液体や非晶体の物性を理解するうえで, それらの原子構造を正確に把握することは必須の条件であるが, 規則性のない物質の原子構造をどのようにしてとらえたらよいのかは必ずしも自明ではない. 一般に液体や非晶体の構造は二体相関関数のみによって記述されているが, 三次元的構造は二体関数だけからはわからない. また物性は二体以上のより多体的相関によって決まる場合が多いので, 二体以上の相関を記述する方法が必要になってくる. その様な方法のいくつかを紹介し, 特に原子レベルでの応カを用いる方法について解説し, 徐々にではあるが開けつつある液体金属と非晶質合金の構造の本質に関する見方について述べる. この分野は未完成であるだけに魅カ的な新しい問題を数多く含んでいる.

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リコーはペンタックスブランド初の35ミリフルサイズデジタル一眼レフとしてPENTAX

-を開発した．35ミリフルサイズフォーマットの撮像素子を採用するに至った背景とPENTAX -の特徴的な機能について解説する．

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Patients who had undergone valve replacement were divided into 2 groups, the change-withtime group who had been treated with warfarin after the operation and in whom the coagulability had not reached the therapeutic range yet and the diurnal change group who had been treated with warfarin for more than 14 days and in whom the coagulability had been maintained in the therapeutic range. The relation between the coagulability, blood warfarin level, vitamin K level and coagulation factors were examined in these patients and the following became clear:
1) In the change-with-time group a close negative correlation was observed between theblood warfarin level and PT value or TT value. Hence, the blood warfarin level can be used as a parameter of coagulability at the initial stage of warfarin therapy. However, no negative correlation was observed between the two and the blood warfarin level cannot be a parameter of coagulability in the diurnal change group. 2) In the change-with-time group in whom about 3mg/ day of warfarin was administered, the blood warfarin level showed a value of 666ng/ ml on the 4 th day of administration when the PT and TT values tended to be maintained within the therapeutic ranges. The PIVKA (Protein Induced by Vitamin K absence or antagonists)-II (abnormal prothrombin which occurs due to vitamin K deficiency and which has no coagulable activity) showed a value of 7AU/ ml on the same day. Furthermore, a good correlation was obtained between the PT or TT value and PIVKA-11. Hence, PIVKA-J [is useful as a parameter to evaluate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. 3) In the change-with-time group vitamin -epoxide which is a metabolite of vitamin became measurable at the 11 th day and an increase in concentration was observed. A correlation with the blood warfarin level was observed. Accordingly, vitamin -epoxide is useful as a parameter to evaluate the vitamin K cycle inhibition by warfarin. 4) In the change-with-time group protein C which has an anticoagulant effect showed the min. value of 0.72 μg/ ml on the 4 th day of warfarin administration. Protein C showed a good negative correlation with the blood warfarin level, PT and TT values, so that protein C is useful to evaluate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin. 5) Measurement of the blood level of warfarin, vitamin -epoxide, PIVKA-] I and protein C can be a clue to eluci date the poor maintenance of coagulability in the therapeutic range.

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Irsogladine maleate (2,4-diamino-6-[2,5-dichlorophenyl]-s-triazine maleate; IM), an anti-peptic ulcer drug, may have a protective effect on the gastrointestinal mucosa. This study investigated the effects of IM on spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10 gene-deficient (IL-10^−/−) mice. Five-week-old IL-10^−/− mice were fed a control diet or one containing 100 ppm of IM for 10 weeks. Colonic tissues were evaluated morphologically and histologically. J774A.1 murine monocyte/macrophage cells were incubated with IM after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and protein concentration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Colonic length, weight, and histological scores clearly demonstrated that spontaneous colitis was prevented in IL-10^−/− mice fed a diet containing IM compared with those fed control diet. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (−2.5-fold), IL-1β (−5.4), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (−4.5), IL-17 (−113.0), IL-12p35 (−21.0), IL-12p40 (−3.4), and IL-23p19 (−4.2) mRNA expression were significantly decreased in the colonic tissues of IM-treated animals, suggesting that oral treatment with IM suppressed the T-helper (Th)1/Th17 immune response in the colonic mucosa. An in vitro study using monocyte/macrophage cells to clarify the pharmacological action of IM indicated that IL-12p40 and IL-23p19 mRNA expression levels were dose-dependently decreased by IM treatment. ELISA showed that IL-12p40 and IL-23 protein secretion were significantly decreased by IM in a dose-dependent manner. Oral treatment with IM prevented spontaneous colitis in IL-10^−/− mice by suppressing the colonic mucosal Th1/Th17 immune response through inhibition of IL-12 and -23 production in monocyte/macrophage cells.

