G因子 (計量心理学)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/03/16 03:48 UTC 版)
g因子(ジーいんし、英: G factor)(別名: 一般知能、一般知能因子)とは、心理測定による認知能力と人間の知能の研究で開発された構成概念である。g因子は、異なる認知課題間の正の相関をまとめた変数であり、ある個人のある種の認知課題におけるパフォーマンスが、その人の他の種類の認知課題におけるパフォーマンスと同等になる傾向があるという事実を反映している[要出典]。g因子は通常、特定の認知テストにおける個人間のパフォーマンスの差異の40〜50%を説明し、多くのテストに基づく複合スコア(「IQスコア」)は、しばしば個人のg因子の位置づけの推定値とみなされる[1]。IQ、一般知能、一般認知能力、一般精神能力、単に「知能」という用語は、認知テストに共通するこのコアを指すためによく同義的に使用される[2]。しかし、g因子自体は、認知課題間に観察される相関の水準を示す数学的構成概念である[3]。この構成概念の測定値は、使用される認知課題に依存し、観察された相関の根本的な原因についてはほとんど知られていない。
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- ^ Jensen 1998, 24より改変。この相関行列はもともとSpearman 1904で公表され、イギリスの子供たちのサンプルの学校でのパフォーマンスに基づいている。この分析は歴史的に重要で、大きな影響を与えてきたが、現代の技術基準を満たしていない。スピアマンの方法論の議論については、Mackintosh 2011, 44以降およびHorn & McArdle 2007を参照。
- ^ Chabris 2007, 表19.1より改変。
- ^ Gottfredson 1998
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- ^ Jensen 1998, 18–19, 35–36, 38. 一般的で単一の精神能力という考えは、19世紀後半にハーバート・スペンサーとフランシス・ゴルトンによって心理学に導入されたが、彼らの研究は主に推測的なものであり、経験的根拠に乏しかった。
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多様な認知テストが正の相関を示す傾向があることは、単一の一般的能力または「g」因子の証拠とみなされてきた...多様な認知テスト間の相関に正の多様体が存在することは、一般的能力の単一因子モデルと複数因子モデルのどちらに対しても異なる支持を提供しない。
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- ^ a b Jensen 1982
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- ^ Mackintosh 2011, 57
- ^ Jensen 1998, 46
- ^ Carroll 1997. 総共通因子分散は、g因子と群因子による分散を合わせたものである。共通因子で説明されない分散は、独自性と呼ばれ、下位検査固有の分散と測定誤差で構成される。
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- ^ Mackintosh 2011, 150–153. CASとWJ IIIのテストバッテリーからのg因子が統計的に区別できないことが示されたKeith et al. 2001や、ASVABバッテリーと認知成分ベースのテストのバッテリーで同様の結果が示されたStauffer et al. 1996も参照。
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- ^ Schmidt & Hunter 2004. これらの妥当性係数は、従属変数(すなわち、職務または訓練のパフォーマンス)の測定誤差と範囲制限について修正されているが、独立変数(すなわち、gの尺度)の測定誤差については修正されていない。
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