第三回十字軍とは - わかりやすく解説 Weblio辞書

第3回十字軍

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/08/27 00:30 UTC 版)

第3回十字軍（だい3かいじゅうじぐん、1189年 - 1192年）とは、ラテン教会（英語版）下の3人の国王（フランス王フィリップ2世、イングランド王リチャード1世、ローマ皇帝フリードリヒ1世）により行われた聖地回復のための軍事遠征である。この遠征は1187年に聖地エルサレムがサラディンに奪還された（英語版）ことがきっかけで開催された遠征であり、遠征の主体が上述の3人の国王であったことから諸王の十字軍としても知られている^[13]。

脚注

注釈

^ Frederick's eldest son, Henry VI, who had already been elected king of the Romans, was to remain behind as regent. On 10 April 1189, Frederick wrote to Pope Clement III asking for a postponement of Henry's planned coronation as co-emperor because he did not want Henry to leave Germany during the regency.^[23] Frederick formally appointed his son as regent at Regensburg on the eve of his departure.^[24]
^ The duke of Bohemia died before the crusade began.^[24]
^ Both Leopold V and Louis III sailed with their armies from Italy rather than march overland with Frederick.^[24] Leopold was delayed by a border dispute with Hungary.^[25]
^ Moses's account is known from a letter he wrote to his brother-in-law, Eleazar of Worms.^[27]
^ Sources give their entourage as 100, 300 or 500 knights.^[32]
^ The emperor had been on the Second Crusade in 1147 and so was familiar with the overland route.^[33]
^ Christian estimates of the size of Frederick's army vary from 13,000 to 100,000, while Muslim sources wildly exaggerate its size from 200,000 to 300,000.^[35]