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The content of vitamin in in rat liver was determined at various time intervals after the intraperitoneal injection of Vitamin . Seperation and purification of Vitamin from liver extracts were carried out by alumina column chromatography follwed by thin layer chromatography. The spot on the thin layer plate was extracted and determined fluorometrically as reported previously. The amount of vitamin in liver reached maximum within 3-6 hours after injection and became undetectable in 12-18 hours later. Any characteristic accumulation of this fat soluble vitamin was not observed in liver.

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This paper describes not only the application of Forchheimer's formula, which is a discharge equation for flat, open-bottom impermeable casing wells, to the estimation for the discharge of dewatered excavation as a large circular well but also the practical utility of a proposed method for estimating the radius of influence which was derived from Forchheimer's formula. The investigation was conducted by comparing the observed results of an actual dewatered excavation with the calculated results. Also, the study was made of the application of the existing methods for estimating the radius of influence in the dewatered excavation as a large circular well with open-bottom impermeable casing. The results of the investigation are as follows : (1) The calculated results of discharge by Forchheimer's formula are in good agreement with the observed results ; the error between these two results is under 14 per cent. (2) The calculated results of the radius of influence by the proposed equation with s_R = 0.2m agree approximately with the observed results ; the error between these two results is under 20 per cent. (3) The calculated results of the radius of influence by the existing methods are quite different from the observed results.

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大腸菌の抗原を調べるために, 抗原に関係している遺伝子群のなかから特異性の高いneuSの領域についてPCR法を用いて検出する方法を考案した. そこで, 新生児髄膜炎, 敗血症, 尿路感染症などの非腸管系感染症から分離され, 同定依頼された大腸菌を対象としてO: H血清型別を実施し, 抗原との関係を検討した. 検出頻度の高い血清型は髄液由来ではO7: H-, O16: H6, O18ac: H7, 血液由来はO16: H6であり, 尿由来はO1: H7, O16: H6, O18ac: H7, O75: H-の4血清型が占めていた. 由来が異なるにもかかわらず, 同じ血清型が高頻度で検出される傾向にあるこがわかった. これらの菌株の抗原を調べた結果, O1: H7, O7: H-, O16: H6, O18ac: H7の血清型あるはH6抗原, H7抗原を持つ株のほとんどすべては抗原保有株であった.

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ポルトガル, ベルギー, オランダ, アメリカ, イギリス及び日本産マーガリン類に含まれるビタミンについて測定した。
1) VK₁含有量 (平均値) の多いマーガリン類はアメリカ産の72.1μg/100g, 逆に少ないマーカリン類は日本産の47.1μg/100gで, これらには約1.5倍の開きがあった。ポルトガル, ベルキー, オランダ及びイギリスは54.1～68.1μg/100gであり, これらの国の間に大きな差はなかった。いずれの国においても銘柄間による差が大きかった。
2) 還元型の含有量は, ベルギー産では12銘柄の全てから検出されなかった。ポルトガル産では11銘柄中1銘柄から検出されたのみで, 残りの10銘柄からは検出されなかった。オランダ, イギリス及び日本産の平均値は19.7～25.2μg/100gで類似していた。アメリカ産は平均が62.1μg/100gで, 他の国よりも著しく多く含まれていた。

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ビタミンK類はワルファリンに対して拮抗作用を示す．今回，ワルファリン感受性クマネズミに対し，ビタミン

を添加したワルファリン毒餌を摂取させた時のビタミンKの影響について検討した．その結果，ビタミンK添加量が1.25mgおよび2.5mg群ではすべての個体が短期間で死亡した．また，3.75mgおよび5mg群では，それぞれの群で半数の個体が死亡した．さらに，10mg以上の各群では30日間毒餌を摂取し続けても死亡する個体はなかった．したがって，ワルファリン感受性クマネズミは，ワルファリン0.025%毒餌にビタミンK添加量が10mg以上混合されていると中毒死に至らないことが明らかとなった．

一方，10mgおよび20mg群で生存した個体に対して，無毒餌を30日間与えた後,再びビタミンK無添加のワルファリン0.025%毒餌を与えたところ，それらの個体はすべて死亡した．

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Vitamin was separated by thin-layer chromatography with silicagel (gips 5%) using n-hexane-chloroform (20 : 10) as a solvent system. The V. extracted with ethylacetate from the spot of the thin-layer were irradiated with ultra violet ray to be converted into fluoresent substances. Thus 0.5∼5 μg/ml of V. can be estimated quantitatively by measuring the strength of fluorescence.

