キリシタン
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2023/09/29 16:21 UTC 版)
外部リンク
- 切支丹宗教文学姉崎正治 編著、昭和7年、同文館（国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション）
- 切支丹禁制の終末姉崎正治 著、大正15年、同文館（国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション）
- 『キリシタン』 - コトバンク
| 宗教 - Portal:キリスト教 - プロジェクト:キリスト教 | |
| 聖書 | 旧約聖書 - 新約聖書（聖書の登場人物の一覧 - 聖書に登場する地名一覧）- 聖書正典 - 外典 |
| 教会・教派 | |
| 称号・役職 | |
| 施設 | |
| 祭日と礼拝 | |
| 秘跡/機密 | |
| 歴史 | 聖伝 - 通史 - 年表 - 原始キリスト教 - 初期キリスト教 - 初代教会 - 古代末期のキリスト教 - 中世ヨーロッパにおける教会と国家 - 教皇領 - 東西教会の分裂 - 叙任権闘争 - 教会改革 - 宗教改革 - ヨーロッパにおける政教分離の歴史 - アメリカ合衆国における政教分離の歴史 - 政教分離 |
| 用語 | |
| カトリック |
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| プロテスタント （主流派） |
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| プロテスタント （福音派） |
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| 正教会 | |||||||||||
| その他 | |||||||||||
 キリスト教ポータル | |||||||||||
- ^ 江戸幕府はプロテスタントとカトリックの教義は同じもので、教派の違いは重要でないとし、オランダ人もキリシタンであると認識していた[1]。
- ^ 現存する最古の西洋人墓碑は江戸時代後期、元出島オランダ商館長ヘンドリック・ホットフリート・デュルコープ（1736－1778）のものである。オランダの日誌によるとキリスト教式の葬儀が異例ながら許された[7][8]。墓碑は1779年1月4日に設置された[9]。
- ^ 家光はキリスト教への恐怖からオランダ人を出島に移したが、外国との貿易に付随する政治的な利害関係を排除するためでもあった[10]。
- ^ 幕府のオランダ人への警戒感は秀忠の時代に遡る。イギリス商館長リチャード・コックスは着任早々、オランダ人がイギリス人と称して海賊行為を行い、イギリス人の悪評が立っていることに衝撃を受けたという[11]。オランダ人に対抗するためにリチャード・コックスはオランダがスペイン王国の一部であるためオランダ人は反逆者であり、いずれ日本国を滅ぼすかもしれないと幕府に訴えた。またオランダは英国のおかげで独立しており、オランダは英国の属国だとの風評を立てた[12]。 オランダ商館長ヤックス・スペックスもコックスと同様に、オランダ総督をオランダ国王として虚偽の呼称を使用し、オランダ国王がキリスト教王国の中でも最も偉大な王であり、全ての王を支配しているとの風評を広げようとした。コックスはこれを逆手にとり、自国がオランダよりはるかに優れていることを大名や役人の前で説明し、これを信じた島津家久から、オランダ人でなくイギリス人に薩摩での貿易を許可するとの言質をとることに成功した[13]。 1616年の二港制限令によってイギリス人とオランダ人を長崎と平戸に閉じ込めることが決定された。勅令はコックスが江戸にいる間のことだったが、これはコックスの発言が彼が意図した以上に幕府に警戒感を抱かせたことが発端となった可能性が指摘されている[14]。コックスは秀忠に謁見しようとしたが、家康宛ての書状であるとの表向きの理由で拒否された[15]。さらに宣教師も追い打ちをかけて、連邦共和国を巡ってスペインが困っているのは、イギリスの支援があるからであり、イギリス人が正統な国王に対して対抗する手段を与えたとの有害な事実を広めた[16]。
- ^ 1792年10月に来航したアダム・ラックスマンの遣日使節まで、ヨーロッパ諸国の使節が日本を訪れることはなかった[17]。
- ^ 島原の乱において幕府の軍事支援要請にオランダ人は応じた。そのことでオランダはイギリスを含むヨーロッパ諸国から強く非難されたという[19]。ジョバンニ・フランチェスコ・ジェメリ・カレリはオランダ人が行っていた踏み絵をイギリス人が拒否したと記述しているが[20]、オランダ人が踏み絵をしたという一次資料は残されていない[19]。ガリヴァー旅行記でもオランダ人が踏み絵をしていたとの風評が描かれている。
- ^ Boxer: The Great Ship From Amacon (Review Article), Nicholas Cushner, Philippine Studies vol. 9, no. 3 (1961): 533—542. "The Dutch of course were delighted with the turn of events as they now had the silk trade to themselves. But the Shogun soon realized that "You Hollanders are all Christians like the Portuguese. You keep Sunday. You write the date of Christ's birth over the doors and on the tops of your houses, in the sight of everyone in our land. You have the ten commandments, the Lord's prayer. . . . The principles are the same, and we consider the differences between you unimportant...""
