ベンゾジアゼピン離脱症候群とは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

ベンゾジアゼピン離脱症候群

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/10/24 03:34 UTC 版)

ベンゾジアゼピン離脱症候群（ベンゾジアゼピンりだつしょうこうぐん、Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome）は、ベンゾジアゼピン系薬の服用により身体的依存が形成されてから、用量を減量するか、断薬することによって生じる一連の離脱症状。その症状は頻繁に深刻な睡眠障害、易刺激性、不安と緊張の増加、パニック発作、手の震え、発汗、集中困難、混乱と認識困難、記憶の問題、吐き気やむかつき、体重減少、動悸、頭痛、筋肉の痛みと凝り、多くの知覚変化、幻覚、てんかん発作、精神病^[1]、インフルエンザ様症状^[2]、また自殺^[3]といった特徴がある（#兆候と症状節の完全な一覧を参照）。さらに、これらの症状は単純に直線的に着々と減少するのではなく、重症度が日々あるいは週ごとに変化し、一進一退することで有名である^[4]^[5]。

出典

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Petursson, H. (1994). “The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome”. Addiction 89 (11): 1455–9. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03743.x. PMID 7841856.
^ ^a ^b ^c 英国精神薬理学会 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Colvin, Rod (2008-08-26). Overcoming Prescription Drug Addiction: A Guide to Coping and Understanding (3 ed.). United States of America: Addicus Books. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-1-886039-88-9. "I have treated ten thousand patients for alcohol and drug problems and have detoxed approximately 1,500 patients for benzodiazepines – the detox for the benzodiazepines is one of the hardest detoxes we do. It can take an extremely long time, about half the length of time they have been addicted – the ongoing relentless withdrawals can be so incapacitating it can cause total destruction to one’s life – marriages break up, businesses are lost, bankruptcy, hospitalization, and of course suicide is probably the most single serious side effect."
^ 世界保健機関 2009, p. 40.
^ ヘザー・アシュトン 2012, Chapt.3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ヘザー・アシュトン 2012.
^ O'Connor, RD (1993). “Benzodiazepine dependence--a treatment perspective and an advocacy for control”. NIDA research monograph 131: 266–9. PMID 8105385.
^ MacKinnon, Glenda L.; Parker, William A. (1982). “Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Syndrome: A Literature Review and Evaluation”. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 9 (1): 19–33. doi:10.3109/00952998209002608. PMID 6133446.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Voshaar, R. C. O.; Couvée, JE; Van Balkom, AJ; Mulder, PG; Zitman, FG (2006). “Strategies for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine use: Meta-analysis”. The British Journal of Psychiatry 189 (3): 213–20. doi:10.1192/bjp.189.3.213. PMID 16946355.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Higgitt, A C; Lader, M H; Fonagy, P (1985). “Clinical management of benzodiazepine dependence”. BMJ 291 (6497): 688–90. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6497.688. PMC 1416639. PMID 2864096.
^ Nutt, David (1986). “Benzodiazepine dependence in the clinic: Reason for anxiety?”. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 7: 457–60. doi:10.1016/0165-6147(86)90420-7.
^ ^a ^b De Gier, N.; Gorgels, W.; Lucassen, P.; Oude Voshaar, R.; Mulder, J.; Zitman, F. (2010). “Discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use: 10-year follow-up”. Family Practice 28 (3): 253–9. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmq113. PMID 21193495.
^ Authier, Nicolas; Boucher, Alexandra; Lamaison, Dominique; Llorca, Pierre-Michel; Descotes, Jacques; Eschalier, Alain (2009). “Second Meeting of the French CEIP (Centres d'Évaluation et d'Information sur la Pharmacodépendance). Part II: Benzodiazepine Withdrawal”. Thérapie 64 (6): 365–70. doi:10.2515/therapie/2009051. PMID 20025839.
