アメリカ合衆国の保守主義とは？ わかりやすく解説

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アメリカ合衆国の保守主義

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/06/30 09:49 UTC 版)

アメリカ合衆国の保守主義（アメリカがっしゅうこくのほしゅしゅぎ、英: Conservatism in the United States）は、特に1950年代以降のアメリカ政治で重要な役割を演じてきている政治思想である[1]。


脚注
  1. ^ Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History, p. "before the 1950s there was no such thing as a conservative movement in the United States.", Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-16418-3
  2. ^ Gregory Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (Rowman & Littlefield. 2009) p. xii
  3. ^ Cal Jillson (22 February 2011). Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State. Taylor & Francis. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=fQFZCrbc9mIC&pg=PA87&dq=social+conservatism+abortion+marriage&hl=en&sa=X&ei=njIXT9f-KILb0QGehoXIAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=social%20conservatism%20abortion%20marriage&f=false 2012年1月19日閲覧. "Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments." 
  4. ^ Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) pp ix to xiv
  5. ^ Michael Foley (25 October 2007). American credo: the place of ideas in US politics. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=hqbHa_AJrtMC&pg=PA318&dq=paleoconservative+immigration&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kDQXT5PzLMbg0QGfuo3tAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=paleoconservative%20immigration&f=false 2012年1月18日閲覧. "Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race." 
  6. ^ Paul Edward Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12
  7. ^ Founding Statement of National Review. http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/223549/our-mission-statement/william-f-buckley-jr.
  8. ^ Sean Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (2009); John Ehrman, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2008)
  9. ^ William Safire, Safire's Political Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-534061-7
  10. ^ Ahoura Afsha. “The Anti-gay Rights Movement in the United States: The Framing of Religion”. University of Essex. 2011年7月10日閲覧。
  11. ^ Julian E. Zelizer, ed. The Presidency of George W. Bush: A First Historical Assessment (2010) ch 6
  12. ^ Jim Mann, Rise Of The Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet(2004)
  13. ^ Peter J. Jacques; Riley E. Dunlap; Mark Freeman, The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism, Environmental Politics. v12 m3 (2008), pages 349–385
  14. ^ Benjamin Balint, Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine That Transformed the Jewish Left Into the Neoconservative Right (2010)
  15. ^ Donald T. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: a Woman's Crusade, p. 217, Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-691-13624-0
  16. ^ George H. Nash, Reappraising the Right: The Past and Future of American Conservatism (2009) says, "abortion, school prayer, pornography, drug use, sexual deviancy ... In a very real sense the Religious Right was closest in its concerns to traditionalist conservatism." p. 325
  17. ^ Glenn Utter and Robert J. Spitzer, Encyclopedia of Gun Control & Gun Rights (2nd ed. 2011)
  18. ^ The "law and order" issue was a major factor weakening liberalism in the 1960s, argues Michael W. Flamm, Law and Order: Street Crime, Civil Unrest, and the Crisis of Liberalism in the 1960s (2005)
  19. ^ Gallup, "U.S. Political Ideology Stable With Conservatives Leading" Gallup, August 1, 2011, online
  20. ^ Juliana Horowitz, "Winds of Political Change Haven’t Shifted Public’s Ideology Balance," Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, press release November 25, 2008
  21. ^ Leo P. Ribuffo, "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy," Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp 2–6, quote on p. 6
  22. ^ For example, Arthur Aughey, Greta Jones, W. T. M. Riches, The Conservative Political Tradition in Britain and the United States (1992), p. 1: "...there are those who advance the thesis that American exceptionalism means...there can be no American conservatism precisely because the American Revolution created a universally liberal society."
  23. ^ The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History (Yale U.P. 2009), p. 278
  24. ^ Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, p. 114, "Conservative ideas are, thus, more genuine and profound than many critics suggest, but such unity as they have is purely negative, definable only by its opposition and rejection of abstract, universal, and ideal principles..."
  25. ^ a b Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind (1950), p. 6, 63.
  26. ^ Joyce Appleby, Thomas Jefferson (Times Books, 2003) ch 7
  27. ^ Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities (2009), p. 65
  28. ^ Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities, p. 67
  29. ^ George Brown Tindall & David Emory Shi, America: A narrative History, pp. 665, W. W. Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-92732-0.