- ^ Japan’s Encounters with the West through the VOC. Western Paintings and Their Appropriation in Japan, Mediating Netherlandish Art and Material Culture in Asia, Yoriko Kobayashi-Sato, December 2014, (pp.267-290)
- ^ Viallé and Blussé, 2005; Nederlandse Factorij Japan 67 1654:37
- ^ Blussé, Leonard, Viallé, Cynthia, The Deshima dagregisters: their original tables of contents, Vol. XI: 1641–1650. Institute for the Studyof European Expansion, Intercontinenta 23, 2001
- ^ Viallé and Blussé, 2005; Nederlandse Factorij Japan 67 1654:35:37:51
- ^ Blussé and Viallé, 2005; NFJ 67:110, NFJ 68:1,105.
- ^ Blussé et al. 2004, 1778: 107.
- ^ NA 1.04.21, Ned. Factorij in Japan 1609–1860 inv. nr. 188; NA 1.04.21 inv. nr. 1565; DD 15.08.1778.
- ^ Blussé et al., 2004, DD. A.W. Feith 1777–1778: 8.
- ^ a b Innes, Robert Leroy. “The Door Ajar: Japan's Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century.” PhD Dissertation. University of Michigan, 1980. pp. 161-163.
- ^ The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 30 "Little has been said above about the Dutch. Their base was beside that of the English on Hirado. On first arrival in Japan, Cocks and Saris were shocked to find that individual Dutchmen (not the Company itself) were billing themselves as “English,” which they did so as to engage in piracy without sullying their own country’s name.161 Not withstanding the honours given to Addames, the reputation preceding the English was accordingly not good."
- ^ The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 31, "The best strategy was to link the Dutch to the Jesuits, which was intensely done after the first change in shogunal attitude in winter 1613–1614, after Saris had left and Cocks had gained some purchase on the situation in Japan. Jacques Speckx (1585–1652), chief of the Dutch factory, he reported, proclaimed that in Asia, “he took the Graue Moris [graf Maurits (1567–1625)] and the Estates of Holland to be as much as the King of England, if not more.”166 Yet Cocks countered, telling Matsura Takanobu that the Dutch were “natural vassals of the King of Spain,” and “in open rebellion cast hym offe,” referring to the Spanish Netherlands. Takanobu should beware, for the Dutch “might breed some alteration in the harts of his owne vasseles to doe as the Hollanders had done,” with wider ramifications, to “make others as themselves are, to the over throwe of the state of Japan.”167 Cocks pursued a dual line: the United Provinces were rightfully part of Catholic Spain, so the Dutch were rebels, and, though this was contradictory, it was England that had secured such independence as the Dutch enjoyed, and so, in a manner, was overlord to them. He informed the Hirado court “that all might heare” how, “the King of England has vassales much greater than the prince (or county [count]) w’ch governs the Hollanders, and that their state or government was under the command of the King of England, he having garrisons of English soldiers in their cheefest fortes, or places of strength they had.”168"
- ^ The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 31-32 "Cocks was drawing attention to the Cautionary Towns, placed under English control as surety for Elizabeth’s enormous loans to the Dutch cause.170 But it was stretching the point to imply that the United Provinces were under English rule in any comprehensive way. Still, on hearing a Dutchman claim “their kinge of Holland to be the greatest kinge in Christendome, and that held all the others under,” Cocks weighed in: “I was not behindhand to tell him hee need not lye so oude, for that they had no kinge at all in Holland, but wer governed by a count, or rather, they governed him,” that is, he was an elected stadtholder, not a king, which to a Japan just emerging from civil war might seem dangerously loose. And Cocks continued, forgetting Spain: “If they had any kinge of which they might boast, it was the Kinge ma’tes of England, who hitherto have been their protector, otherwise they had never bragged of their states.”171 "