^ Heberlein, A.; Bleich, S.; Kornhuber, J.; Hillemacher, T. (2008). “Benzodiazepin-Abhängigkeit: Ursachen und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten [Benzodiazepine Dependence: Causalities and Treatment Options]” (German). Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie 77 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1100831. PMID 19101875.
^ Lee-chiong, Teofilo (2008-04-24). Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 468. ISBN 0-19-530659-7
^ Evans, Katie; Sullivan, Michael J. (2001). “Withdrawal and Medical Issues”. Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. pp. 52–3. ISBN 978-1-57230-446-8
^ Lader, M (1987). “Long-term anxiolytic therapy: The issue of drug withdrawal”. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 48 Suppl: 12–6. PMID 2891684.
^ Boisse, NR; Periana, RM; Guarino, JJ; Kruger, HS; Samoriski, GM (1986). “Pharmacologic characterization of acute chlordiazepoxide dependence in the rat”. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 239 (3): 775–83. PMID 3098961.
^ Boisse, NR; Periana, RM; Guarino, JJ; Kruger, HS (1986). “Acute chlordiazepoxide dependence in the rat: Comparisons to chronic”. NIDA research monograph 67: 197–201. PMID 3092067.
^ Galanter, Marc; Kleber, Herbert D (2008-07-01). The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment (4th ed.). United States of America: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-58562-276-4
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Professor Heather Ashton (2004). Protracted Withdrawal Symptoms From Benzodiazepines. Comprehensive Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Addiction. http://www.benzo.org.uk/pws04.htm 2014年3月11日閲覧。
^ ^a ^b Allison C, Pratt JA (May 2003). “Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence”. Pharmacol. Ther. 98 (2): 171-195. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00029-9. PMID 12725868.
^ Herman, JB; Brotman, AW; Rosenbaum, JF (1987). “Rebound anxiety in panic disorder patients treated with shorter-acting benzodiazepines”. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 48 Suppl: 22–8. PMID 2889722.
^ Allgulander, C; Bandelow, B; Hollander, E; Montgomery, SA; Nutt, DJ; Okasha, A; Pollack, MH; Stein, DJ et al. (2003). “WCA recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder”. CNS spectrums 8 (8 Suppl 1): 53–61. PMID 14767398.
^ ^a ^b Salzman, Carl (1993). “Benzodiazepine treatment of panic and agoraphobic symptoms: Use, dependence, toxicity, abuse”. Journal of Psychiatric Research 27: 97–110. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90021-S. PMID 7908335.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gabbard, Glen O. (2007-05-15). Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, Fourth Edition (Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders). American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 209–211. ISBN 1-58562-216-8
^ Onyett, SR (1989). “The benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome and its management”. The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 39 (321): 160–3. PMC 1711840. PMID 2576073.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ashton, Heather (1991). “Protracted withdrawal syndromes from benzodiazepines”. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 8 (1–2): 19–28. doi:10.1016/0740-5472(91)90023-4. PMID 1675688. http://www.benzo.org.uk/ashpws.htm.
^ 加藤隆一監修、鈴木映二『向精神薬の薬物動態学 -基礎から臨床まで』星和書店、2013年、表紙帯頁。ISBN 978-4791108374。出版社による書籍の概要ページに薬物動態学を苦手とする精神科医が多いという旨が書かれている。
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^ WHO Programme on Substance Abuse 1996, p. 20.
^ ^a ^b John Fauber, Kristina Fiore (2014年2月25日). “Killing Pain: Benzo 'Boost' Can Be Deadly”. MedPage Today 2014年3月11日閲覧。
^ “Hidden world of tranquilliser addicts”. BBC 2014年3月11日閲覧。
^ WHO Programme on Substance Abuse 1996, p. 30.
^ ^a ^b WHO Programme on Substance Abuse 1996, p. 26.
