ホワイト・フライト
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/02/23 07:49 UTC 版)
ホワイト・フライト（white flight、白人の脱出）またはホワイト・エクソダス（white exodus）とは[1][2][3]、 人種または民族文化が多様化しつつある地域からの白人の突然の、または長期的な大規模移住のこと[4][5]。1950年代から1960年代の間にこの語はアメリカ合衆国で一般的となった。これは人種が混合した都市的地域から、より人種（白人）が均質な郊外または準郊外への、あらゆる白人の大規模な退去を意味した。近年では、白人の旧来の郊外から農村部への移住、および米国東部と中西部から南部の温暖な地域への移住にも用いられる[6][7][8]。 「ホワイトフライト」は、現地人による暴力犯罪と反植民地政策から逃れるため、アフリカまたはその大陸の一部からの白人の大規模な植民地後の移住（帰国）にも使用されてきた [9][10][11][12][13] [14]。
- ^ The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Crime and Juvenile Justice. Oxford University Press. (2013). ISBN 978-0199338276. "The Kerner Commission report ... concluded that "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white" ... Black urban in-migration and White exodus had developed concentrations of impoverished persons."
- ^ Robert W. Kweit (2015). People and Politics in Urban America, Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138012028. "The U.S. court of Appeals ruled that Norfolk was rightly concerned with the white exodus from public schools and that the decision to end mandatory busing was not based on discriminatory intent, but on the desire to keep enough whites in the school system to prevent resegregation."
- ^ Timothy J. Minchin; John A. Salmond (2011). “Chapter 8 'Mixed Outcomes'”. After the Dream: Black and White Southerners since 1965 (Civil Rights and Struggle). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813129785. "Even success in desegregating downtown stores and buses was now undercut by the white exodus. As they fled the cities, many whites lost interest in the civil rights issue."
- ^ Josiah Bates (2019年10月30日). “Michelle Obama Opens Up About the Pain of Witnessing 'White Flight' as a Child in Chicago”. TIME. "“White flight” — a phenomenon in which white people leave areas that are becoming more diverse."
- ^ Lateshia Beachum (2019年10月30日). “Michelle Obama on white flight in Chicago: 'Y'all were running from us'”. The Washington Post. "“White flight” is when white people leave increasingly diverse areas in large numbers."
- ^ Schaefer, Richard T., ed (2008). The Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. SAGE publications
- ^ "white flight". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
- ^ Armor, David J. (1986). Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-1953-58179
- ^ Joshua Hammer (May–June 2010). “(Almost) Out of Africa: The White Tribes”. World Affairs Journal
- ^ Johnson, RW (2008年10月19日). “Mosiuoa 'Terror' Lekota threatens to topple the ANC”. The Times (London)
- ^ Christopher, A.J. (2000). The atlas of changing South Africa (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-2031-85902
- ^ Bradshaw, York W.; Ndegwa, Stephen N., eds (2001). The uncertain promise of Southern Africa. Indiana Univ. Press. p. 6
- ^ Reinhardt, Steven G.; Reinhartz, Dennis P., eds (2006). Transatlantic history (1st ed.). Texas A&M University Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-1-5854-44861
- ^ a b “White flight from South Africa: Between staying and going”. The Economist. (2008年9月25日)
- ^ “The Week, New York, Thursday”. The Nation: p. 233. (1870年4月14日)
- ^ Walter Thomas Mills (1888年). “The Statesman” (Voume 5 ed.). Statesman Publishing Company. p. 147
- ^ Wendell Phillips Garrison; Francis Jackson Garrison (1894). William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children. Houghton Mifflin. p. 494
- ^ Timothy Keegan (2001), “Gender, Degeneration and Sexual Danger: Imagining Race and Class in South Africa, ca.1912”, Journal of Southern African Studies (Volume 27, Number 3 ed.), Routledge, "Newspaper reports in the years before World War I dwelt on the spectre of white flight, of farewells at Park Station as men stricken with disease entrained for the coast, and of men arriving in Durban in search of billets on ships leaving for Britain or Australia. At the outbreak of war there were still nearly 50,000 more white men on the Rand than white women, many with families still living in Cornwall or Lancashire to whom they sent remittances."
- ^ Lindsey Haines (2010). White Flight and Urban Decay in Suburban Chicago (Paper 112 ed.). Illinois Wesleyan University
- ^ a b Johnston, Philip (2005年2月10日). “Whites 'leaving cities as migrants move in'”. The Telegraph
- ^ Richard Ford (2004年12月8日). “Race divide in big cities widens as whites move out”. The Times
- ^ Samuel H.Kye (2018). The persistence of white flight in middle-class suburbia (Volume 72 ed.). Indiana University: Social Science Research. pp. 38–52
- ^ Tom Jacobs (2018年3月6日). “'White Flight' Remains a Reality”. Pacific Standard
- ^ Zhang, J. (2011). “Tipping and Residential Segregation: A Unified Schelling Model”. Journal of Regional Science 51: 167–193. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2010.00671.x.
- ^ Schelling, T. (1969). “Models of segregation”. The American Economic Review 59 (2): 488–493.