  30. ^ Robin W. Winks, ed. The Oxford history of the British Empire: Historiography, Volume V (2001) p107
  31. ^ Leonard Woods Labaree, Conservatism in Early American History (1948) ch 1–2
  32. ^ Richard Hofstadter, America at 1750: A Social Portrait (1971) ch 5
  33. ^ Robert E. Brown and B. Katherine Brown, Virginia 1705–1786: Democracy or Aristocracy? (1964) pp 307–8
  34. ^ Edward Countryman, American Revolution (1996) pp 36–44
  35. ^ Norman Risjord, Jefferson's America, 1760–1815 (2002) p 129
  36. ^ Bernard Bailyn, The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson: Loyalism and the Destruction of the First British Empire (1974)
  37. ^ David F. Burg, A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present (Routledge, 2003) p 253
  38. ^ Labaree, Conservatism pp 164–65
  39. ^ See also N. E. H. Hull, Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York," Journal of American History, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Sep., 1978), pp. 344–366 in JSTOR
  40. ^ Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace, "The American Revolution: The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation," Perspectives in American History, (1972) vol. 6 pp 167–306
  41. ^ Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1991) pp. 176–77; quote on p 177.
  42. ^ Ross N. Hebb, Samuel Seabury and Charles Inglis: Two Bishops, Two Churches (2010) p 82
  43. ^ Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives (2009) pp 6–26
  44. ^ Samuel Eliot Morison, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: the urbane Federalist (2nd ed. 1969) pages x–xi
  45. ^ Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives (2009) p 26
  46. ^ Chernow (2004)
  47. ^ Calhoun at this stage was a leader of the nationalists. He later turned 180 degrees.
  48. ^ See Norman K Risjord, The Old Republicans: Southern conservatism in the age of Jefferson (1965)
  49. ^ Abraham Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1859-1865 (Library of America, 1989) p. 35 online
  50. ^ Harold Holzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President (2006) pp 134, 139, 144, 212, 306
  51. ^ T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (1972)
  52. ^ Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (1994) pp 238, 257
  53. ^ William C. Harris, With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union (1998)
  54. ^ Gabor S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (1994)
  55. ^ Norman Graeber, Lincoln the conservative statesman; In:The enduring Lincoln: Lincoln sesquicentennial lectures at the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, 1959,
  56. ^ Randall, Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947) p 175. In: The enduring Lincoln: Lincoln sesquicentennial lectures at the University of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, 1959,
  57. ^ J. David Greenstone, The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism Princeton University Press, 1994. 26, 276–85.
  58. ^ Dewey W. Grantham, The Life and Death of the Solid South: A Political History (1992)
  59. ^ Jeff Woods, Black struggle, red scare: segregation and anti-communism in the South LSU Press, 2004.
  60. ^ George B. Tindall, The emergence of the new South, 1913–1945 pp 216–7, 425, 632–7, 718
  61. ^ Alfred O. Hero, The southerner and world affairs (1965)
  62. ^ a b Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans (2003)
  63. ^ Oran P. Smith, The Rise of Baptist Republicanism (2000)
  64. ^ Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities (2009), ch 5
  65. ^ quoted in: David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900, p. 559" Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–75 online
  66. ^ Ronald Lora, ed. The Conservative Press in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century America (1999) part 4 and 5.
  67. ^ Robert Green McCloskey, American conservatism in the age of enterprise, 1865–1910: a study of William Graham Sumner, Stephen J. Field, and Andrew Carnegie (1964)
  68. ^ Late in life Sumner wrote an essay focused on the dangers of monopoly. His unpublished essay of 1909, "On the Concentration of Wealth" shows his concern that pervasive corporate monopoly could be a grave threat to social equality and democratic government. Bruce Curtis, "William Graham Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth,'" Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823–832.
