赤い夏
赤い夏
赤い夏
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/09/27 03:47 UTC 版)
赤い夏（英語: Red Summer）は、アメリカ合衆国の36以上の都市において1919年の夏から初秋にかけて発生した人種暴動事件である。白人がアフリカ系アメリカ人を襲った事件がほとんどだが、一部では黒人も反撃し、特にシカゴ、ワシントンD.C.、アーカンソー州のエレインでは多くの死者を出した[1]。
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q New York Times: "For Action on Race Riot Peril," October 5, 1919, accessed January 20, 2010. This newspaper article includes several paragraphs of editorial analysis followed by Dr. George E. Haynes' report, "summarized at several points."
- ^ a b Alana J. Erickson, "Red Summer" in Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History (NY: Macmillan, 1960), 2293-4
- ^ George P. Cunningham, "James Weldon Johnson," in Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History (NY: Macmillan, 1960), 1459-61
- ^ a b David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (NY: Oxford University Press, 2004), 279, 281-2
- ^ McWhirter, 56
- ^ McWhirter 19, 22-4
- ^ McWhirter, 13
- ^ McWhirter, 15
- ^ McWhirter, 31-2, emphasis in original
- ^ Lewis, David Levering, W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography, 2009, p 383
- ^ Walter C. Rucker, James N. Upton. Encyclopedia of American Race Riots. Volume 1. 2007, page 92-3
- ^ Rucker, Walter C. and Upton, James N. Encyclopedia of American Race Riots (2007), 554
- ^ a b c d e Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties (NY: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 60-2
- ^ Wolgemuth, Kathleen L. (1959). “Woodrow Wilson and Federal Segregation”. The Journal of Negro History 44 (2): 158–173. doi:10.2307/2716036. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2716036.
- ^ New York Times: "Protest Sent to Wilson," July 22, 1919. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "Chicago Race Riot of 1919". Retrieved January 24, 2010.
- ^ New York Times: "Negroes Appeal to Wilson," August 1, 1919. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ New York Times: Negro Protest to Wilson," August 30, 1919. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ Bruce Wheeler, "Knoxville Riot of 1919," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ Robert Whitaker, On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice that Remade a Nation (NY: Random House, 2008), 53
- ^ Matthew Lakin, "'A Dark Night': The Knoxville Race Riot of 1919," Journal of East Tennessee History, 72 (2000), pp. 1-29.
- ^ David, Pietrusza, 1920: The Year of Six Presidents (NY: Carroll & Graf, 2007), 167-72
- ^ Eric M. Freedman, Habeas Corpus: Rethinking the Great Writ of Liberty (New York University Press, 2001), 68
- ^ Robert Whitaker, On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice that Remade a Nation (NY: Random House, 2008), 131-42. Whittaker's work is a detailed account of the Arkansas events, not a general study of the Red Summer.
- ^ Robert Whitaker, On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice that Remade a Nation (New York: Random House, 2008), 51
- ^ New York Times: "Ask Wilson to Aid Negroes," November 26, 1919. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ a b New York Times: "Reds Try to Stir Negroes to Revolt," July 28, 1919. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
- ^ "Denies Negroes are 'Reds'" New York Times August 3, 1919, accessed January 28, 2010. Phillips was based in Nashville, Tennessee.
- ^ a b McWhirter, 160
- ^ a b c d New York Times: "Reds are Working among Negroes," October 19, 1919. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
- ^ New York Times: "None Killed in Fight with Arkansas Posse," October 2, 1919. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ New York Times: "Six More are Killed in Arkansas Riots," October 3, 1919. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ New York Times: "[untitled]" October 12, 1919. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
- ^ a b McWhirter, 159
- ^ a b McWhirter, 239-41
- ^ "If We Must Die" poetryfoundation.org, accessed May 5, 2015
- ^ “McKay on 'If We Must Die'”. Modern American Poetry. 2016年2月15日閲覧。
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