無我
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/06/06 21:41 UTC 版)
説一切有部
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説一切有部においては、要素である法（ダルマ）の分析にともない、その法の有（う）が考えられるようになる。元来の初期仏教以来の無我説はなお底流として継承されていたので、人無我（にんむが）・法有我（ほううが）という一種の折衷説が生まれた。
この「法有我」は、法がそれ自身で独立に存在する実体であることを示し、それを自性（じしょう、サンスクリット: svabhāva स्वभाव）と呼ぶ。こうして説一切有部を中心とする部派仏教には法の体系（一種の物理学的体系）が確立された。
なお宗派としての説一切有部は滅びたものの、これらの研究は阿毘達磨教学として大乗諸派に受け継がれ、現在にいたるまで熱心に学習されている。
注釈
- ^ anattan[1]の主格形[2]
- ^ On samsara, rebirth and redeath:
* Paul Williams: "All rebirth is due to karma and is impermanent. Short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karma. The endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, is samsara."[8]
* Buswell and Lopez on "rebirth": "An English term that does not have an exact correlate in Buddhist languages, rendered instead by a range of technical terms, such as the Sanskrit PUNARJANMAN (lit. "birth again") and PUNABHAVAN (lit. "re-becoming"), and, less commonly, the related PUNARMRTYU (lit. "redeath")."[9]
See also Perry Schmidt-Leukel (2006) pages 32-34,[10] John J. Makransky (1997) p.27.[11] for the use of the term "redeath." The term Agatigati or Agati gati (plus a few other terms) is generally translated as 'rebirth, redeath'; see any Pali-English dictionary; e.g. pages 94-95 of Rhys Davids & William Stede, where they list five Sutta examples with rebirth and re-death sense.[12] - ^ Graham Harvey: "Siddhartha Gautama found an end to rebirth in this world of suffering. His teachings, known as the dharma in Buddhism, can be summarized in the Four Noble truths."[13] Geoffrey Samuel (2008): "The Four Noble Truths [...] describe the knowledge needed to set out on the path to liberation from rebirth."[14] See also [15][16][17][8][18][13][19][20]
The Theravada tradition holds that insight into these four truths is liberating in itself.[21] This is reflected in the Pali canon.[22] According to Donald Lopez, "The Buddha stated in his first sermon that when he gained absolute and intuitive knowledge of the four truths, he achieved complete enlightenment and freedom from future rebirth."[19]
The Maha-parinibbana Sutta also refers to this liberation.[23] Carol Anderson: "The second passage where the four truths appear in the Vinaya-pitaka is also found in the Mahaparinibbana-sutta (D II 90-91). Here, the Buddha explains that it is by not understanding the four truths that rebirth continues."[24]
On the meaning of moksha as liberation from rebirth, see Patrick Olivelle in the Encyclopædia Britannica.[25]
出典
- ^ 水野弘元『増補改訂パーリ語辞典』春秋社、2013年3月、増補改訂版第4刷、p.17
- ^ 「-an 男性」 - 10. 名詞・形容詞の変化(子音で終わるもの)：まんどぅーかのパーリ語ページ>
- ^ a b c 無我(むが)とは - コトバンク、朝日新聞社、2017年7月27日閲覧。
- ^ a b c d e f g 総合仏教大辞典編集委員会 編『総合仏教大辞典』 下巻、法蔵館、1988年1月、1390-1391頁。
- ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. pp. 42–43, 581. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8
- ^ Grant Olson (Translator); Phra Payutto (1995). Buddhadhamma: Natural Laws and Values for Life. State University of New York Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-7914-2631-9
- ^ John Carter; Mahinda Palihawadana (2008). Dhammapada. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31, 74, 80. ISBN 978-0-19-955513-0
- ^ a b Williams 2002, p. 74-75.
- ^ Buswell & Lopez 2003, p. 708.
- ^ Schmidt-Leukel 2006, p. 32-34.
- ^ Makransky 1997, p. 27.
- ^ Davids, Thomas William Rhys; Stede, William (1 January 1921), Pali-English Dictionary, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
- ^ a b Harvey 2016.
- ^ Samuel 2008, p. 136.
- ^ Spiro 1982, p. 42.
- ^ Vetter 1988, p. xxi, xxxi-xxxii.
- ^ Makransky 1997, p. 27-28.
- ^ Lopez 2009, p. 147.
- ^ a b Donald Lopez, Four Noble Truths, Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu, The Truth of Rebirth And Why it Matters for Buddhist Practice
- ^ Carter 1987, p. 3179.
- ^ Anderson 2013.
- ^ Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha
- ^ Anderson 2013, p. 162 with note 38, for context see pages 1-3.
- ^ Patrick Olivelle (2012), Encyclopædia Britannica, Moksha (Indian religions)
- ^ a b 奈良 2000.
- ^ a b 早島 1982, p. 44.
- ^ a b c d 吹田隆道 無我 新纂浄土宗大辞典
- ^ a b 石田一裕 アートマン 新纂浄土宗大辞典
- ^ 種村剛 アートマン（ātman） 種村 剛（TANEMURA, Takeshi）
- ^ 眞田 1995.
- ^ 小川一乗 無我 大谷大学
- ^ 橋本 2001.
- ^ Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). Pali-English Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 22. ISBN 978-81-208-1144-7
- ^ パーリ仏典, 律蔵犍度, 大犍度, 38 Mahakkhandhakaṃ, Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project
- ^ a b 水野弘元『増補改訂パーリ語辞典』春秋社、2013年3月、増補改訂版第4刷、p.334
- ^ a b DN 2 (Thanissaro, 1997; Walshe, 1995, pp. 91-109).
- ^ a b c d Damien Keown (2004), Ucchedavāda, śāśvata-vāda, rebirth, in A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-860560-7
- ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press. pp. 708–709. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8
- ^ Peter Harvey (2012). An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33, 38–39, 46–49. ISBN 978-0-521-85942-4
- ^ Ray Billington (2002). Understanding Eastern Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 43–44, 58–60. ISBN 978-1-134-79349-5
- ^ Norman C. McClelland (2010). Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma. McFarland. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7864-5675-8
- ^ Hugh Nicholson (2016). The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism. Oxford University Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-0-19-045534-7
- ^ Gananath Obeyesekere (2006). Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 281–282. ISBN 978-81-208-2609-0
- ^ "Selves & Not-self: The Buddhist Teaching on Anatta", by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight (Legacy Edition), 30 November 2013, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/selvesnotself.html
- ^ 他の教えの無我 ターン・プッタタートの法施図書室
- ^ David Kalupahana, Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism. The University Press of Hawaii, 1975, page 44.
- ^ パーリ仏典, 無記相応, Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project
- ^ Malcolm B. Hamilton (12 June 2012). The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. Routledge. pp. 73–80. ISBN 978-1-134-97626-3
- ^ Raju, P. T. (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 147–151. ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4
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