^ 日本うつ病学会、気分障害のガイドライン作成委員会『日本うつ病学会治療ガイドライン II.大うつ病性障害2012 Ver.1 (pdf)』（レポート） 2012 Ver.1、日本うつ病学会、気分障害のガイドライン作成委員会、2012年7月26日、22、24、26頁。2013年1月1日閲覧。
^ 厚生労働科学研究・障害者対策総合研究事業「睡眠薬の適正使⽤及び減量・中止のための診療ガイドラインに関する研究班」および⽇本睡眠学会・睡眠薬使用ガイドライン作成ワーキンググループ編、気分障害のガイドライン作成委員会「Q26、Q31、Q34、Q38、Q39、Q40」睡眠薬の適正な使用と休薬のための診療ガイドライン-出口を見据えた不眠医療マニュアル (pdf)』（レポート） 2013年10月22日改訂版（医師向け解説が削除された版）、日本うつ病学会、気分障害のガイドライン作成委員会、2013年6月25日、31、35、37、38-40頁。2014年3月12日閲覧。
^ Lemoine, P; Allain, H; Janus, C; Sutet, P (1995). “Gradual withdrawal of zopiclone (7.5 mg) and zolpidem (10 mg) in insomniacs treated for at least 3 months”. European Psychiatry 10: 161s–165s. doi:10.1016/0924-9338(96)80098-8. PMID 19698413.
^ ^a ^b ^c 英国国立薬物乱用治療庁 2007, pp. 60–61.
^ コロンビア大学嗜癖物質乱用国立センター 2012, pp. 91–93.
^ アメリカ精神医学会; Work Group on Panic Disorder; Murray B. Stein, Marcia K. Goin, Mark H. Pollack, Peter Roy-Byrne, Jitender Sareen, Naomi M. Simon, Laura Campbell-Sills (2009年1月). APA Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder, Second Edition (Report). doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423905.154688. 2009年7月12日閲覧。
^ 英国精神薬理学会 2012, p. 17.
^ ^a ^b 英国国立医療技術評価機構 (2004年4月). Insomnia - newer hypnotic drugs (TA77) (Report). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Chapt.2.10、2.13.
^ “Scheduling of Drugs Under the Controlled Substances Act”. FDA (1999年3月11日). 2013年2月23日閲覧。
^ 世界保健機関 (1995年). WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence - Twenty-ninth Report / WHO Technical Report Series 856 (pdf) (Report). World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-120856-2。
^ 中川敦夫ら 2011, pp. 3–4.
^ 中川敦夫ら 2011, p. 8.
^ ^a ^b De Bard, ML (1979). “Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: A case with psychosis, seizure, and coma”. The American Journal of Psychiatry 136 (1): 104–5. PMID 103443.
^ Wolf, B.; Grohmann, R.; Biber, D.; Brenner, P.; Rüther, E. (March 1989). “Benzodiazepine Abuse and Dependence in Psychiatric Inpatients”. Pharmacopsychiatry 22 (02): 54–60. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1014578. PMID 2566180.
^ Schopf J (January 1983). “Withdrawal phenomena after long-term administration of benzodiazepines. A review of recent investigations”. Pharmacopsychiatria 16 (1): 1-8. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1017439. PMID 6131447.
^ アメリカ精神医学会『DSM-5 精神疾患の診断・統計マニュアル』日本精神神経学会日本語版用語監修・高橋三郎・大野裕監訳・染矢俊幸・神庭重信・尾崎紀夫・三村將・村井俊哉訳、医学書院、2014年6月30日、552頁。ISBN 978-4260019071。
^ 英国精神薬理学会 2012, pp. 16–18.
^ 世界保健機関 2009, p. 40-41.
^ Mayo-Smith, Michael F. (July 1997). “Pharmacological management of alcohol withdrawal. A meta-analysis and evidence-based practice guideline. American Society of Addiction Medicine Working Group on Pharmacological Management of Alcohol Withdrawal.” (pdf). JAMA 278 (2): 144. doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550020076042.
^ ^a ^b Jorge R. Petit 著、山内俊雄(監修) 編『精神科救急のすべて』深津亮・松木秀幸(監訳)、新興医学出版社、2011年4月、214-224頁。ISBN 978-4880027210。、Handbook of Emergency Psychiatry, 2004
^ 英国精神薬理学会 2012.