- ^ "We’re running out of whites."
- ^ "South Africa: Tomorrow’s Zimbabwe: This history is about to be replayed in South Africa. Whites have been leaving the country for some time now, worried about crime and instability."
- ^ "“We are quickly losing all our skilled workers. One option for South Africa is to employ a foreign workforce to continue growing our economy and we all know how many South Africans feel about that,” Waldorf said."
- ^ Johnson, Scott (2009年2月14日). “Fleeing From South Africa”. Newsweek
- ^ a b c d e f Nelson, Harold D, ed (1983). Zimbabwe, a Country Study. Area Handbook Series (Second ed.). Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, American University. OCLC 227599708
- ^ a b c Raeburn, Michael. We are everywhere: Narratives from Rhodesian guerillas. pp. 200–209
- ^ M. Tamarkin (2012) The Making of Zimbabwe: Decolonization in Regional and International Politics, Routledge, p122
- ^ Olga Sicilia (2010) There Is No Such Thing As a Spirit in the Stone! Misrepresentations of Zimbabwean Stone Sculpture: An Anthropological Approach Universal-Publishers, p25
- ^ Eric Partridge (2006) The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: A-I, Taylor & Francis, p389
- ^ Tony Ballinger (2015) A Walk Against The Stream: A Rhodesian National Service Officer's Story of the Bush War, Helion and Company, p335
- ^ U.S. News & World Report, Volume 87, pxlvi
- ^ Daniel Schreier, Peter Trudgill, Edgar W. Schneider, Jeffrey P. Williams (2010) The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press, p271
- ^ Peter J. H. Petter-Bowyer (2005) Winds of Destruction: The Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot, 30° South Publishers, p359
- ^ Rangvid, B. S. (2009). “School Choice, Universal Vouchers and Native Flight from Local Schools”. European Sociological Review 26 (3): 319–335. doi:10.1093/esr/jcp024.
- ^ “Report finds evidence of 'white flight' from immigrants in northwest Dublin”. International Herald Tribune. (2007年10月19日) 2011年4月20日閲覧。
- ^ “40 prosent av Osloskolene har innvandrerflertall” (ノルウェー語). 2014年11月20日閲覧。
- ^ Bredeveien, Jo Moen (2009年6月2日). “Rømmer til hvitere skoler” [Escaping the whiter schools] (ノルウェー語). Dagsavisen. 2020年11月27日閲覧。
- ^ Lundgaard, Hilde (2009年8月22日). “Foreldre flytter barna til 'hvitere' skoler” [Parents moving kids to 'whiter' schools] (ノルウェー語). Aftenposten. 2010年3月25日閲覧。
- ^ Slettholm, Andreas (2009年12月15日). “Ola og Kari flytter fra innvandrerne” (ノルウェー語). Aftenposten. 2014年11月20日閲覧。
- ^ a b “Noen barn er brune”. Nettavisen. (2010年1月15日)
- ^ Ringheim, Gunnar; Fransson, Line; Glomnes, Lars Molteberg (2010年1月14日). “Et stort flertall av barna er brune” (ノルウェー語). Dagbladet
- ^ Andersson 2007, p. 64
- ^ Andersson 2007, pp. 74–75
- ^ Bråmå, Åsa (2006). “'White flight'? The production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas in Swedish cities, 1990–2000”. Urban Studies 43 (7): 1127–1146. doi:10.1080/00420980500406736.
- ^ Andersson 2007, p. 68
- ^ a b c “Segregeringen ökar i Sverige” (スウェーデン語). Forskning & Framsteg 2017年8月16日閲覧。
- ^ Porter, Roy (1994). London: A Social History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 132, 140
- ^ “Census 2001: Ethnicity”. BBC News
- ^ Dominic Casciani (2006年9月4日). “So who's right over segregation?”. BBC News Magazine 2006年9月21日閲覧。
- ^ Finney & Simpson 2009, Myths and counterarguments: a quick reference summary.
- ^ San Grewal (2013年5月24日). “Brampton suffers identity crisis as newcomers swell city's population”. Toronto Star
- ^ Noreen Ahmed-Ullah (2016年6月3日). “How Brampton, a town in suburban Ontario, was dubbed a ghetto”. The Globe and Mail
- ^ Sadiya Ansari (2018年9月4日). “'Everybody fits in': inside the Canadian cities where minorities are the majority”. The Guardian. "White flight: Brampton is another majority-minority suburb, west of Toronto."
- ^ Douglas Todd (2014年11月23日). “London, Toronto, Vancouver undergoing "unconscious segregation"”. The Vancouver Sun
- ^ Bogue, Donald J. and Emerson Seim (Sept-Dec 1956) Components of Population Change in Suburban and Central City Populations of Standard metropolitan Areas: 1940 to 1950 Rural Sociology.
- ^ Bogue, Donald J. (1957) Components of Population Change, 1940–1950 published jointly by Scripps Foundation for Research in Population Problems: Miami University, and Population Research and Training Center: University of Chicago, esp. p. iv. Reprinted, in part for the value of the statistical methods, in Gibbs, Jack P. (1961) Urban Research Methods D. Van Norstrand Company: Princeton, NJ.
