グレートフォールズ (モンタナ州)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/12/08 05:42 UTC 版)
地理と気候
グレートフォールズは北緯47度30分13秒 西経111度17分11秒 / 北緯47.50361度 西経111.28639度に位置し、近くにはミズーリ川の滝が幾つかある。グレートプレーンズ北部にあるモンタナ州に中心に近く、カナダ国境からは南に約100マイル (160 km) の距離にある。
グレートフォールズ市はグレートフォールズ構造プレートの上にある。このプレートは北アメリカ大陸の一部を形成した太古代期の2つの地質区基盤岩間の大陸内せん断帯である[24]。グレートフォールズは、最終氷期に北アメリカの大半を覆ったローレンタイド氷河の南端にあたっている。約150万年前、ミズーリ川は北に流れて内陸湖に流れ込んでいた[25][26]。ローレンタイド氷河がその流れを南に押しやった[25][27]。紀元前15000年から同11000年にローレンタイド氷河がミズーリ川を堰き止め、氷河湖グレートフォールズを造った[27][28][1]。紀元前13000年頃、氷河が後退し、氷河湖グレートフォールズは氷河湖決壊洪水で破壊的に水が無くなった[1]。現在のミズーリ川の流れは基本的にローレンタイド氷河の南縁に沿っている[29]。ミズーリ川は氷河を東に回り込み、現在の流れになった[25]。氷河が後退すると、氷河湖グレートフォールズから出た水はハイウッド山脈を抜けて、世界でも有名な前史溶融水浸食渓谷である深さ500フィート (150 m) の長いショーキン・サッグを形成した[30]。
グレートフォールズはグレートフォールズ構造プレートの不整合滝線上にある[31]。また過去に川、氷河および湖によって海洋性ではない砂岩が層になったクーテネー地層の上にある[32][33]。
チヌーク（冬に吹き下りる暖かい風で気温を急激に上げる）のお陰で、冬のグレートフォールズは比較的暖かいが、風がないときは−20°F (−29℃）以下の極低温になることがよくある。年間降水量は12インチ (305 mm) あり、その多くは夏の雷雨と冬の降雪である。
アメリカ合衆国国勢調査局に拠れば、市域全面積は19.9平方マイル (51.6 km2)、このうち陸地は19.5平方マイル (50.5 km2)、水面は0.4平方マイル (1.1 km2)で水域率は2.21％である。
| グレートフォールズの気候 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 月 | 1月 | 2月 | 3月 | 4月 | 5月 | 6月 | 7月 | 8月 | 9月 | 10月 | 11月 | 12月 | 年 |
| 最高気温記録 °C （°F） | 19 (67) |
21 (70) |
26 (78) |
32 (89) |
34 (93) |
38 (101) |
41 (105) |
41 (106) |
37 (98) |
33 (91) |
24 (76) |
21 (69) |
41 (106) |
| 平均最高気温 °C （°F） | 0.1 (32.1) |
3.2 (37.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.2 (64.7) |
23.3 (73.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.3 (81.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
14.4 (58.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.2 (34.2) |
13.6 (56.4) |
| 平均最低気温 °C （°F） | −11.5 (11.3) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−5.8 (21.5) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
3.5 (38.3) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.2 (50.4) |
9.9 (49.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.6 (33.0) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
| 最低気温記録 °C （°F） | −38 (−37) |
−37 (−35) |
−34 (−29) |
−21 (−6) |
−9 (15) |
−1 (31) |
2 (36) |
−1 (30) |
−9 (16) |
−24 (−11) |
−32 (−25) |
−42 (−43) |
−42 (−43) |
| 降水量 mm （inch） | 17.3 (0.68) |
13 (0.51) |
25.7 (1.01) |
35.6 (1.40) |
64.3 (2.53) |
56.9 (2.24) |
36.8 (1.45) |
41.9 (1.65) |
31.2 (1.23) |
23.6 (0.93) |
15 (0.59) |
17 (0.67) |
378.2 (14.89) |
| 出典：USTravelWeather.com [34] | |||||||||||||
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- ^ Lutz, Dennis J. Montana Post Offices & Postmasters, p 24, p. 200. (1986) Minot, ND: published by the author & Montana Chapter No. 1, National Association of Postmasters of the United States.
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- ^ Hill, Christopher L. and Valppu, Seppo H. "Geomorphic Relationships and Paleoenvironmental Context of Glaciers, Fluvial Deposits, and Glacial Lake Great Falls, Montana." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 14 (1997); Hill, Christopher L. "Pleistocene Lakes Along the Southwest Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 17 (2000); Hill, Christopher L. and Feathers, James K. "Glacial Lake Great Falls and the Late-Wisconsin-Episode Laurentide Ice Margin." Current Research in the Pleistocene. 19 (2002); Reynolds, Mitchell W. and Brandt, Theodore R. Geologic Map of the Canyon Ferry Dam 30' x 60' Quadrangle, West-Central Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2860, scale 1:100,000. Scientific Investigations Map 2860. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geologic Survey, 2005.
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- ^ http://www.gfps.k12.mt.us
- ^ Great Falls Public Schools website
- ^ History | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
- ^ Patrol Services | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
- ^ K-9 Dog Unit | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
- ^ Administration | Police Department | Great Falls, Montana
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