クロウフォード遠征
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/10/13 08:44 UTC 版)
クロウフォード遠征（クロウフォードえんせい、英: Crawford expedition、またはサンダスキー遠征、英: Sandusky expedition、クロウフォードの敗北、英: Crawford's Defeat）は、アメリカ独立戦争中の1782年、この戦争の最後期のものとして西部戦線で展開された作戦行動である。この遠征は戦中にアメリカ側軍隊と、敵対するインディアンおよびイギリス軍の双方が敢行した敵の集落に対する一連の襲撃の一つだった[3]。ウィリアム・クロウフォード大佐が率いたこの作戦は、オハイオ領土のサンダスキー川沿いにある敵側インディアンの集落を破壊し、アメリカ人開拓者に対するインディアンの攻撃を終わらせようとしたものだった。
- ^ a b Brown, "Fate of Crawford Volunteers", 339.
- ^ a b Crumrine, Boyd. History of Washington County, Pennsylvania: With Biographical Sketches of Many of its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Philadelphia: H.L. Everts & Co, 1882. 115. Digital images. University of Pittsburgh, Digital Research Library. Historic Pittsburgh. http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?c=pitttext;view=toc;idno=00hc17099m : 2011.
- ^ For a brief overview of raids and counter-raids on the Western front, see Grenier, First Way of War, 146–62.
- ^ Downes, Council Fires, 191–93, 197–98.
- ^ Downes, Council Fires, 195.
- ^ Downes, Council Fires, 211; Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 47–48; Sosin, Revolutionary Frontier, 111.
- ^ Hurt, Ohio Frontier, 69.
- ^ Calloway, "Captain Pipe", 369. Calloway argues that while Captain Pipe has often been characterized by writers as being "pro-British" early in the war, Pipe was actually an advocate of Delaware neutrality until about 1779.
- ^ Grenier, First Way of War, 159. Grenier argues that "The slaughter the Indians and rangers perpetrated was unprecedented."
- ^ Nelson, Man of Distinction, 118.
- ^ Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 82–83.
- ^ Nelson, Man of Distinction, 121–22; Olmstead, Blackcoats among the Delaware, 37–39.
- ^ a b c d Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 417.
- ^ Weslager, Delaware Indians, 316.
- ^ Nester, Frontier War, 303.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 26.
- ^ Nester, Frontier War, 304.
- ^ Nester, Frontier War, 324.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 41.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 50–51.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 57.
- ^ Downes, Council Fires, 273.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 61.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 69–71.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 67, 73–74.
- ^ Brown, "Reconstructing Crawford's Army", 24; Rauch, "Crawford Expedition", 313.
- ^ Brown, "Reconstructing Crawford's Army", 34–35. After examining pension files and other records, Brown concluded that as many as 583 men may have taken part in the expedition, though an unknown number deserted before reaching Sandusky.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 64, 117.
- ^ Anderson, Colonel William Crawford, 8.
- ^ Wallace, Travels of John Heckewelder, 439.
- ^ Anderson, Colonel William Crawford, 16–17; Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 115.
- ^ For tensions between Continental officers and the local populace, see Sadosky, "Rethinking the Gnadenhutten Massacre".
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 121–22; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 120. John Heckewelder, the Moravian minister whose congregation had been murdered at Gnadenhütten, wrote an influential account of the Sandusky expedition in which he claimed that the real purpose of the campaign was to find and kill the remaining peaceful Moravian Indians. Butterfield could find no documented support for this accusation, arguing that the goal of the campaign was clearly the hostile Sandusky towns; Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 70, 78–80, 155–56.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 77; Brown, "Reconstructing Crawford's Army", 26; Rosenthal, Journal, 137.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 77.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 125; Anderson, Colonel William Crawford, 18.
- ^ Anderson, Colonel William Crawford, 26; Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 301. Rosenthal survived to return home and eventually became the Marshal of the Noble Corporation in Governorate of Estonia.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 68.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 136.
- ^ Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 88.
- ^ Boatner, "Crawford's Defeat", 288.
- ^ Nester, Frontier War, 324; Rosenthal, Journal, 293.
- ^ Nester, Frontier War, 325; Rosenthal, Journal, 139.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 148.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 153.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 169.
- ^ Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 137.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 203.
- ^ Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 137; Rosenthal, Journal, 149.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 205–6; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 137.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 72.
- ^ Nelson, Man of Distinction, 124.
- ^ Nelson, Man of Distinction, 124–25.
- ^ Horsman, Matthew Elliott, 37. Participants from the Detroit area were described as "Lake Indians" by the British, and probably included the "Three Fires Confederacy" as well as northern Wyandots (Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 417).
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 174–75.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 172, wrote that Pipe commanded about 200 Delawares, and when combined with the Wyandots, they "considerably outnumbered" the Americans. Downes, Council Fires, 274, also writes that the Indians outnumbered Crawford. Sosin, Revolutionary Frontier, 136, gives the combined total as 500. However, Nester, Frontier War, 325, gives the total as 200, as does Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 417, and Rauch, "Crawford Expedition", 313. Mann, George Washington's War, 171, lists the combined Indian and ranger force at 230, the smallest estimate in the sources.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 173.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 206.