- ^ Asthana, Anushka (2006年8月21日). “Changing Face of Western Cities: Migration Within U.S. Makes Whites a Minority in 3 More Areas”. Washington Post
- ^ Crossney, Kristen; Bartelt, David (December 1, 2005). “Residential Security, Risk, and Race: The Home Owners' Loan Corporation and Mortgage Access in Two Cities”. Urban Geography 26 (8): 707–736. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.26.8.707. July 9, 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。. エラー:
|archivedate=を指定した場合、|archiveurl=の指定が必要です。 2008年4月12日閲覧。. - ^ “2006 Housing Policy Debate”. 2020年11月27日閲覧。
- ^ a b c Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985), Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-504983-7。
- ^ "Racial" Provisions of FHA Underwriting Manual, 1938
- "Recommended restrictions should include provisions for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended. ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community, and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial groups." —Federal Housing Administration, Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the National Housing Act With Revisions to February, 1938 (Washington, D.C.), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location.
- ^ Wheeler, James O. (1976). “Locational Dimensions of Urban Highway Impact: An Empirical Analysis”. Geografiska Annaler. Series-B, Human Geography 58 (2): 67–78. doi:10.1080/04353684.1976.11879413. JSTOR 490613.
- ^ Connerly, C. E. (December 1, 2002). “From Racial Zoning to Community Empowerment: The Interstate Highway System and the African American Community in Birmingham, Alabama”. Journal of Planning Education and Research 22 (2): 99–114. doi:10.1177/0739456X02238441.
- ^ Ford, Richard Thompson (2008). The Race Card: How Bluffing about Bias Makes Race Relations Worse (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 290–291. ISBN 9780374245757
- ^ Hirsch, Arnold R. "Blockbusting". Encyclopedia of Chicago History.
- ^ Template:Cite Power Broker. "The construction of the Gowanus Parkway, laying a concrete slab on top of lively, bustling Third Avenue, buried the avenue in shadow, and when the parkway was completed, the avenue was cast forever into darkness and gloom, and its bustle and life were forever gone. 0-394-72024-5
- ^ Andersen, Hans Skifter (2003). Urban Sores: On the Interaction Between Segregation, Urban Decay, and Deprived Neighbourhoods. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-3305-1
- ^ Proscio, Tony; Grogan, Paul S. (2000). Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 139–145. ISBN 978-0-8133-3952-8. "The 1965 law brought an end to the lengthy and destructive – at least for cities – period of tightly restricted immigration a spell born of the nationalism and xenophobia of the 1920s. [p.140]"
- ^ Wilson, William Julius (1997). When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York City: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-72417-9
- ^ Borsuk, by Alan J. (2006年7月8日). “Mayor served 'the public welfare': Longtime city icon known for integrity, energy, principles”]. Journal Sentinel
- ^ Rast, J. (1 September 2006). “Governing the Regimeless City: The Frank Zeidler Administration in Milwaukee, 1948-1960”. Urban Affairs Review 42 (1): 81–112. doi:10.1177/1078087406289734.
- ^ Curran, Donald J. Curran (February 1964). “Infra-Metropolitan Competition”. Land Economics 40 (1): 94–99. doi:10.2307/3144466. JSTOR 3144466.
- ^ Clotfelter, Charles T. (2004). After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 101–109
- ^ “From the Old Order to the New Order–Reasons and Results, 1957-1997”. Baltimore City Public School System. 2020年11月27日閲覧。
- ^ Jacobson, Cardell K. (1978). “Desegregation Rulings and Public Attitude Changes: White Resistance or Resignation?”. American Journal of Sociology 84 (3): 698–705. doi:10.1086/226833. JSTOR 2778261.
- ^ Nevius, C.W. (2007年9月9日). “Racism alive and well in S.F. schools – here's proof”. San Francisco Chronicle
- ^ Ryan, John. “Tackling Local Resistance to Public Schools”. Daily Journal. 2013年10月29日閲覧。
- ^ Birrell, Bob, and Seol, Byung-Soo. "Sydney's Ethnic Underclass", People and Place, vol. 6, no. 3, September 1998. Archived October 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ “'White flight' from Aussie public schools”. Sydney Morning Herald (2008年3月10日). 2012年10月3日閲覧。
- ^ “NSW Labor leader apologises for 'white flight' migration comments” (2018年5月24日). 2018年12月31日閲覧。
- ^ “Luke Foley blasted for 'white flight' comments” (2018年5月23日). 2020年5月22日閲覧。
- ^ Davies, Anne (2018年5月24日). “Luke Foley apologises for 'white flight' comment, saying he now knows it's offensive”. The Guardian
- ^ Garret-Walker, Hana (2012年6月18日). “Claim of 'white flight' from low decile schools”. The New Zealand Herald
- ^ “Some Pakeha parents stereotyping Maori pupils – principals”. Radio New Zealand (2012年6月19日). 2013年10月29日閲覧。
- ^ Collins, Simon (2006年7月24日). “'White flight' threatens school”. The New Zealand Herald 2011年9月22日閲覧。
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