微生物 関連する用語

微生物

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/04/07 07:53 UTC 版)

微生物(びせいぶつ、: microorganism, or microbe)は、単細胞または細胞集団として存在する、または比較的複雑な多細胞からなる、微視的生物である[1]


  1. ^ 1.1A: Defining Microbes”. Microbiology (Boundless). LibreTexts. 2023年10月19日閲覧。 “A microbe, or microorganism, is a microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular); cell clusters; or multicellular, relatively complex organisms.
  2. ^ Explore Microbiology”. アメリカ微生物学会. p. 3. 2023年10月19日閲覧。 “An organism or infectious particle of microscopic size, too small to be seen by the human eye
  3. ^ What is Microbiology?”. microbiologysociety.org. Microbiology Society. 2023年10月19日閲覧。 “Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes'.
  4. ^ Tyrell, Kelly April (2017年12月18日). “Oldest fossils ever found show life on Earth began before 3.5 billion years ago”. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 2017年12月18日閲覧。
  5. ^ Schopf, J. William; Kitajima, Kouki; Spicuzza, Michael J.; Kudryavtsev, Anatolly B.; Valley, John W. (2017). “SIMS analyses of the oldest known assemblage of microfossils document their taxon-correlated carbon isotope compositions”. PNAS 115 (1): 53–58. Bibcode2018PNAS..115...53S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718063115. PMC 5776830. PMID 29255053. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5776830/. 
  6. ^ micro-organism | Etymology, origin and meaning of micro-organism by etymonline” (英語). www.etymonline.com. 2023年10月19日閲覧。
  7. ^ microbe | Etymology, origin and meaning of microbe by etymonline” (英語). www.etymonline.com. 2023年10月20日閲覧。
  8. ^ a b Jeffery D Long (2013). Jainism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-85771-392-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 
  9. ^ Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 315. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 
  10. ^ Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 106. ISBN 978-1-134-50165-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 
  11. ^ a b Varro on Agriculture 1, xii Loeb
  12. ^ Tschanz, David W.. “Arab Roots of European Medicine”. Heart Views 4 (2). オリジナルの3 May 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20110503050312/http://www.hmc.org.qa/hmc/heartviews/H-V-v4%20N2/9.htm. 
  13. ^ Colgan, Richard (2009). Advice to the Young Physician: On the Art of Medicine. Springer. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-4419-1033-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=DoMVs4HuDAoC&pg=PA33 
  14. ^ Taşköprülüzâde: Shaqaiq-e Numaniya, v. 1, p. 48
  15. ^ Osman Şevki Uludağ: Beş Buçuk Asırlık Türk Tabâbet Tarihi (Five and a Half Centuries of Turkish Medical History). Istanbul, 1969, pp. 35–36
  16. ^ Nutton, Vivian (1990). “The Reception of Fracastoro's Theory of Contagion: The Seed That Fell among Thorns?”. Osiris 2nd Series, Vol. 6, Renaissance Medical Learning: Evolution of a Tradition: 196–234. doi:10.1086/368701. JSTOR 301787. PMID 11612689. 
  17. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. (1753). “Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs”. Philosophical Transactions 22 (260–276): 509–18. Bibcode1700RSPT...22..509V. doi:10.1098/rstl.1700.0013. 
  18. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. (1753). “Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them”. Philosophical Transactions 23 (277–288): 1304–11. Bibcode1702RSPT...23.1304V. doi:10.1098/rstl.1702.0042. 
  19. ^ Lane, Nick (2015). “The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning Little Animal'”. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 370 (1666): 20140344. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0344. PMC 4360124. PMID 25750239. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4360124/. 
  20. ^ Payne, A.S. The Cleere Observer: A Biography of Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, p. 13, Macmillan, 1970
