エキスパートシステムエキスパートシステムの概要

エキスパートシステムは基本的に、特定の分野の問題についての情報を解析するルール群から構成されるプログラムであり、その情報はシステムの利用者が提供する。問題の分析結果を提供するだけでなく、設計によっては利用者の行動を正しく導く指針を与えることもできる。通常のプログラムとは異なった独特の構造をしている。2つの部分で構成されており、1つはそのエキスパートシステムから独立している推論エンジンであり固定である。もう1つは知識ベースで、可変である。推論エンジンが知識ベースを使って推論を行う^[12]。80年代になると、利用者とやりとりするための対話インタフェースが第3の部分として登場した^[13]。利用者との会話によって知識ベースを構築することから、後に会話型 (en:Conversational Programming System) と呼ばれるようになった^[14]^[15]。

関連用語としてウィザードがある。エキスパートシステムのように、ウィザードもユーザが問題を解決するのを手助けする対話型コンピュータプログラムである。普通、ウィザードという用語は、ユーザにより入力された指針に従ってデータベースで検索するプログラムを指す。あいにく、これらの2つの定義の区別は確定したものではなくルールベースのプログラムの中にはウィザードと呼ばれるものもある。

脚注

注釈

^ Prologは、性能面で通常のプログラミング言語より劣っているという批判もあった。
^ Mycinのルールの例

出典

^ Jackson 1998, p. 2
^ Nwigbo Stella and Okechuku Chuks, School of Science Education, Expert system: a catalyst in educational development in Nigeria: "The ability of this system to explain the reasoning process through back-traces (...) provides an additional feature that conventional programming does not handle"
^ Regina Barzilay, Daryl McCullough, Owen Rambow, Jonathan DeCristofaro, Tanya Korelsky, Benoit Lavoie: "A new approach to expert system explanations"
^ Conventional programming
^ ^a ^b Cornelius T. Leondes (2002). Expert systems: the technology of knowledge management and decision making for the 21st century. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-0-12-443880-4
^ ^a ^b ACM 1998, I.2.1
^ ^a ^b Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 22−24
^ ^a ^b Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 227–331
^ ^a ^b Nilsson 1998, chpt. 17.4
^ ^a ^b McCorduck 2004, pp. 327–335, 434–435
^ ^a ^b Crevier 1993, pp. 145–62, 197−203
^ Nwigbo Stella and Agbo Okechuku Chuks, School of Science Education, Expert system: a catalyst in educational development in Nigeria: "Knowledge-based systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge-base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge that is appropriated"
^ Koch, C.G.; Isle, B.A.; Butler, A.W. (1988). “Intelligent user interface for expert systems applied to power plant maintenance and troubleshooting”. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 3 (1): 71–77. doi:10.1109/60.4202. ISSN 08858969.
^ McTear, Michael F. (2002). “Spoken dialogue technology: enabling the conversational user interface”. ACM Computing Surveys 34 (1): 90–169. doi:10.1145/505282.505285. ISSN 03600300.
^ Lowgren, J. (1992). “The Ignatius environment: supporting the design and development of expert-system user interfaces”. IEEE Expert 7 (4): 49–57. doi:10.1109/64.153464. ISSN 0885-9000.
^ George F. Luger and William A. Stubblefield, Benjamin/Cummings Publishers, Rule Based Expert System Shell: example of code using the Prolog rule based expert system shell
^ A. MICHIELS, INTRODUCTION A PROLOG ET AU TRAITEMENT DU LANGAGE NATUREL, Université de Liège, Belgique: "PROLOG, the first declarative language
^ Carnegie Mellon University's AI Web Site: "Prolog was the most popular AI language in Japan and probably in Europe"
^ Ivana Berković, Biljana Radulović and Petar Hotomski, University of Novi Sad, 2007, Extensions of Deductive Concept in Logic Programing and Some Applications: "the defects of PROLOG-system: the expansion concerning Horn clauses, escaping negation treatment as definite failure"
^ Dr. Nikolai Bezroukov, Softpanorama: "I think that most people exposed to Prolog remember strongly the initial disappointment. Language was/is so hyped but all you can see initially are pretty trivial examples that are solved by complex, obscure notation that lacks real expressive power: some of simple examples can be expressed no less concisely is many other languages"
^ Durkin, J. Expert Systems: Catalog of Applications. Intelligent Computer Systems, Inc., Akron, OH, 1993.
^ Giarratano & Riley, p. 21
^ Nabil Arman, Polytechnic University of Palestine, January 2007, Fault Detection in Dynamic Rule Bases Using Spanning Trees and Disjoin Sets
^ Kenneth Laudon, Jane Laudon, Eric Fimbel, "Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm", Business & Economics, 2010 edition, chapter 11-3.5: 多くのエキスパートシステムの実装には多大な開発工数がかかり、期間的にも費用的にも膨大となった。専門家を多数雇用して訓練した方がコストがかからないこともある、（中略）一部の大規模なエキスパートシステムはあまりにも複雑なため、知識更新や修正のための保守費用が初期開発コストと同程度にまで膨らんでいる。
^ Systèmes Experts, April 15, 1990, Miao, authentic expert system generator of fault diagnosis: "MIAO can explain, again in [plain] language, all of his logical approach: why he is asking such a question and how it came to such a conclusion. And that because he is constantly reasoning and not because an IT developer programmed in advance all the possible explanations."
^ Olivier Rafal, Le Monde Informatique, Programming for all (T.Rex generator): "This software allows to develop a conversational application (...) leading to a self-learning" (i.e. thanks to the automatic explanations)
^ French Technology Survey, MAIEUTICA, An Expert System Generator which writes its own rules, July 1991: "checking the coherence of the knowledge", "it can detect contradictions", "it react appropriately to changes of minds"
^ “ランプの精がWeb2.0に貴方の好きなキャラを当てるAkinator | 教えて君.net”. www.oshiete-kun.net. 2023年6月8日閲覧。
^ “「熱は38度以上」「のどが痛い」の情報から診断が可能だった80年代のAI ただし…”. PHPオンライン衆知｜PHP研究所. 2023年6月8日閲覧。
^ MNB Technologies, Inc.
^ Kendal, S.L.; Creen, M. (2007), An introduction to knowledge engineering, London: Springer, ISBN 978-1-84628-475-5, OCLC 70987401
^ Feigenbaum, Edward A.; McCorduck, Pamela (1983), The fifth generation (1st ed.), Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-11519-2, OCLC 9324691