- ^ The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 32, "The dénouement of summer 1616 occurred while Cocks was in Edo; indeed, I have argued here that Cocks’s presence was the trigger. But he sorely overplayed his hand. Cocks’s remarks caused alarm more widespread than he could have intended. As well as banishing the bateren shūmon, Hidetada decided to confine the English and the Dutch.177"
- ^ The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 32, "Cocks found himself blocked. James’s latest letter, brought on the Thomas or Advice, was refused, ostensibly on the grounds it was addressed to Ieyasu (recently deceased), and Cocks was allowed no audience.178 All the sub-factories were closed, with trade thereafter conducted only from Hirado. Cocks lamented they “might as wel banish vs right out of Japon as bynd vs to such a order.”179 He was informed by Kakuzeamon that it was temporary, until Japan was cleared of priests, after which trade would be reexpanded.180 But no reexpansion came."
- ^ The English and the Control of Christianity in the Early Edo Period, Timon Screech, Japan Review 24 (2012), p. 33, "Hidetada, now free of his father, made large-scale alterations to Ieyasu’s dispensation, not just with reference to international commerce. “[E]very one complayneth,” said Cocks, “that matters aer worse than in the ould mans daies, and that this man doth nothing but change offecers and displace tonos [daimyo].”181 The sequence with which this paper has engaged ended that autumn. The Jesuits were gone, or at least should have been. They were not supine, however; though few in number and living in hiding (as in England), they leaked out damaging facts. They tried to turn the tables over the matter of the United Provinces, pointing out the King of Spain was only troubled there because of English support, and “thenglish were they w’ch gave hem [the Dutch] meanes to stand against their naturall prince.”182"
- ^ a b The Dutch and English East India Companies Diplomacy, Trade and Violence in Early Modern Asia, Edited by Adam Clulow and Tristan Mostert, Amsterdam University Press, DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv9hvqf2, ISBN(s): 9789048533381, 97894629832982018, p. 92., "In the end, the bakufu did not accept the English, because they could not rely on their compliance with Tokugawa prohibitions of Christianity. After the Return incident, no European embassies visited Japan for more than a hundred years before the arrival of Adam Laxman from Russia in October 1792."
- ^ Imagining Global Amsterdam: History, Culture, and Geography in a World City, M. de Waard / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2012, p. 37., "we had to endure many shameful restrictions imposed by those proud heathens. We may not celebrate Sundays or other festivities, we may not sing religious songs or speak our prayers; we never pronounce the name of Christ, nor may we carry around the image of the cross or any other symbol of Christianity. In addition we have to endure many other shameful impositions, which are very painful to a sensitive heart. The only reason which induces the Dutch to live so patiently with all these pains is the pure and simple love for profit and for the costly marrow of the Japanese mountains. (1964, 72)". Kämpfer, Engelbert. Geschichte und Beschreibung von Japan. Vol. 2. Stuttgart: Brockhaus, 1964. p. 72
- ^ a b Gulliver’s Travels, Japan and Engelbert Kaempfer, Bodart-Bailey Beatrice M, Otsuma journal of comparative culture, Vol. 22, pp. 75-100, "Even though the Dutch argued that they assisted the Japanese in political rather than religious strife, the event was much condemned by other European nations. "
- ^ "Dr. John Francis Gemelli Careri, Voyage Round the World, 1700, Book IV, Chapter II, p. 291. "making no scruple for their Interest to trample the Holy Image of Christ, which the English refus’d to do.”
- ^ “The Calendar” (英語). The Church of England. 2021年4月2日閲覧。
- ^ “Holy Men and Holy Women”. Churchofengland.org. 2022年6月1日閲覧。
- ^ “Notable Lutheran Saints”. Resurrectionpeople.org. 2019年5月16日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年7月16日閲覧。
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