  21. ^ Gest, H. (2005). “The remarkable vision of Robert Hooke (1635–1703): first observer of the microbial world”. Perspect. Biol. Med. 48 (2): 266–72. doi:10.1353/pbm.2005.0053. PMID 15834198. 
  22. ^ Bordenave, G. (2003). “Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)”. Microbes Infect. 5 (6): 553–60. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(03)00075-3. PMID 12758285. 
  23. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 November 2006.
  24. ^ O'Brien, S.; Goedert, J. (1996). “HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled”. Curr Opin Immunol 8 (5): 613–18. doi:10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6. PMID 8902385. https://zenodo.org/record/1260157. 
  25. ^ Scamardella, J. M. (1999). “Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista”. International Microbiology 2 (4): 207–221. PMID 10943416. オリジナルの14 June 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20110614000656/http://www.im.microbios.org/08december99/03%20Scamardella.pdf 2017年10月1日閲覧。. 
  26. ^ Rothschild, L. J. (1989). “Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: what's in a name?”. J Hist Biol 22 (2): 277–305. doi:10.1007/BF00139515. PMID 11542176. https://zenodo.org/record/1232387. 
  27. ^ Solomon, Eldra Pearl; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W., eds (2005). “Kingdoms or Domains?”. Biology (7th ed.). Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning. pp. 421–7. ISBN 978-0-534-49276-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=qBOPoEc-zu4C&pg=PA421 
  28. ^ a b Madigan, M.; Martinko, J., eds (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (13th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 1096. ISBN 978-0-321-73551-5 
  29. ^ Johnson, J. (2001年). “Martinus Willem Beijerinck”. APSnet. American Phytopathological Society. 2010年6月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年5月2日閲覧。 Retrieved from Internet Archive 12 January 2014.
  30. ^ Paustian, T.; Roberts, G. (2009). “Beijerinck and Winogradsky Initiate the Field of Environmental Microbiology”. Through the Microscope: A Look at All Things Small (3rd ed.). Textbook Consortia. § 1–14. オリジナルの14 September 2008時点におけるアーカイブ。. http://www.microbiologytext.com/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=32 2017年10月3日閲覧。 
  31. ^ Keen, E. C. (2012). “Felix d'Herelle and Our Microbial Future”. Future Microbiology 7 (12): 1337–1339. doi:10.2217/fmb.12.115. PMID 23231482. 
  32. ^ Lim, Daniel V. (2001). “Microbiology”. eLS. John Wiley. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0000459. ISBN 978-0-470-01590-2 
  33. ^ What is Microbiology?”. highveld.com. 2017年6月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2017年6月2日閲覧。
  34. ^ Cann, Alan (2011). Principles of Molecular Virology (5 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-384939-7 
  35. ^ Schopf, J. (2006). “Fossil evidence of Archaean life”. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1470): 869–885. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1834. PMC 1578735. PMID 16754604. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578735/. 
  36. ^ Altermann, W.; Kazmierczak, J. (2003). “Archean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth”. Res Microbiol 154 (9): 611–7. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.006. PMID 14596897. 
  37. ^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2006). “Cell evolution and Earth history: stasis and revolution”. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1470): 969–1006. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1842. PMC 1578732. PMID 16754610. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1578732/. 
  38. ^ Schopf, J. (1994). “Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic”. PNAS 91 (15): 6735–6742. Bibcode1994PNAS...91.6735S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735. PMC 44277. PMID 8041691. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44277/. 
