製紙工場
(paper mill から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/05/10 12:12 UTC 版)
製紙工場（せいしこうじょう、Paper_mill）とは、木材パルプや古切れなどの植物繊維から紙を抄く工場である。
- ^ a b Burns 1996, pp. 414−417
- ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 1985, pp. 68−73
- ^ Lucas 2005, p. 28, fn. 70
- ^ a b Burns 1996, pp. 414f.: It has also become universal to talk of paper "mills" (even of 400 such mills at Fez!), relating these to the hydraulic wonders of Islamic society in the east and west. All our evidence points to non-hydraulic hand production, however, at springs away from rivers which it could pollute.
- ^ Thompson 1978, p. 169: European papermaking differed from its precursors in the mechanization of the process and in the application of water power. Jean Gimpel, in The Medieval Machine (the English translation of La Revolution Industrielle du Moyen Age), points out that the Chinese and Arabs used only human and animal force. Gimpel goes on to say: "This is convincing evidence of how technologically minded the Europeans of that era were. Paper had traveled nearly halfway around the world, but no culture or civilization on its route had tried to mechanize its manufacture."'
- ^ Burns 1996, pp. 414f.: Indeed, Muslim authors in general call any "paper manufactory" a wiraqah - not a "mill" (tahun)
- ^ Burns 1996, p. 414:Al-Hassan and Hill also use as evidence the statement by Robert Forbes in his multivolume Studies in Ancient Technology that "in the tenth century [AD] floating mills were found on the Tigris near Baghdad." Though such captive mills were known to the Romans and were used in 12th-century France, Forbes offers no citation or evidence for this unlikely application to very early papermaking. The most erudite authority on the topography of medieval Baghdad, George Makdisi, writes me that he has no recollection of such floating papermills or any papermills, which "I think I would have remembered."
- ^ a b Tschudin 1996, p. 423
- ^ a b Burns 1996, pp. 414f.
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), A history of engineering in classical and medieval times, Routledge, pp. 169–71, ISBN 0-415-15291-7
- ^ Burns 1996, pp. 414: Donald Hill has found a reference in al-Biruni in the 11th century to stones "fixed to axles across running water, as in Samarkand with the pounding of flax for paper," a possible exception to the rule. Hill finds the notice "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that this was a water-powered triphammer.
- ^ Leor Halevi (2008), “Christian Impurity versus Economic Necessity: A Fifteenth-Century Fatwa on European Paper”, Speculum (Cambridge University Press) 83 (4): 917–945 [917–8], doi:10.1017/S0038713400017073
- ^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), A history of engineering in classical and medieval times, Routledge, p. 171, ISBN 0-415-15291-7
- ^ Burns 1996, pp. 414f.: Thomas Glick warily concludes that "it is assumed but not proved" that Islamic Xàtiva had hydraulic papermills, noting that the pertinent Arabic description was "a press." Since the "oldest" Catalan paper is physically the same as Islamic Xàtiva's, he notes, their techniques "can be presumed to have been identical" - reasonable enough for Catalan paper before 1280. My recent conversations with Glick indicate that he now inclines to non-hydraulic Andalusi papermaking.
- ^ Burns 1996, pp. 415: Currently Oriol Valls i Subin't, director of the History of Paper department of the Museos Municipales de Historia in the Instituto Municipal de Historia at Barcelona, has popularized a version of that thesis, in which Christian paper mills multiplied marvelously along the Catalan rivers "from Tarragona to the Pyrenees" from 1113 to 1244. His many articles and two books, valuable for such topics as fiber analysis in medieval paper, continue to spread this untenable and indeed bizarre thesis. As Josep Madurell i Marimon shows in detail, these were all in fact cloth fulling mills; textiles were then the basic mechanized industry of the Christian west.
- ^ Burns 1996, pp. 416: Fabriano's claim rests on two charters - a gift of August 1276, and a sale of November 1278, to the new Benedictine congregation of Silvestrine monks at Montefano. In each, a woman recluse-hermit gives to the monastery her enclosure or "prison" - Latin carcer; misread by Fabriano partisans as a form of Italian cartiera or paper mill! There is no papermaking in these documents, much less hydraulic mills.
- ^ a b c Burns 1996, pp. 417f.
- ^ Thomas F. Glick (2014). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 385. ISBN 9781135459321
- ^ Stromer 1960
- ^ Stromer 1993, p. 1
- ^ Dard Hunter (1943), Papermaking, the History and Technology of an Ancient Craft, Knopf
- ^ a b “History of Papermaking in the United Kingdom”. www.baph.org.uk. 2020年9月6日閲覧。
- ^ “About the Archives”. Apsley Paper Trail. 2024年3月3日閲覧。
- ^ “The cylinder mould machine”. www.thepapertrail.org.uk. 2020年9月6日閲覧。
- ^ “The World's Paper Trade”. The Paper Makers' Monthly Journal (London: Marchant Singer & Co.) XLVII (3): 84. (March 15, 1909). "The United States, the largest producing country, ranks fourth in the value of the exports of paper"
- ^ 『洋紙業を築いた人々 (紙業叢書 ; 第2編)』製紙記念館、1952年、24頁。"王子製紙の初代専務となる大川平三郎は、1879（明治12）年に選ばれてアメリカに渡り、ホルヨークのホルブルック製紙工場に入って8ヶ月間職工同様に実地研究して技術を持ち帰った"。
- ^ “Eight Paper Towns”. The Inland Printer (Chicago) II (10). (July 1885).
- ^ “Emory Alexander Ellsworth”. Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers III (8): 480. (October 1916). "In 1879 Mr. Ellsworth left the firm of Davis & Ellsworth to become principal assistant and head draftsman for D. H. & A. B. Tower, of Holyoke, who were the largest firm of paper mill architects in the country at that time, and who designed no less than twenty paper mills in the city of Holyoke alone"
- ^ Defebaugh, James Elliott (1907). History of the lumber industry of America 2012年4月5日閲覧。
- ^ Defebaugh, James Elliott (1907). History of the lumber industry of America 2012年4月5日閲覧。
- ^ “Monday, July 9, 1934”. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. (1934) 2017年8月21日閲覧。.
- ^ “Paper Mill Closures of America”. 2012年4月5日閲覧。
- ^ “Urban Decay” (2010年10月16日). 2012年4月5日閲覧。
- ^ “Metso supplied SC paper machine line sets a new world speed record at Stora Enso Kvarnsveden”. 2008年12月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年4月12日閲覧。
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