出典

^ ^a ^b ^c Frank McLynn. Richard and John: Kings at War. p. 219.
^ Tyerman, p. 436
^ ^a ^b ^c Loud 2010, p. 19.
^ ^a ^b Bachrach & Bachrach 2017, p. 197.
^ Hunyadi, Zsolt (2011), A keresztes háborúk világa, p. 41.
^ McLynn, p. 219: breakdown includes 2,000 Outremer levies, 1,000 Templars and Hospitallers, 2,000 Genoese and Pisans, and 2,000 Danes, Norwegians, and Turcopoles.
^ Hosler 2018, pp. 72–73.
^ Hosler 2018, p. 54.
^ Hosler 2018, p. 34.
^ Pryor, John H. (2015). "A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191 or The Tears of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn". In Halfond, Gregory I. (ed.). The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach. Farnham: Ashgate. p. 108.
^ Tyerman p. 422: "After desperate fighting involving the Emperor himself, the Turks outside the city were defeated [by the Imperial and Hungarian army], apparently against numerical odds."
^ Loud 2010, p. 104: The Seljuks lost 5,000+ men per their own body count estimates on May 7, 1190, soon before the Battle of Iconium.
^ “Third Crusade” (英語). World History Encyclopedia. 2021年4月9日閲覧。
^ Hamilton 1978, pp. 106–107.
^ Barber 2012, p. 297.
^ Lyons, Malcolm Cameron and D. E. P. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of the Holy War, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 264.
^ Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2009). What were the Crusades? (Fourth ed.). Ignatius Press. p. 15. ISBN 9781137013927 2020年8月6日閲覧. "The city of Jerusalem was lost to Saladin in 1187 and was to be held by the Christians again only from 1229 to 1244."
^ Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades. Oxford University Press, 1965 (trans. John Gillingham, 1972), p. 139.
^ ^a ^b Freed 2016, p. 482.
^ Freed 2016, p. 512.
^ Loud 2010, pp. 7–8.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Freed 2016, p. 471.
^ Freed 2016, p. 479.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Freed 2016, p. 487.
^ Freed 2016, p. 488.
^ ^a ^b Freed 2016, pp. 472–473.
^ ^a ^b ^c Freed 2016, pp. 473–474.
^ ^a ^b Freed 2016, p. 480.
^ Freed 2016, p. 355.
^ Freed 2016, p. 626 n.44.
^ Freed 2016, pp. 480–481.
^ Freed 2016, p. 481.
^ Freed 2016, pp. 51–53.
^ Frank McLynn, "Richard and John: Kings at War," 2007, page 174.
^ ^a ^b ^c Freed 2016, pp. 487–488.
^ Loud 2010, p. 45.
^ Tyerman p. 418
^ ^a ^b J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, 66
^ A. Konstam, Historical Atlas of The Crusades, 124
^ Freed 2016, pp. 488–489.
^ Freed 2016, pp. 489–490.
^ ^a ^b Freed 2016, pp. 490–491.
^ ^a ^b Freed 2016, pp. 491–492.
^ Freed 2016, p. 494.
^ Freed 2016, pp. 492–493.
^ Freed 2016, pp. 493–494.
^ ^a ^b Freed 2016, pp. 494–495.
^ Magoulias 1984, p. 222.
^ Magoulias 1984, pp. 224–225.
^ Loud 2010, pp. 102–103.
^ Loud 2010, p. 104.
^ Loud 2010, pp. 109–111.
^ Loud 2010, p. 181.
^ Loud 2010, pp. 97–111.
^ ^a ^b ^c David 1939, p. 666.
^ Wilson 2020, pp. 7–8.
^ Mol 2002, p. 94.
^ Wilson 2020, pp. 1–2.
^ David 1939, p. 664.
^ David 1939, pp. 603–604.
^ Loud 2010, p. 193.
^ David 1939, pp. 611–616.
^ Loud 2010, pp. 196–197.
^ David 1939, p. 618.
^ Loud 2010, pp. 202–203.
^ Hosler 2018, p. 62.
^ Morton 2009, p. 10.
^ Lay 2009, p. 157.
^ Hunt, William (1885). "Baldwin (d. 1190)". In Dictionary of National Biography. 3. London. pp. 32–34.
^ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (英語) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/98218. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8。 (要購読、またはイギリス公立図書館への会員加入。)
^ L. Villegas-Aristizábal, "Revisión de las crónicas de Ralph de Diceto y de la Gesta regis Ricardi sobre la participación de la flota angevina durante la Tercera Cruzada en Portugal", Studia Historica- Historia Medieval 27 (2009), pp. 153–70.
^ Wolff and Hazard, p. 57
^ Wolff and Hazard, p. 58
^ "Gesta Regis Ricard"
^ Wolff and Hazard, p. 61
^ Gesta Regis Ricardi pg. 139
^ M. Chahin (1987). The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. Curzon Press. p. 245. ISBN 0-7007-1452-9
^ Gillingham, John (1999). Richard I. Yale University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0300094043
^ Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam Conscience and History in a World Civilization Vol 2. The University of Chicago, 1958, pg. 267.
^ Khamisy, p.214
^ 7,000 dead according to the Itinerarium trans. 2001 Book IV Ch. XIX, p. 185
^ Oman, pp. 311–18
^ Nicolle, p. 83
^ Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Joan (1165-1199)
^ Gillingham, pp. 198–200.
^ Gillingham, p. 208
^ Gillingham, pp. 209–12
^ Oman, p. 319
^ Runciman 1954, pp. 71–72.
^ Procter, George (1854). History of the crusades: their rise, progress, and results. R. Griffin and Co.. pp. 112–16
^ Crompton, Samuel Willard (2003). The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted vs. Saladin. Great battles through the ages. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 0-7910-7437-4
^ al-Din, Baha; D.S. Richards (2002). The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin. Crusade Texts in Translation. 7 (1 ed.). Burlington, VT; Hampshire, England: Ashgate. p. 232. ISBN 0-7546-3381-0
^ Madden, Thomas (2006). The New Concise History of the Crusades. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-7425-3823-8