陰茎包皮
(foreskin から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/08/21 08:57 UTC 版)
陰茎包皮（いんけいほうひ、英: Foreskin, 羅: Praeputium）とは一般的に、陰茎が勃起していない状態の際に亀頭を覆い尿道を保護する、伸縮性の二重になった皮膚および粘膜である。陽の皮、陽皮とも呼ばれる[1]。陰茎包皮と相同である、女性における陰核包皮も含めた幅広い用語として包皮とも呼ばれる。
- ^ 陽皮 Weblio 辞書日本語WordNet(類語)
- ^ Lakshmanan, S; Prakash, S (1980). “Human prepuce - structure & function”. Indian J Surg 44: 134–7.
- ^ a b Taylor, JR; Lockwood, AP; Taylor, AJ (1996). “The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision”. Br J Urol 77 (2): 291–5. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.85023.x. PMID 8800902.
- ^ Dong, GUO; XU Sheng-mei, JIANG Hai-yang, TAN Ming-bo, LUAN Hua (2007-01). “Observation of Meissner's corpuscle on fused phimosis”. Journal of Guangdong Medical College. CNKI: 2012年4月29日閲覧。.
- ^ Haiyang, Jiang; Wang Guxin, Guo Dong, Tan Mingbo, Xu Shengmei (2005-04). “Observation of Meissner's corpuscle in abundant prepuce and phimosis”. Journal of Modern Urology 2012年4月29日閲覧。.
- ^ Bhat Gh Mohd, et al (2008). “Density and structural variations of Meissner's corpuscle at different sites in human glabrous skin”. J Anat Soc India 57 (1): 30–33.
- ^ Winkelmann, R. K. (1956-1). “The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce”. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 26 (1): 53–67. doi:10.1038/jid.1956.5. PMID 13295637.
- ^ Winkelmann RK (1957). “The mucocutaneous end-organ: the primary organized sensory ending in human skin”. AMA Arch Dermatol 76 (2): 225–35. doi:10.1001/archderm.1957.01550200069015.
- ^ College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (2009年). “Circumcision (Infant Male)” (PDF). 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ Sorrels, Morris; James L. Snyder, Mark D. Reiss, Christopher Eden, Marilyn F. Milos, Norma Wilcox and Robert S. Van Howe. (2007). “Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis” (PDF). Bjuinternational 99 (4): 864–869. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x. PMID 17378847.
- ^ Waskett, Jake H.; Brian J. Morris (May 2007). “Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis”. BJU International 99 (6): 1551–1552. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06970_6.x. PMID 17537227.
- ^ Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, Dolezal C (April 2009). “Self-ratings of genital anatomy, sexual sensitivity and function in men using the 'Self-Assessment of Genital Anatomy and Sexual Function, Male' questionnaire”. BJU Int. 103 (8): 1096–103. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.08166.x. PMID 19245445.
- ^ a b c Gairdner, D (1949). “Fate of the Foreskin”. BMJ 2 (4642): 1433–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433. PMC 2051968. PMID 15408299.
- ^ Øster, J (1968). “Further fate of the foreskin. Incidence of preputial adhesions, phimosis, and smegma among Danish schoolboys”. Arch Dis Child 43 (228): 200–3. doi:10.1136/adc.43.228.200. PMC 2019851. PMID 5689532.
- ^ Thorvaldsen MA, Meyhoff H (2005). “Phimosis: Pathological or Physiological?”. Ugeskr Læger 167 (17): 1858–62.
- ^ Wright JE (February 1994). “Further to "the further fate of the foreskin". Update on the natural history of the foreskin”. Med. J. Aust. 160 (3): 134–5. PMID 8295581.
- ^ “Circumcision of infant males” (PDF). RACP. pp. 7. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ “Schöberlein circumcision taboos. Phimosis frenulum and foreskin conditions, phimosis and male initiation”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ “Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability” (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 13. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ Paediatrics & Child Health Division, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (September 2010) (PDF). Circumcision of Infant Males 2012年4月29日閲覧。.
- ^ “Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors (2010)”. KNMG (2010年6月12日). 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ Cold, CJ; Taylor, JR. “The prepuce”. BJU Int 83 Supp 1: 34–44.
- ^ Boyle, G; Goldman, R; Svoboda, J; Fernandez E (2002). “Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae”. Journal of Health Psychology 7 (3): 329–343. doi:10.1177/1359105302007003225. PMID 22114254.
- ^ “American Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement”. Pediatrics 103 (3): 686–693. (March 1999). doi:10.1542/peds.103.3.686. PMID 10049981.
- ^ Moses S; Bailey RC, Ronald AR (1998). “Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks”. Sexually Transmitted Infections 74 (5): 368–373. doi:10.1136/sti.74.5.368. PMC 1758146. PMID 10195035 2007年4月28日閲覧. "There is indirect evidence suggesting that the foreskin may have an important sensory function, although aside from anecdotal reports, it has not been demonstrated that this is associated with increased male sexual pleasure."