  39. ^ Stanley, S. (May 1973). “An Ecological Theory for the Sudden Origin of Multicellular Life in the Late Precambrian”. PNAS 70 (5): 1486–1489. Bibcode1973PNAS...70.1486S. doi:10.1073/pnas.70.5.1486. PMC 433525. PMID 16592084. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC433525/. 
  40. ^ DeLong, E.; Pace, N. (2001). “Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea”. Syst Biol 50 (4): 470–8. doi:10.1080/106351501750435040. PMID 12116647. 
  41. ^ Schmidt, A.; Ragazzi, E.; Coppellotti, O.; Roghi, G. (2006). “A microworld in Triassic amber”. Nature 444 (7121): 835. Bibcode2006Natur.444..835S. doi:10.1038/444835a. PMID 17167469. 
  42. ^ Schirber, Michael (2014年7月27日). “Microbe's Innovation May Have Started Largest Extinction Event on Earth”. Space.com. Astrobiology Magazine. 2014年7月29日閲覧。 “That spike in nickel allowed methanogens to take off.”
  43. ^ Wolska, K. (2003). “Horizontal DNA transfer between bacteria in the environment”. Acta Microbiol Pol 52 (3): 233–243. PMID 14743976. 
  44. ^ Enright, M.; Robinson, D.; Randle, G.; Feil, E.; Grundmann, H.; Spratt, B. (May 2002). “The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (11): 7687–7692. Bibcode2002PNAS...99.7687E. doi:10.1073/pnas.122108599. PMC 124322. PMID 12032344. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC124322/. 
  45. ^ Deep sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell”. 2017年10月24日閲覧。
  46. ^ Yamaguchi, Masashi (1 December 2012). “Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep sea”. Journal of Electron Microscopy 61 (6): 423–431. doi:10.1093/jmicro/dfs062. PMID 23024290. 
  47. ^ 正視, 山口 (2013). “原核生物と真核生物の中間の細胞構造をもつ生物の発見”. 顕微鏡 48 (2): 124–127. doi:10.11410/kenbikyo.48.2_124. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/kenbikyo/48/2/48_124/_article/-char/ja/. 
  48. ^ Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. (1990). “Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 (12): 4576–9. Bibcode1990PNAS...87.4576W. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMC 54159. PMID 2112744. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159/. 
  49. ^ De Rosa, M.; Gambacorta, A.; Gliozzi, A. (1 March 1986). “Structure, biosynthesis, and physicochemical properties of archaebacterial lipids”. Microbiol. Rev. 50 (1): 70–80. doi:10.1128/mmbr.50.1.70-80.1986. PMC 373054. PMID 3083222. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373054/. 
  50. ^ Robertson, C.; Harris, J.; Spear, J.; Pace, N. (2005). “Phylogenetic diversity and ecology of environmental Archaea”. Curr Opin Microbiol 8 (6): 638–42. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2005.10.003. PMID 16236543. 
  51. ^ Karner, M.B.; DeLong, E.F.; Karl, D.M. (2001). “Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the Pacific Ocean”. Nature 409 (6819): 507–10. Bibcode2001Natur.409..507K. doi:10.1038/35054051. PMID 11206545. 
  52. ^ Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Rijpstra, W.I.; Hopmans, E.C.; Prahl, F.G.; Wakeham, S.G.; Schouten, S. (June 2002). “Distribution of Membrane Lipids of Planktonic Crenarchaeota in the Arabian Sea”. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68 (6): 2997–3002. Bibcode2002ApEnM..68.2997S. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.6.2997-3002.2002. PMC 123986. PMID 12039760. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC123986/. 
  53. ^ Leininger, S.; Urich, T.; Schloter, M.; Schwark, L.; Qi, J.; Nicol, G. W.; Prosser, J. I.; Schuster, S. C. et al. (2006). “Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils”. Nature 442 (7104): 806–809. Bibcode2006Natur.442..806L. doi:10.1038/nature04983. PMID 16915287. 
  54. ^ a b Gold, T. (1992). “The deep, hot biosphere”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (13): 6045–9. Bibcode1992PNAS...89.6045G. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.6045. PMC 49434. PMID 1631089. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC49434/. 