^ 笠陽一郎、誤診・誤処方を受けた患者とその家族たち『精神科セカンドオピニオン―正しい診断と処方を求めて』シーニュ、2008年7月。ISBN 978-4-9903014-1-5。
^ Lindsay, S.J.E.; Powell, Graham E., eds (1998-07-28). The Handbook of Clinical Adult Psychology (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-415-07215-1
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^ ^a ^b Committee on Safety of Medicines (2007年). “Hypnotics and anxiolytics”. British National Formulary. 2007年9月17日閲覧。(要登録)
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^ http://www.benzo.org.uk/manual/bzcha03.htm#16^{[要文献特定詳細情報]}
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^ Pecknold, J.C. (1993). “Discontinuation reactions to alprazolam in panic disorder”. Journal of Psychiatric Research 27: 155. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(93)90025-W.
^ Kliniska Färdigheter: Informationsutbytet Mellan Patient Och Läkare, LINDGREN, STEFAN, ISBN 91-44-37271-X (Swedish)^{[要ページ番号]}
^ Drummond, Lynne M.; Matthews, Helen P. (1988). “SINGLE CASE STUDY Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Occurring as a Complication in Benzodiazepine Withdrawal”. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 176 (11): 688–91. doi:10.1097/00005053-198811000-00008. PMID 3183654.
^ Matthews, HP; Drummond, LM (1987). “Obsessive-compulsive disorder--a complication of benzodiazepine withdrawal”. The British journal of psychiatry 150: 272. PMID 3651695.
^ Pagel, J. F.; Parnes, Bennett L. (2001), “Medications for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders”, The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 3 (3): 118–125, doi:10.4088/PCC.v03n0303, PMC 181172, PMID 15014609
^ Van Engelen, BG; Gimbrere, JS; Booy, LH (1993). “Benzodiazepine withdrawal reaction in two children following discontinuation of sedation with midazolam”. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 27 (5): 579–81. PMID 8347907.
^ ^a ^b Beeley, L (1991). “Benzodiazepines and tinnitus”. BMJ 302 (6790): 1465. doi:10.1136/bmj.302.6790.1465.
^ Mellor, CS; Jain, VK (1982). “Diazepam withdrawal syndrome: Its prolonged and changing nature”. Canadian Medical Association journal 127 (11): 1093–6. PMC 1862031. PMID 7139456.
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^ Rosebush, Patricia I.; Mazurek, Michael F. (1996). “Catatonia After Benzodiazepine Withdrawal”. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 16 (4): 315–9. doi:10.1097/00004714-199608000-00007. PMID 8835707.
^ Deuschle, M.F.; Lederbogen, F (2001). “Benzodiazepine Withdrawal - Induced Catatonia”. Pharmacopsychiatry 34 (1): 41–2. doi:10.1055/s-2001-15188. PMID 11229621.
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^ Haque, W; Watson, DJ; Bryant, SG (1990). “Death following suspected alprazolam withdrawal seizures: A case report”. Texas medicine 86 (1): 44–7. PMID 2300914.
^ Provini, F.; Cortelli, P.; Montagna, P.; Gambetti, P.; Lugaresi, E. (2008). “Fatal insomnia and agrypnia excitata: Sleep and the limbic system”. Revue Neurologique 164 (8–9): 692–700. doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2007.11.003. PMID 18805303.
^ ^a ^b Berezak, A.; Weber, M.; Hansmann, J.; Tulasne, P.A.; Laporte, B.; Ould Ouali, A. (1984). “Dépendance physique aux benzodiazépines dans un contexte traumatologique [Benzodiazepine physical dependence in traumatology]” (French). Annales Françaises d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation 3 (5): 383–4. doi:10.1016/S0750-7658(84)80078-7.
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^ 『重篤副作用疾患別対応マニュアル - 新生児薬物離脱症候群 (PDF)』（レポート）、厚生労働省、2010年3月。

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