[前の解説]

[続きの解説]

「エキスパートシステム」の続きの解説一覧

[20] Prologは、性能面で通常のプログラミング言語より劣っているという批判もあった。

[24] Mycinのルールの例

[Jackson1998-1] Jackson 1998, p. 2

[2] Nwigbo Stella and Okechuku Chuks, School of Science Education, Expert system: a catalyst in educational development in Nigeria: "The ability of this system to explain the reasoning process through back-traces (...) provides an additional feature that conventional programming does not handle"

[3] Regina Barzilay, Daryl McCullough, Owen Rambow, Jonathan DeCristofaro, Tanya Korelsky, Benoit Lavoie: "A new approach to expert system explanations"

[4] Conventional programming

[durkinhistory-5] Cornelius T. Leondes (2002). Expert systems: the technology of knowledge management and decision making for the 21st century. pp. 1–22. ISBN 978-0-12-443880-4

[ReferenceA-6] ACM 1998, I.2.1

[Russell_2003_22−24-7] Russell & Norvig 2003, pp. 22−24

[Luger_2004_227–331-8] Luger & Stubblefield 2004, pp. 227–331

[Nilsson_1998_loc=chpt._17.4-9] Nilsson 1998, chpt. 17.4

[McCorduck_2004_327–335,_434–435-10] McCorduck 2004, pp. 327–335, 434–435

[Crevier_1993_145–62,_197−203-11] Crevier 1993, pp. 145–62, 197−203

[12] Nwigbo Stella and Agbo Okechuku Chuks, School of Science Education, Expert system: a catalyst in educational development in Nigeria: "Knowledge-based systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge-base which is used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge that is appropriated"

[13] Koch, C.G.; Isle, B.A.; Butler, A.W. (1988). “Intelligent user interface for expert systems applied to power plant maintenance and troubleshooting”. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 3 (1): 71–77. doi:10.1109/60.4202. ISSN 08858969.