  69. ^ R. Hal Williams, Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896 (2010)
  70. ^ Frank Nincovich, "Theodore Roosevelt: Civilization as Ideology," Diplomatic History (summer 1986) 10:222-30
  71. ^ Kenton J. Clymer, John Hay: The Gentleman as Diplomat (1975)
  72. ^ Richard Leopold, Elihu Root and the Conservative Tradition (1954)
  73. ^ Frederick W. Marks III, Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt (1979)
  74. ^ Walter LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations: The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913, vol. 2 (1995)
  75. ^ Elmus Wicker, Great Debate On Banking Reform: Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed (2005)
  76. ^ William Letwin, Law and Economic Policy in America: The Evolution of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1965)
  77. ^ George W. Ruiz, "The Ideological Convergence of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Mar 1989, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp 159–177
  78. ^ William Henry Harbaugh, Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt (1975)
  79. ^ Norman M. Wilensky, Conservatives in the Progressive era: The Taft Republicans of 1912 (1965)
  80. ^ H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (1997) p. 753
  81. ^ Seward W. Livermore, Politics is Adjourned Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916–1918 (1966)
  82. ^ Garland S. Tucker III, The High Tide of American Conservatism: Davis, Coolidge and the 1924 Election (2010)
  83. ^ Morton Keller, In Defense of Yesterday: James M. Beck and the Politics of Conservatism, 1861–1936 (1958)
  84. ^ Dorothy Healey and Maurice Isserman, Dorothy Healey Remembers: A Life in the American Communist Party, Oxford University Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-19-503819-4
  85. ^ Richard Gid Powers, Not Without Honor: The History of American Anticommunism (1996)
  86. ^ David A. Hallman, "The Southern Voice in the Conservative Complaint of Modernist Literature," Continuity, 1984, Issue 9, pp 169–185
  87. ^ Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda Hardwick MacKethan, and Todd W. Taylor, The Companion to Southern Literature: Themes, Genres, Places, People, Movements, and Motifs (2001)
  88. ^ See John P. Diggins, Up from Communism: Conservative Odysseys in American Intellectual History (1976)
  89. ^ For a detailed analysis of 65 of these magazines see Ronald Lora, The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America (Greenwood Press, 1999)
  90. ^ William Randolph Hearst supported Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 for president, but broke decisively in late 1933. David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (2001) pp 458, 469, 480
  91. ^ Richard Norton Smith, The Colonel: The Life and Legend of Robert R. McCormick (2003) ch. 11
  92. ^ Dennis McDougal, Privileged Son: Otis Chandler and the Rise and Fall of the L.A. Times Dynasty (2002) pp 65, 158, 191–92; the paper became less conservative after 1952.
  93. ^ Brinkley, The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century (2010) pp. ix–x, 165, 197; Luce opposed Taft in 1952 and promoted Eisenhower. p. 370
  94. ^ Larry N. Gerston and Terry Christensen, California Politics and Government (2008) p 40
  95. ^ Charles W. Smith Jr.. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939), pp. 85–86.
  96. ^ Douglas B. Craig, Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940 (2005) p 163
  97. ^ A study of 1,500 newspapers in 1976, 1980, and 1984 showed they supported Gerald Ford and Reagan 80% of the time. J.C. Busterna, and K.A. Hansen, "Presidential Endorsement Patterns by Chain-Owned Papers, 1976–84," Journalism Quarterly, Summer 1990, Vol. 67 Issue 2, pp 286–294
  98. ^ Richard Vetter, "Wall Street Journal," in Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism pp 898–99
  99. ^ H. W. Brands, Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2008)
  100. ^ a b Jefferson Cowie, and Nick Salvatore, "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History," International Labor & Working-Class History, (2008) 74:3-32.
  101. ^ Troy Kicker, "The Conservative Manifesto", North Carolina History project
  102. ^ Merrill D. Peterson, The Jefferson image in the American mind (1960) pp 355–79
  103. ^ William McGurn, "The Witness of Whittaker Chambers: A Bitter Hope," Modern Age, Spring/Summer 1984, Vol. 28 Issue 2/3, pp 203–207
  104. ^ Robert A. Divine, "The Cold War and the Election of 1948," Journal of American History, June 1972, Vol. 59 Issue 1, pp 90–110 in JSTOR
  105. ^ Martin Halpern, "Taft-Hartley and the Defeat of the Progressive Alternative in the United Auto Workers," Labor History, Spring 1986, Vol. 27 Issue 2, pp 204–26
  106. ^ Lou Cannon, President Reagan: the role of a lifetime (2000) p. 245
  107. ^ Jack A. Samosky, "Congressman Noah Morgan Mason: Illinois' Conservative Spokesman," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, March 1983, Vol. 76 Issue 1, pp 35-48
  108. ^ Most analysts agreed that war without Congressional approval was a "costly mistake." Robert J. Donovan, Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949–1953 (1982), ch 23; Taft quote on p. 220
  109. ^ William F. Buckley and L. Brent Bozell, Mccarthy and His Enemies: The Record and Its Meaning (1954)
  110. ^ Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator (1999) p 324
  111. ^ Roger Chapman, ed. Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices (2010) Volume 1 p. 112
  112. ^ Kim Phillips-Fein, "Conservatism: A State of the Field," Journal of American History, (Dec. 2011) 98#3 pp 723-743, quote p. 729
  113. ^ George H. Nash, The Conservative Intellectual Tradition since 1945 (1976)
  114. ^ James Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974 (1997) pp 271–73
  115. ^ David W. Reinhard, Republican Right since 1945 (1983) p 110
  116. ^ Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind (1950), pp 423–424.