  55. ^ Whitman, W.; Coleman, D.; Wiebe, W. (1998). “Prokaryotes: The unseen majority”. PNAS 95 (12): 6578–83. Bibcode1998PNAS...95.6578W. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578. PMC 33863. PMID 9618454. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863/. 
  56. ^ Staff (2016年5月2日). “Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species”. National Science Foundation. https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446 2016年5月6日閲覧。 
  57. ^ van Wolferen, M; Wagner, A; van der Does, C; Albers, SV (2016). “The archaeal Ced system imports DNA”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113 (9): 2496–501. Bibcode2016PNAS..113.2496V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1513740113. PMC 4780597. PMID 26884154. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780597/. 
  58. ^ Bernstein H, Bernstein C. Sexual communication in archaea, the precursor to meiosis. pp. 103-117 in Biocommunication of Archaea (Guenther Witzany, ed.) 2017. Springer International Publishing ISBN 978-3-319-65535-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-65536-9
  59. ^ Schulz, H.; Jorgensen, B. (2001). “Big bacteria”. Annu Rev Microbiol 55: 105–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105. PMID 11544351. 
  60. ^ Shapiro, J.A. (1998). “Thinking about bacterial populations as multicellular organisms”. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 52: 81–104. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.81. PMID 9891794. オリジナルの17 July 2011時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717183759/http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/newton/math501/Sp05/Shapiro.pdf. 
  61. ^ Muñoz-Dorado, J.; Marcos-Torres, F. J.; García-Bravo, E.; Moraleda-Muñoz, A.; Pérez, J. (2016). “Myxobacteria: Moving, Killing, Feeding, and Surviving Together”. Frontiers in Microbiology 7: 781. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00781. PMC 4880591. PMID 27303375. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4880591/. 
  62. ^ Johnsbor, O.; Eldholm, V.; Håvarstein, L.S. (December 2007). “Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function”. Res. Microbiol. 158 (10): 767–78. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004. PMID 17997281. 
  63. ^ Eagon, R. (1962). “Pseudomonas Natriegens, a Marine Bacterium With a Generation Time of Less Than 10 Minutes”. J Bacteriol 83 (4): 736–7. doi:10.1128/JB.83.4.736-737.1962. PMC 279347. PMID 13888946. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC279347/. 
  64. ^ Eukaryota: More on Morphology. (Retrieved 10 October 2006)
  65. ^ a b Dyall, S.; Brown, M.; Johnson, P. (2004). “Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles”. Science 304 (5668): 253–7. Bibcode2004Sci...304..253D. doi:10.1126/science.1094884. PMID 15073369. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/5e0ed5bd35f68ca5ebae1aed41b93d279e9ecc88. 
  66. ^ See coenocyte.
  67. ^ Bernstein, H.; Bernstein, C.; Michod, R.E. (2012). “Chapter 1”. DNA repair as the primary adaptive function of sex in bacteria and eukaryotes.. Nova Sci. Publ.. pp. 1–49. ISBN 978-1-62100-808-8. https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=31918 
  68. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (1 December 1993). “Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla”. Microbiol. Rev. 57 (4): 953–994. doi:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993. PMC 372943. PMID 8302218. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372943/. 
  69. ^ Corliss JO (1992). “Should there be a separate code of nomenclature for the protists?”. BioSystems 28 (1–3): 1–14. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(92)90003-H. PMID 1292654. 
  70. ^ Devreotes P (1989). “Dictyostelium discoideum: a model system for cell-cell interactions in development”. Science 245 (4922): 1054–8. Bibcode1989Sci...245.1054D. doi:10.1126/science.2672337. PMID 2672337. 