- ^ “Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability” (PDF). World Health Organization. pp. 16. 2012年4月29日閲覧。 “Although it has been argued that sexual function may diminish following circumcision due to the removal of the nerve endings in the foreskin and subsequent thickening of the epithelia of the glans, there is little evidence for this and studies are inconsistent.”
- ^ Fink KS, Carson CC, DeVellis RF (May 2002). “Adult circumcision outcomes study: effect on erectile function, penile sensitivity, sexual activity and satisfaction”. J. Urol. 167 (5): 2113–6. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65098-7. PMID 11956453.
- ^ Masood S, Patel HR, Himpson RC, Palmer JH, Mufti GR, Sheriff MK (2005). “Penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision: are we informing men correctly?”. Urol. Int. 75 (1): 62–6. doi:10.1159/000085930. PMID 16037710.
- ^ Schoen EJ (December 2007). “Should newborns be circumcised?: YES”. Can Fam Physician 53 (12): 2096–8, 2100–2. PMC 2231533. PMID 18077736.
- ^ Lakshmanan S; Prakash S (1980). “Human prepuce: some aspects of structure and function”. Indian Journal of Surgery 44: 134–137. "The outer layer of the prepuce in common with the skin of the shaft of the penis glides freely in a to and fro fashion and has to be delicate and thin, as was observed in this study. [...] The inner lining of the projecting tubular part has the structure of the outer layer and adds to the thin gliding skin when retracted."
- ^ Kigozi G, Watya S, Polis CB, et al. (January 2008). “The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda”. BJU Int. 101 (1): 65–70. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07369.x. PMID 18086100. "Opponents of circumcision, using results from selected observational studies, have argued that the procedure impairs sexual function, and reduces sexual pleasure and satisfaction through keratinization of the glans, removal of the most sensitive preputial tissues, and loss of the 'gliding' mechanism provided by the foreskin"
- ^ Warren, J; Bigelow J (September/October 1994). “The case against circumcision”. Br J Sex Med: 6–8.
- ^ O'Hara K (2002). Sex as Nature Intended It: The Most Important Thing You Need to Know about Making Love, but No One Could Tell You Until Now. Turning Point Publications. pp. 72. "During intercourse, the natural penis shaft actually glides within its own shaft skin covering. This minimizes friction to the vaginal walls and opening, and to the shaft skin itself, adding immeasurably to the comfort and pleasure of both parties.
Friction is not entirely eliminated during natural intercourse but it is largely eliminated. Friction can take place in the lower vagina, but only if the man uses a stroke that exceeds the (forward and backward) gliding range of the shaft's extra skin. And in such a case, there will be friction only to the extent that the shaft exceeded its extra skin, which is uncommon since the natural penis has a propensity for short strokes. Primarily, it is the penis head that makes frictional contact with the vaginal walls, usually in the upper vagina where there is ample lubrication. [...] The gliding principle of natural intercourse is a two-way street—the vagina glides on the shaft skin while the shaft skin massages the penis shaft as it glides over it." - ^ Taylor, J (2000). “Back and Forth”. Pediatrics News 34 (10): 50.
- ^ Taylor JR (December 2003). “Evidence sketchy on circumcision and cervical cancer link”. Can Fam Physician 49: 1592. PMC 2214164. PMID 14708921.
- ^ Whiddon D (August 1953). “I. Should baby be circumcised?”. Lancet 265 (6781): 337–8. PMID 13085774.
- ^ “The Unkindest Cut of All. Fact 1966;2(4):2-9.”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ Morgan WKC (1967). “Penile plunder”. Med J Aust 1: 1102–03.
- ^ Fergusson DM, Lawton JM, Shannon FT (1988). “Neonatal circumcision and penile problems: an 8-year longitudinal study”. Pediatrics 81 (4): 537–41. PMID 3353186.
- ^ Herzog LW, Alvarez SR (1986). “The frequency of foreskin problems in uncircumcised children”. Am. J. Dis. Child. 140 (3): 254–6. PMID 3946358.
- ^ Fakjian, N; S Hunter, GW Cole and J Miller (August 1990). “An argument for circumcision. Prevention of balanitis in the adult”. Arch Dermatol 126 (8): 1046–7. doi:10.1001/archderm.126.8.1046. PMID 2383029.
- ^ O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P (2005). “Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study”. Int J STD AIDS 16 (8): 556–9. doi:10.1258/0956462054679151. PMID 16105191. "Overall, circumcised men were less likely to be diagnosed with a STI/balanitis (51% and 35%, P 1⁄4 0.021) than those non-circumcised"
- ^ Mallon E, Hawkins D, Dinneen M et al. (March 2000). “Circumcision and genital dermatoses”. Arch Dermatol 136 (3): 350–4. doi:10.1001/archderm.136.3.350. PMID 10724196.
- ^ Wilson RA. (1947). “CIRCUMCISION AND VENEREAL DISEASE”. Can Med Assoc J 56 (1): 54–6. PMC 1583341. PMID 20277522.
- ^ Taylor PK, Rodin P (August 1975). “Herpes genitalis and circumcision”. Br J Vener Dis 51 (4): 274–7. PMC 1046564. PMID 1156848.