  117. ^ Russell Kirk, Libertarians: the Chirping Sectaries in The Essential Russell Kirk, ISI Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-933859-02-6
  118. ^ Book Review by Robert S. Griffin of Chilton Williamson, Jr., The Conservative Bookshelf: Essential Works That Impact Today’s Conservative Thinkers, robertsgriffin.com.
  119. ^ Stephen Goode, Higher Education: Uniting the Great Books and Faith (August 2, 2004), Thomas Aquinas College.
  120. ^ Russello, Gerald J., 1996, "The Jurisprudence of Russell Kirk," Modern Age 38: 354–63. Issn: 0026-7457
  121. ^ John B. Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (1990) full-scale biography by liberal journalist.
  122. ^ Our Mission Statement, National Review Online, November 19, 1955.
  123. ^ Bruce J. Caldwell, Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek (2005) p 297
  124. ^ Martha Derthick and Paul J. Quirk, The Politics of Deregulation (1985)
  125. ^ Gordon, John Steele. "A Short History Of DEBT." American History 46.4 (Oct. 2011): 58-63. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Dec. 2011.
  126. ^ Johan van Overtveldt, The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business (2007) p 85
  127. ^ Alan O. Ebenstein, Milton Friedman: A Biography (2009) p 181
  128. ^ Allitt, The Conservatives pp 183–87
  129. ^ Patrick Minford, ed. Money matters (2004) p 125
  130. ^ Ross B. Emmett, Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics (2010) p 95
  131. ^ David Wessel, In Fed We Trust: Ben Bernanke's War on the Great Panic (2010) ch 14
  132. ^ Schoenwald, (2001) pp. 83–91. Some chapters without Welch's approval did organize opposition to fluoridation of local water supplies or pushed a slate for election to local school boards.
  133. ^ [1], Clinton Rossiter, "The Giants of American Conservatism," American Heritage 1955 6(6): 56–59, 94–96]
  134. ^ Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the politics of powerlessness: the Wallace campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (1981) p 237
  135. ^ Dan T. Carter. The politics of rage: George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics, LSU Press, 2000. pg. 12.
  136. ^ Linda Bridges and John R. Coyne, Strictly Right: William F. Buckley, Jr. and the American conservative movement (2007) p 115
  137. ^ Lloyd Earl Rohler George Wallace: conservative populist Greenwood Publishing Group, (2004) pg. 60.
  138. ^ Stephan Lesher, George Wallace: American Populist (1995) p 15
  139. ^ Jeff Frederick, Stand Up for Alabama: Governor George C. Wallace (2007)
  140. ^ "Governor George Wallace," Playboy, November 1964
  141. ^ Rossiter, Conservatism in America (1968) p. 268
  142. ^ Barry Morris Goldwater. With no apologies (1979)
  143. ^ John Kenneth White, Still seeing red: how the Cold War shapes the new American politics (1998) p 138
  144. ^ Lisa McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (2002) p. 173
  145. ^ Douglas Hartmann, et al., "One (Multicultural) Nation Under God? Changing Uses and Meanings of the Term "Judeo-Christian" in the American Media," Journal of Media & Religion, 2005, Vol. 4 Issue 4, pp 207–234
  146. ^ Axel R. Schafer, Countercultural Conservatives: American Evangelicalism From the Postwar Revival to the New Christian Right (University of Wisconsin Press; 2011).