  71. ^ Slapeta, J; Moreira, D; López-García, P. (2005). “The extent of protist diversity: insights from molecular ecology of freshwater eukaryotes”. Proc. Biol. Sci. 272 (1576): 2073–2081. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3195. PMC 1559898. PMID 16191619. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559898/. 
  72. ^ Moreira, D.; López-García, P. (2002). “The molecular ecology of microbial eukaryotes unveils a hidden world”. Trends Microbiol. 10 (1): 31–8. doi:10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02257-0. PMID 11755083. http://download.bioon.com.cn/view/upload/month_0803/20080326_daa08a6fdb5d38e3a0d8VBrocN3WtOdR.attach.pdf. 
  73. ^ Kumamoto, C.A.; Vinces, M.D. (2005). “Contributions of hyphae and hypha-co-regulated genes to Candida albicans virulence”. Cell. Microbiol. 7 (11): 1546–1554. doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00616.x. PMID 16207242. 
  74. ^ Thomas, David C. (2002). Seaweeds. London: Natural History Museum. ISBN 978-0-565-09175-0 
  75. ^ Szewzyk, U; Szewzyk, R; Stenström, T. (1994). “Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden”. PNAS 91 (5): 1810–3. Bibcode1994PNAS...91.1810S. doi:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810. PMC 43253. PMID 11607462. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC43253/. 
  76. ^ Horneck, G. (1981). “Survival of microorganisms in space: a review”. Adv Space Res 1 (14): 39–48. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(81)90241-6. PMID 11541716. 
  77. ^ Rousk, Johannes; Bengtson, Per (2014). “Microbial regulation of global biogeochemical cycles”. Frontiers in Microbiology 5 (2): 210–25. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00103. PMC 3954078. PMID 24672519. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3954078/. 
  78. ^ a b Filloux, A.A.M., ed (2012). Bacterial Regulatory Networks. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-908230-03-4 
  79. ^ Gross, R.; Beier, D., eds (2012). Two-Component Systems in Bacteria. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-908230-08-9 
  80. ^ Requena, J.M., ed (2012). Stress Response in Microbiology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-908230-04-1 
  81. ^ Strain 121, a hyperthermophilic archaea, has been shown to reproduce at 121 °C (250 °F), and survive at 130 °C (266 °F).[1]
  82. ^ Some Psychrophilic bacteria can grow at −17 °C (1 °F)),[2] and can survive near absolute zero).Earth microbes on the Moon”. 2010年3月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年7月20日閲覧。
  83. ^ Dyall-Smith, Mike, HALOARCHAEA, University of Melbourne. See also Haloarchaea.
  84. ^ Olsson, Karen; Keis, Stefanie; Morgan, Hugh W.; Dimroth, Peter; Cook, Gregory M. (15 January 2003). Bacillus alcalophilus can grow at up to pH 11.5”. Journal of Bacteriology 185 (2): 461–465. doi:10.1128/JB.185.2.461-465.2003. PMC 145327. PMID 12511491. http://jb.asm.org/cgi/reprint/185/2/461.pdf. 
  85. ^ Picrophilus can grow at pH −0.06.[3]
  86. ^ The piezophilic bacteria Halomonas salaria requires a pressure of 1,000 atm; nanobes, a speculative organism, have been reportedly found in the earth's crust at 2,000 atm.[4]
  87. ^ Anderson, A. W.; Nordan, H. C.; Cain, R. F.; Parrish, G.; Duggan, D. (1956). “Studies on a radio-resistant micrococcus. I. Isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, and resistance to gamma radiation”. Food Technol. 10 (1): 575–577. 
  88. ^ Cavicchioli, R. (2002). “Extremophiles and the search for extraterrestrial life”. Astrobiology 2 (3): 281–292. Bibcode2002AsBio...2..281C. doi:10.1089/153110702762027862. PMID 12530238. http://somosbacteriasyvirus.com/extremophiles.pdf. 
  89. ^ Barea, J.; Pozo, M.; Azcón, R.; Azcón-Aguilar, C. (2005). “Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere”. J Exp Bot 56 (417): 1761–78. doi:10.1093/jxb/eri197. PMID 15911555. 