- ^ Hart G (February 1974). “Factors influencing venereal infection in a war environment”. Br J Vener Dis 50 (1): 68–72. PMC 1044980. PMID 4406089.
- ^ Van Howe RS. Neonatal circumcision and penile inflammation in young boys. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2007;46(4):329-33.
- ^ Brennemann J (1921). “The ulcerated meatus in the circumcised child”. Am J Dis Child 21: 38–47.
- ^ Freud P (1947). “The ulcerated urethral meatus in male children”. J Pediatr 31 (4): 131–41. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(47)80098-8. PMID 20256409.
- ^ Persad R, Sharma S, McTavish J et al. (1995). “Clinical presentation and pathophysiology of meatal stenosis following circumcision”. Br J Urol 75 (1): 91–3. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07242.x. PMID 7850308.
- ^ Sörensen SM, Sörensen MR (1988). “Circumcision with the Plastibell device. A long-term follow-up”. Int Urol Nephrol 20 (2): 159–66. doi:10.1007/BF02550667. PMID 3384610.
- ^ Cathcart P, Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Kenny SE (July 2006). “Trends in paediatric circumcision and its complications in England between 1997 and 2003”. Br J Surg 93 (7): 885–90. doi:10.1002/bjs.5369. PMID 16673355.
- ^ Simforoosh N, Tabibi A, Khalili SA, et al. (November 2010). “Neonatal circumcision reduces the incidence of asymptomatic urinary tract infection: A large prospective study with long-term follow up using Plastibell”. J Pediatr Urol. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2010.10.008. PMID 21115400.
- ^ Yegane, R.A.; A.R. Kheirollahi, N.A. Salehi, M. Bashashati, J.A. Khoshdel and M. Ahmadi (May 2006). “Late complications of circumcision in Iran”. Pediatr Surg Int 22 (5): 442–445. doi:10.1007/s00383-006-1672-1. PMID 16649052.
- ^ Griffiths, D.M; Atwell JD, Freeman NV (1985). “A prospective survey of the indications and morbidity of circumcision in children”. Eur Urol 11 (3): 184–7. PMID 4029234.
- ^ Van Howe, R.S. (2006). “Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting”. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 45 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1177/000992280604500108. PMID 16429216.
- ^ Angel, C.A. (2006年6月12日). “Meatal stenosis”. eMedicine. 2008年9月7日閲覧。
- ^ Stenram A, Malmfors G, Okmian L (1986). “Circumcision for phimosis: a follow-up study”. Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 20 (2): 89–92. doi:10.3109/00365598609040554. PMID 3749823.
- ^ Fleiss P, Hodges F, Van Howe RS (1998). “Immunological Functions of the Human Prepuce”. Sex Transm Inf 74 (5): 364–7. doi:10.1136/sti.74.5.364. PMC 1758142. PMID 10195034.
- ^ “STI — eLetters for Fleiss et al., 74 (5) 364-367”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
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- ^ O'Farrell N, Quigley M, Fox P (2005). “Association between the intact foreskin and inferior standards of male genital hygiene behaviour: a cross-sectional study”. Int J STD AIDS 16 (8): 556–9. doi:10.1258/0956462054679151. PMID 16105191.
- ^ “Birley: Management of Recurrent Balanitis”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ Martin, Robert D. (1990). Primate Origins and Evolution: A Phylogenetic Reconstruction. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08565-4
- ^ Diamond, Jared M. (1997). Why Sex is Fun: The Evolution of Human Sexuality. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0465031269
- ^ Darwin, Charles (1871). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: Murray. ISBN 1148750932
- ^ Short, RV (1981). “Sexual selection in man and the great apes”. Graham CE, ed. Reproductive Biology of the Great Apes: Comparative and Biomedical Perspectives. New York: Academic Press
- ^ “Kayaba: Normal Development of the Prepuce”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ “The causes of adolescent phimosis”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
- ^ “Dunn HP. Non-surgical management of phimosis. Aust N Z J Surg 1989;59(12):963.”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
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- ^ a b c McCoombe SG, Short RV (2006). “Potential HIV-1 target cells in the human penis”. AIDS 20 (11): 1491–5. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000237364.11123.98. PMID 16847403.
- ^ “How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection?”. 2007年11月30日閲覧。
- ^ de Witte L, Nabatov A, Pion M, et al. (2007). “Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells”. Nat. Med. 13 (3): 367–71. doi:10.1038/nm1541. PMID 17334373.
- ^ McKie, Robin (1999年4月4日). “Foreskins for Skin Grafts”. The Toronto Star
- ^ “SkinMedica Seeks Niche in Skin-Care Drugs, Products”. Orange County Business Journal. (2002年8月5日) 2011年2月11日閲覧。
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- ^ Amst, Catherine; Carey, John (1998年7月27日). “Biotech Bodies”. www.businessweek.com. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. 2008年8月20日閲覧。
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- ^ “UQ researchers unlock another koala secret”. 2012年4月29日閲覧。
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