[14] McTear, Michael F. (2002). “Spoken dialogue technology: enabling the conversational user interface”. ACM Computing Surveys 34 (1): 90–169. doi:10.1145/505282.505285. ISSN 03600300.

[15] Lowgren, J. (1992). “The Ignatius environment: supporting the design and development of expert-system user interfaces”. IEEE Expert 7 (4): 49–57. doi:10.1109/64.153464. ISSN 0885-9000.

[16] George F. Luger and William A. Stubblefield, Benjamin/Cummings Publishers, Rule Based Expert System Shell: example of code using the Prolog rule based expert system shell

[17] A. MICHIELS, INTRODUCTION A PROLOG ET AU TRAITEMENT DU LANGAGE NATUREL, Université de Liège, Belgique: "PROLOG, the first declarative language

[18] Carnegie Mellon University's AI Web Site: "Prolog was the most popular AI language in Japan and probably in Europe"

[19] Ivana Berković, Biljana Radulović and Petar Hotomski, University of Novi Sad, 2007, Extensions of Deductive Concept in Logic Programing and Some Applications: "the defects of PROLOG-system: the expansion concerning Horn clauses, escaping negation treatment as definite failure"

[21] Dr. Nikolai Bezroukov, Softpanorama: "I think that most people exposed to Prolog remember strongly the initial disappointment. Language was/is so hyped but all you can see initially are pretty trivial examples that are solved by complex, obscure notation that lacks real expressive power: some of simple examples can be expressed no less concisely is many other languages"

[22] Durkin, J. Expert Systems: Catalog of Applications. Intelligent Computer Systems, Inc., Akron, OH, 1993.

[23] Giarratano & Riley, p. 21

[25] Nabil Arman, Polytechnic University of Palestine, January 2007, Fault Detection in Dynamic Rule Bases Using Spanning Trees and Disjoin Sets

[26] Kenneth Laudon, Jane Laudon, Eric Fimbel, "Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm", Business & Economics, 2010 edition, chapter 11-3.5: 多くのエキスパートシステムの実装には多大な開発工数がかかり、期間的にも費用的にも膨大となった。専門家を多数雇用して訓練した方がコストがかからないこともある、（中略）一部の大規模なエキスパートシステムはあまりにも複雑なため、知識更新や修正のための保守費用が初期開発コストと同程度にまで膨らんでいる。

[27] Systèmes Experts, April 15, 1990, Miao, authentic expert system generator of fault diagnosis: "MIAO can explain, again in [plain] language, all of his logical approach: why he is asking such a question and how it came to such a conclusion. And that because he is constantly reasoning and not because an IT developer programmed in advance all the possible explanations."

[28] Olivier Rafal, Le Monde Informatique, Programming for all (T.Rex generator): "This software allows to develop a conversational application (...) leading to a self-learning" (i.e. thanks to the automatic explanations)

[29] French Technology Survey, MAIEUTICA, An Expert System Generator which writes its own rules, July 1991: "checking the coherence of the knowledge", "it can detect contradictions", "it react appropriately to changes of minds"

[30] “ランプの精がWeb2.0に貴方の好きなキャラを当てるAkinator | 教えて君.net”. www.oshiete-kun.net. 2023年6月8日閲覧。

[31] “「熱は38度以上」「のどが痛い」の情報から診断が可能だった80年代のAI ただし…”. PHPオンライン衆知｜PHP研究所. 2023年6月8日閲覧。

[32] MNB Technologies, Inc.

[33] Kendal, S.L.; Creen, M. (2007), An introduction to knowledge engineering, London: Springer, ISBN 978-1-84628-475-5, OCLC 70987401

[Feigenbaum1983-34] Feigenbaum, Edward A.; McCorduck, Pamela (1983), The fifth generation (1st ed.), Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-11519-2, OCLC 9324691

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

エキスパートシステム エキスパートシステムの概要

エキスパートシステム

注釈

出典

急上昇のことば

「エキスパートシステム」の関連用語

エキスパートシステムエキスパートシステムの概要