  90. ^ Gottel, Neil R.; Castro, Hector F.; Kerley, Marilyn; Yang, Zamin; Pelletier, Dale A.; Podar, Mircea; Karpinets, Tatiana; Uberbacher, Ed et al. (2011). “Distinct Microbial Communities within the Endosphere and Rhizosphere of Populus deltoides Roots across Contrasting Soil Types”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77 (17): 5934–5944. Bibcode2011ApEnM..77.5934G. doi:10.1128/AEM.05255-11. PMC 3165402. PMID 21764952. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165402/. 
  91. ^ Rebolleda-Gómez M, Wood CW (2019). “Unclear Intentions: Eavesdropping in Microbial and Plant Systems”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7 (385). doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00385. 
  92. ^ What is a lichen?”. Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2017年9月30日閲覧。
  93. ^ Introduction to Lichens – An Alliance between Kingdoms”. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 2017年9月30日閲覧。
  94. ^ Dairy Microbiology”. University of Guelph. 2006年10月9日閲覧。
  95. ^ Hui, Y.H.; Meunier-Goddik, L.; Josephsen, J.; Nip, W.K.; Stanfield, P.S. (2004). Handbook of Food and Beverage Fermentation Technology. CRC Press. pp. 27 and passim. ISBN 978-0-8247-5122-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=PC_O7u1NPZEC&pg=PA27 
  96. ^ Gray, N.F. (2004). Biology of Wastewater Treatment. Imperial College Press. p. 1164. ISBN 978-1-86094-332-4 
  97. ^ Tabatabaei, Meisam (2010). “Importance of the methanogenic archaea populations in anaerobic wastewater treatments”. Process Biochemistry 45 (8): 1214–1225. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.017. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/15129/1/Importance%20of%20the%20methanogenic%20archaea%20populations%20in%20anaerobic%20wastewater%20treatments.pdf. 
  98. ^ Kitani, Osumu; Carl W. Hall (1989). Biomass Handbook. Taylor & Francis US. p. 256. ISBN 978-2-88124-269-4 
  99. ^ Pimental, David (2007). Food, Energy, and Society. CRC Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-4200-4667-0 
  100. ^ Tickell, Joshua (2000). From the Fryer to the Fuel Tank: The Complete Guide to Using Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Fuel. Biodiesel America. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-9707227-0-6. https://archive.org/details/fromfryertofue00tick/page/53 
  101. ^ Inslee, Jay (2008). Apollo's Fire: Igniting America's Clean Energy Economy. Island Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-59726-175-3. https://archive.org/details/apollosfireignit00insl 
  102. ^ a b Sauer, Michael; Porro, Danilo (2008). “Microbial production of organic acids: expanding the markets”. Trends in Biotechnology 26 (2): 100–8. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006. PMID 18191255. http://www.ciencias.unal.edu.co/unciencias/data-file/user_29/file/Microbial%20production%20of%20organic%20acids%20expanding%20the%20markets.pdf. 
  103. ^ Babashamsi, Mohammed (2009). “Production and Purification of Streptokinase by Protected Affinity Chromatography”. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology 1 (1): 47–51. PMC 3558118. PMID 23407807. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3558118/. "Streptokinase is an extracellular protein, extracted from certain strains of beta hemolytic streptococcus." 
  104. ^ Borel, J.F.; Kis, Z.L.; Beveridge, T. (1995). “The history of the discovery and development of Cyclosporin”. In Merluzzi, V.J.; Adams, J.. The search for anti-inflammatory drugs case histories from concept to clinic. Boston: Birkhäuser. pp. 27–63. ISBN 978-1-4615-9846-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=YWXlBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 
  105. ^ Biology textbook for class XII. National council of educational research and training. (2006). p. 183. ISBN 978-81-7450-639-9 