  147. ^ Clyde Wilcox and Carin Robinson, Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics (2010) p. 13
  148. ^ Donald T. Critchlow, ed. The politics of abortion and birth control in historical perspective (1996)
  149. ^ Laurie Goodstein, "Bishops Say Rules on Gay Parents Limit Freedom of Religion," New York Times Dec. 28, 2011 online
  150. ^ Wald, Alan M. 1987. The New York Intellectuals. The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s. The University of North Carolina Press https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=mzlsL5s0GXYC&dq=1934+new+york+hotel+strike+field&q=fieldites&redir_esc=y&hl=ja#v=onepage&q=fieldites&f=false
  151. ^ Powell, Lewis F., "Attack on the American Free Enterprise System." 1971 memorandum to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce,
  152. ^ Niels Bjerre-Poulsen, "The Heritage Foundation: A Second-Generation Think Tank," Journal of Policy History, Apr 1991, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp 152-172
  153. ^ Murray L. Weidenbaum, The Competition of Ideas: The World of the Washington Think Tanks (2011)
  154. ^ Alice O'Connor, "Bringing the Market Back In: Philanthropic Activism and Conservative Reform," Clemens, Elisabeth S., and Doug Guthrie, eds., Politics and Partnerships: The Role of Voluntary Associations in America's Political Past and Present (University of Chicago Press, 2010) pp. 121-50
  155. ^ Jennifer DeForest, "Conservatism Goes to College: The Role of Philanthropic Foundations in the Rise of Conservative Student Networks," Perspectives on the History of Higher Education, 2007, Vol. 26, p103-127,
  156. ^ Laura Kalman, Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974–1980 (2010) details the collapse one by one of alternatives to Reagan.
  157. ^ Madrick, Jeff (2011年12月9日). “What Bill Clinton Would Do”. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/books/review/back-to-work-why-we-need-smart-government-for-a-strong-economy-by-bill-clinton-book-review.html?pagewanted=all 2012年1月26日閲覧。 
  158. ^ Case, Karl E. & Fair, Ray C. (1999). Principles of Economics (5th ed.), p. 780. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-961905-4.
  159. ^ Bartlett, Bruce. “Supply-Side Economics: "Voodoo Economics" or Lasting Contribution?” (PDF). Laffer Associates (November 11, 2003). http://web.uconn.edu/cunningham/econ309/lafferpdf.pdf 2008年11月17日閲覧。. 
  160. ^ Donald T. Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade (2005)
  161. ^ Steven F. Hayward, The Age of Reagan: The Conservative Counterrevolution 1980–1989 (2009), 625–32. Liberals say that Gorbachev ended the Cold War as the Soviet Union collapsed. Conservatives counter that Reagan's heavy pressure (such as "Star Wars") caused the collapse. Stephen G. Brooks, and William Wohlforth, "Clarifying the End of Cold War Debate," Cold War History 2007 7(3): 447–454
  162. ^ Reason Magazine, 1975-07-01
  163. ^ Ronald Reagan, Reagan in His Own Hand (2001), p. 14, 232, 359
  164. ^ Quoted in Time July 13, 1987
  165. ^ Hayward, The Age of Reagan p.52
  166. ^ Hayward, The Age of Reagan pp. 26, 52–54; Lou Cannon. President Reagan: TheRole of a Lifetime (1991) 118, 480–1.
  167. ^ Tanner, Michael (2007). Leviathan on the Right: how big-government conservatism brought down the Republican revolution. Cato Institute. ISBN 978-1-933995-00-7 
  168. ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2009, ISBN 1-60057-105-0
  169. ^ The Real Reagan Economic Record, 2001, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2001/03/the-real-reagan-economic-record
  170. ^ Supply Side Tax Cuts and The Truth About the Reagan Record, 1996, https://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-261.html
  171. ^ Jeremy M. Peters, "'Anybody but Mitt,'" New York Times Nov. 19, 2011
  172. ^ “House Republicans Defend Conservative Commentators, Decry White House Feud”. Fox News (2010年4月7日). 2012年1月6日閲覧。
  173. ^ Frum, David (2011年11月20日). “When Did the GOP Lose Touch With Reality?”. New York. 2012年5月26日閲覧。
  174. ^ The Conservative Identity Crisis, Feb. 13, 2012
  175. ^ a b See CNN 2004 Exit Poll
  176. ^ Carl Hulse (2008年9月26日). “Conservatives Viewed Bailout Plan as Last Straw”. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/27/business/27repubs.html?ref=business 2012年1月17日閲覧。 
  177. ^ William F. Buckley, Buckley: Bush Not a True Conservative, July 22, 2006, Retrieved from cbsnews.com August 25, 2009.
