Time's Pendulum ISBN 0-306-45787-3 p.99.
- ^ ガリレオ・ガリレイ 1638 Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno á due nuoue scienze 213, Leida, Appresso gli Elsevirii (Louis Elsevier), or Mathematical discourses and demonstrations, relating to Two New Sciences, English translation by Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio 1914. Section 213 is reprinted on pages 534-535 of On the Shoulders of Giants:The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (works by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Einstein). Stephen Hawking, ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7624-1348-4
- ^ Newton 1687 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Londini, Jussu Societatis Regiae ac Typis J. Streater, or The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, London, English translation by Andrew Motte 1700s. From part of the Scholium, reprinted on page 737 of On the Shoulders of Giants:The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (works by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Einstein). Stephen Hawking, ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7624-1348-4
- ^ アイザック・ニュートン 1687 page 738.
- ^ pp. 182-195. スティーブン・ホーキング 1996. The Illustrated Brief History of Time: updated and expanded edition ISBN 0-553-10374-1
- ^ エルヴィン・シュレーディンガー (1945) What is Life?
- ^ G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine (1989), Exploring Complexity
- ^ R. Kapral and K. Showalter, eds. (1995), Chemical Waves and Patterns
- ^ Ilya Prigogine (1996) The End of Certainty pp. 63-71
- ^ Clemmow, P. C. (1973). An introduction to electromagnetic theory. CUP Archive. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-521-09815-7, Extract of pages 56, 57
- ^ Henri Poincaré, (1902). Science and Hypothesis Eprint
- ^ Einstein 1905, Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper [On the electrodynamics of moving bodies] reprinted 1922 in Das Relativitätsprinzip, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig. The Principles of Relativity: A Collection of Original Papers on the Special Theory of Relativity, by H.A. Lorentz, A. Einstein, H. Minkowski, and W. H. Weyl, is part of Fortschritte der mathematischen Wissenschaften in Monographien, Heft 2. The English translation is by W. Perrett and G.B. Jeffrey, reprinted on page 1169 of On the Shoulders of Giants:The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (works by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, and Einstein). Stephen Hawking, ed. 2002 ISBN 0-7624-1348-4
- ^ Taylor (2000年). “Exploring Black Holes: Introduction to General Relativity”. Addison Wesley Longman.. 2018年3月3日閲覧。
- ^ E. Schrödinger, Phys. Rev. 28 1049 (1926)
- ^ A Brief History of Atomic Clocks at NIST
- ^ D. M. Meekhof, S. R. Jefferts, M. Stepanovíc, and T. E. Parker (2001) "Accuracy Evaluation of a Cesium Fountain Primary Frequency Standard at NIST", IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 50, no. 2, (April 2001) pp. 507-509
- ^ James Jespersen and Jane Fitz-Randolph (1999). From sundials to atomic clocks : understanding time and frequency. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. 308 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. ISBN 0-16-050010-9
- ^ John C. Mather and John Boslough (1996), The Very First Light ISBN 0-465-01575-1 p.41.
- ^ George Smoot and Keay Davidson (1993) Wrinkles in Time ISBN 0-688-12330-9 A memoir of the experiment program for detecting the predicted fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation
- ^ Prigogine, Ilya (1996), The End of Certainty: Time, Chaos and the New Laws of Nature. ISBN 0-684-83705-6 On pages 163 and 182.
[続きの解説]
「物理学における時間」の続きの解説一覧
- 1 物理学における時間とは
- 2 物理学における時間の概要
- 3 時間の記録
- 4 力学系
- 5 宇宙論における時間
- 6 再現
- 物理学における時間のページへのリンク