  106. ^ Castrillo, J.I.; Oliver, S.G. (2004). “Yeast as a touchstone in post-genomic research: strategies for integrative analysis in functional genomics”. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 37 (1): 93–106. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2004.37.1.093. PMID 14761307. 
  107. ^ Suter, B.; Auerbach, D.; Stagljar, I. (2006). “Yeast-based functional genomics and proteomics technologies: the first 15 years and beyond”. BioTechniques 40 (5): 625–44. doi:10.2144/000112151. PMID 16708762. 
  108. ^ Sunnerhagen, P. (2002). “Prospects for functional genomics in Schizosaccharomyces pombe”. Curr. Genet. 42 (2): 73–84. doi:10.1007/s00294-002-0335-6. PMID 12478386. 
  109. ^ Soni, S.K. (2007). Microbes: A Source of Energy for 21st Century. New India Publishing. ISBN 978-81-89422-14-1 
  110. ^ Moses, Vivian (1999). Biotechnology: The Science and the Business. CRC Press. p. 563. ISBN 978-90-5702-407-8 
  111. ^ Langford, Roland E. (2004). Introduction to Weapons of Mass Destruction: Radiological, Chemical, and Biological. Wiley-IEEE. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-471-46560-7 
  112. ^ Novak, Matt (2016年11月3日). “The Largest Bioterrorism Attack in US History Was An Attempt To Swing An Election”. Gizmodo. http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2016/11/the-largest-bioterrorism-attack-in-us-history-was-an-attempt-to-swing-an-election/ 
  113. ^ Takahashi, Hiroshi; Keim, Paul; Kaufmann, Arnold F.; Keys, Christine; Smith, Kimothy L.; Taniguchi, Kiyosu; Inouye, Sakae; Kurata, Takeshi (2004). Bacillus anthracis Bioterrorism Incident, Kameido, Tokyo, 1993”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 10 (1): 117–20. doi:10.3201/eid1001.030238. PMC 3322761. PMID 15112666. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3322761/. 
  114. ^ Vrieze, Jop de (2015-08-14). “The littlest farmhands”. Science 349 (6249): 680–683. Bibcode2015Sci...349..680D. doi:10.1126/science.349.6249.680. PMID 26273035. 
  115. ^ O'Hara, A.; Shanahan, F. (2006). “The gut flora as a forgotten organ”. EMBO Rep 7 (7): 688–93. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731. PMC 1500832. PMID 16819463. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1500832/. 
  116. ^ Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria”. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. FAO / WHO. 2012年10月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年12月17日閲覧。
  117. ^ Lepp, P.; Brinig, M.; Ouverney, C.; Palm, K.; Armitage, G.; Relman, D. (2004). “Methanogenic Archaea and human periodontal disease”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (16): 6176–81. Bibcode2004PNAS..101.6176L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308766101. PMC 395942. PMID 15067114. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC395942/. 
  118. ^ Eckburg, P.; Lepp, P.; Relman, D. (2003). “Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease”. Infect Immun 71 (2): 591–6. doi:10.1128/IAI.71.2.591-596.2003. PMC 145348. PMID 12540534. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC145348/. 
  119. ^ Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (Jan 2018). “Sex in microbial pathogens”. Infect Genet Evol 57: 8–25. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024. PMID 29111273. 
  120. ^ Hygiene”. World Health Organization (WHO). 2004年8月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2017年5月18日閲覧。
  121. ^ The Five Keys to Safer Food Programme”. World Health Organization. 2003年12月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2021年5月23日閲覧。






微生物と同じ種類の言葉


英和和英テキスト翻訳>> Weblio翻訳
英語⇒日本語日本語⇒英語
  

辞書ショートカット

すべての辞書の索引

「微生物」の関連用語

微生物のお隣キーワード
検索ランキング

   

英語⇒日本語
日本語⇒英語
   



微生物のページの著作権
Weblio 辞書 情報提供元は 参加元一覧 にて確認できます。

   
ウィキペディアウィキペディア
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
この記事は、ウィキペディアの微生物 (改訂履歴)の記事を複製、再配布したものにあたり、GNU Free Documentation Licenseというライセンスの下で提供されています。 Weblio辞書に掲載されているウィキペディアの記事も、全てGNU Free Documentation Licenseの元に提供されております。

©2024 GRAS Group, Inc.RSS