  178. ^ Carl M. Cannon, Reagan's Disciple (PublicAffairs, 2008) p xii.
  179. ^ Jonathan Alter, The Promise: President Obama, Year One (2010)
  180. ^ see RealClear Politics summary
  181. ^ Rich Lowry, "A Victory for America," National Review Online May 3, 2011
  182. ^ Michael Barone, "To Get Bin Laden, Obama Relied on Policies He Decried" National Review Online May 5, 2011
  183. ^ "Obama defends sanctions strategy on Iran, says diplomacy can work," FoxNews March 6, 2012
  184. ^ See online Amy Gardner, "Gauging the scope of the tea party movement in America," Washington Post Oct. 24, 2010
  185. ^ "Katie Couric interviews Tea Party Leaders", CBS News, January 25, 2010.
  186. ^ Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen, Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) pp 169–82
  187. ^ Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen. Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) pp 154
  188. ^ Kate Zernike, "Tea Party Set to Win Enough Races for Wide Influence," New York Times Oct. 14, 2010
  189. ^ Jonathan Karl and Gregory Simmons, "'Contract' 2.0: House Republicans Roll Out 'A Pledge to America'" ABC News Sept. 23, 2010
  190. ^ "Americans who describe themselves as Tea Party supporters are largely Republican, conservative and angry at the government, a New York Times/CBS News poll shows."Salant, Jonathan D. (2010年4月15日). “Tea Party Backers Conservative, Angry at Washington, Poll Shows”. Bloomberg Businessweek. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-15/tea-party-backers-conservative-angry-at-washington-poll-shows.html 2010年11月2日閲覧。 
  191. ^ "On most of these topics, supporters of the Tea Party movement are angrier than any of the other groups," according to the BBC World News America/Harris Poll of Oct. 2010. "What Are We Most Angry About? The Economy, Unemployment, the Government, Taxes and Immigration: Tea Party supporters are angrier than Republicans, who are angrier than Democrats", Harris Interactive, Oct. 21, 2010
  192. ^ "Marketing consultants say the ad [for Dodge cars using tea-party style patriotic symbolism] is one indication that the movement's anger and energy have become part of the cultural conversation, making it a natural target for admakers."Gardner, Amy (2010年7月6日). “Tea party movement's energy, anger make it target for admakers”. Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/05/AR2010070502843.html 2010年11月2日閲覧。 
  193. ^ "The widest gulfs between Tea Party supporters and others—Republicans and the public in general—are in their responses to questions about social issues, from gay marriage to abortion to immigration to global warming."Zernike, Kate (2010年4月17日). “Tea Party Supporters Doing Fine, but Angry Nonetheless”. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/weekinreview/18zernike.html 2010年11月2日閲覧。 
  194. ^ the New York Times says, "But as the Tea Party infuses conservatism with new energy, its leaders deliberately avoid discussion of issues like gay marriage or abortion." Kate Zernike, "Tea Party Avoids Divisive Social Issues," New York Times March 12, 2010
  195. ^ According to the New York Times, "a review of the Web sites of many Tea Party candidates suggests that they have not spent much time exploring foreign policy specifics. Many do little more than offer blanket promises to keep America safe." Michael D. Shear, "Tea Party Foreign Policy a Bit Cloudy" New York Times Oct. 21, 2010
  196. ^ The Two Faces of the Tea Party by Matthew Continetti, The Weekly Standard, Vol. 15, No. 39, June 28, 2010
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  206. ^ Darren Dochuk, From Bible Belt to Sun Belt: Plain-Folk Religion, Grassroots Politics, and the Rise of Evangelical Conservatism (W.W. Norton & Company; 2010) shows how migrants to Southern California from Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas provided evangelical support for social conservatism.
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