- ^ Rosenthal, Journal, 150; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 138. Butterfield, who did not have Rose's journal, omits the detail that the scouts were still in the grove when Crawford arrived.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 207.
- ^ a b Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 213.
- ^ Rosenthal, Journal, 150.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 207, writes that the Wyandot battlefield leader was Zhaus-sho-toh, but in History of the Girtys, 163, which was written later and corrects some errors of the earlier work, he writes that Dunquat was in command.
- ^ Horsman, Matthew Elliott, 37. There is disagreement in the sources about the time of the British arrival. According to Horsman, Elliot and Caldwell's rangers were with the Wyandot reinforcements on June 4. According to Belue ("Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 418), Caldwell arrived and was wounded on June 4, while Elliott arrived with more rangers on June 5. According to Butterfield (Expedition against Sandusky, 216), the rangers did not arrive until June 5.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 207–09; Horsman, Matthew Elliott, 37–38; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 138–39.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 212; Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 418.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 211; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 139; Rosenthal, Journal, 151.
- ^ Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 139.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 214–15; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 139–40.
- ^ Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 140; Rauch, "Crawford Expedition", 314.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 216. Butterfield is the only source that mentions this dismay at the arrival of the British rangers since, as noted above, others write that the rangers were involved on June 4.
- ^ Nelson, Man of Distinction, 125. Some sources give the number of Shawnees as 150 rather than 140. Most sources do not name the Shawnee leader in the battle, but he is identified as Blacksnake in Sugden, Blue Jacket, 62, and Butterfield, History of the Girtys, 169.
- ^ Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 141; Rosenthal, Journal, 151–52.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 217–18.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 312–14.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 224. Several brief accounts of the expedition state that it was Crawford who "made a stand" with his men at the Battle of Olentangy and that his capture took place after this skirmish (Boatner, "Crawford's Defeat", 288; Belue, "Crawford's Sandusky Expedition", 418; Miller, "William Crawford", 312). However, the detailed accounts of Butterfield and Brown make it clear that Crawford went missing the night before and was not present during the battle. In his journal, Rose wrote that "Mr. William Crawford" became separated during the Olentangy battle, but he was referring to the younger William Crawford, a nephew of the colonel; Rosenthal, Journal, 153.
- ^ Quaife, "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782", 519.
- ^ Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 146–47; Rosenthal, Journal, 310.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 228–34; Brown, "Battle of Sandusky", 146–47.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 237–44.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 259; Nester, Frontier War, 326.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 331.
- ^ Brown, "Fate of Crawford Volunteers", 332; Sugden, Blue Jacket, 20–21. The most famous adoption of the war was that of Daniel Boone, who was captured and adopted by Shawnees in 1778.
- ^ Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 87–88.
- ^ Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 13–16.
- ^ Trigger, Huron, 50. For Shawnee torture rituals, see Howard, Shawnee, 123–25.
- ^ Nelson, Man of Distinction, 113–14; Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 87–88
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 330–36.
- ^ Clifton, "Dunquat", 106.
- ^ Horsman, Matthew Elliott, 39.
- ^ Brown, "Historical Accuracy", 61; Wallace, Travels of John Heckewelder, 404. Most accounts do not mention Crawford's role in the "squaw campaign", nor mention it as a reason for his execution.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 387–91. Horsman, Matthew Elliott, 39, writes that Crawford's torture lasted four hours.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 343–73; Brown, "Historical Accuracy", 53.
- ^ Brown, "Fate of Crawford Volunteers", 331.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 345–78. The last to come home from the expedition may have been Joseph Pipes, who was held by Shawnees until 1786 (Brown, "Fate of Crawford Volunteers", 332, 338).
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 258–60.
- ^ Quaife, "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782", 515.
- ^ Nester, Frontier War, 326.
- ^ Sipe, Indian Chiefs, 404.
- ^ Quaife, "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782", 527–28.
- ^ Nester, Frontier War, 328–30; Quaife, "The Ohio Campaigns of 1782", 528; Sugden, Blue Jacket, 62.
- ^ Calloway, Indian Country, 272–73.
- ^ Downes, Council Fires, 276.
- ^ Cowan, "Southwestern Pennsylvania in Song and Story: With Notes and Illustrations", 353.
- ^ Brown, "Crawford's Defeat: A Ballad"; Butterfield, "Expedition against Sandusky, 76.
- ^ Brown, "Historical Accuracy", 53–57.
- ^ Butterfield, Expedition against Sandusky, 324.
- ^ Boatner, "Crawford's Defeat", 287; Brown, "Historical Accuracy", 63–62.
- ^ Hurt, Ohio Frontier, 67.
- ^ Calloway, Indian Country, 294.
[続きの解説]
「クロウフォード遠征」の続きの解説一覧
このページでは「ウィキペディア」からクロウフォード遠征を検索した結果を表示しています。
Weblioに収録されているすべての辞書からクロウフォード遠征を検索する場合は、下記のリンクをクリックしてください。
全ての辞書からクロウフォード遠征 を検索
Weblioに収録されているすべての辞書からクロウフォード遠征を検索する場合は、下記のリンクをクリックしてください。
全ての辞書からクロウフォード遠征 を検索 - クロウフォード遠征のページへのリンク