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The effect of external conditions, such as cyclic frequency, wave form and stress amplitude, on the cyclic fatigue properties of ceramics has not been analyzed sufficiently at frequencies higher than 10Hz, because of the restriction of testing device. A cyclic fatigue phenomenon of ceramics was tested at the range from 30 to 150Hz by a Piezo-Stack type device, which can control external stress conditions accurately by adjustment of input voltage. Samples used were ZrO₂, Al₂O₃, Mg₂SiO₄ and SiC. The estimation of the change in fatigue properties with an external condition was established by following the methods. (1) The estimated methods by an experimental equation (V=AK₁ⁿ) between subcritical crack growth velocity (V) and stress intensity factor was modified with a concept of a fatigue limit. (2) The initial crack length in each sample, which caused the scattering of fatigue life, was estimated. In oxide ceramics, the cyclic fatigue properties can be estimated practically by the same crack growth equation, even though the cyclic frequency changed from 30 to 150Hz. However, when the wave form was changed, the experimental fatigue life did not always correspond to the estimated life, but the cyclic effect can be predicted with regard to crack growth.

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By using a simple model, a method was proposed to calculate size of crack side ligaments formed during brittle crack propagation. The crack side ligaments cause difference between and K_ca.
The present method can explain the following items which are well known empirically.
(1) K_ca can be said to be a material constant when measured by means of the standard ESSO test.
(2) K_ca can not be a material constant when measured by means of the ultra wide plate ESSO test.
It was concluded that the current fracture control method based on K_ca of the standard ESSO test is always on conservative side.

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Determination was made of α-and γ-tocopherol, vitamin and 2',3'-dihydrovitamin in vegetable oil during the course of hydrogenation under various conditions. Iodine value(IV) was found to decrease from 80 to 60 with hydrogenation, with consequently considerable reduction in vitamin . At IV 50 or less, vitamin virtually essentially absent (0.1 mg/kg or less). 2',3'-dihydrovitamin increased with decrease in vitamin . 2',3'-dihydrovitamin peaked at 2.9 mg/kg at IV 50, and then decreased. α-and γ-Tocopherol content remained basically the same under all conditions. Subsequent to oil hydrogenation and then deodorization at 260°C for 120 minutes, α-tocopherol showed the highest residual ratio (80%) of all the vitamins, followed by 2',3'-dihydrovitamin (66%) and vitamin (60%).

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Vitamin K(K) is prophylactically administered to neonates to prevent hemorrhagic diseases of the newborn. Some recent reports suggest that the risk of childhood cancer significantly increased with the intramuscular injection of K. K is cyclically metabolized to K-epoxide in the liver microsomes, and K-epoxide reductase catalyzes the conversion of K-epoxide to K again. It is inferred that the epoxide group is likely to injure the DNA and becomes carcinogenic by releasing superoxide. The object of this study is to estimate the _-epoxide appearance in neonatal plasma after intramuscular injection of _ (1 mg) and compare with the control group. In the control group (n=9) between 2.8 and 93.1 hours of age, the mean concentration of _ was 2.7 ng/ml (range 0.6〜5.8) and _-epoxide was not detectable (<0.5 ng/ml) in any sample. In the administered group (n=17) between 5.7 and 93.8 hours of age, the mean concentration of _ was 246.2 ng/ml (range 6.4〜717.9) and significantly higher (p<0.005) than the control, and the mean concentration of _-epoxide was 3.5 ng/ml (range n.d.〜8.0). In the control group, short transit and very low concentration of K-epoxide have little toxic damage on infants. However, the long time exposure to higher levels of K-epoxide in plasma may increase the risk of childhood cancer by release of superoxide, although it is uncertain whether the maximum _-epoxide concentration (8.0 ng/ml) in this study may have adverse effects on his health or not.

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The comet assay has been described as an efficient tool for the detection of changes in the DNA molecule of cells exposed to contaminating agents in vivo and in vitro. The possible environmental contamination due to the persistence of chromium residues from tannery effluents was determined in the waters of the “Córrego dos Bagres” stream, Municipal district of Franca/SP, by the comet assay on CHO- cells. Water samples were collected during the four seasons of the year 2001 at three distinct stations along the river. The data suggest that the comet test showed good sensitivity for the environmental monitoring of these waters and indicated that this test can be efficient for the determination of the quality of waters contaminated with effluents containing heavy metal residues such as chromium.

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The solutions of vitamin _ in water with varying pH were prepared with NIKKOL HCO-60,hardend castor oil ethenoxylated with 60moles ethylene oxide. These solutions were placed in sealed glass ampule in the absence of air, and then placed in a constant temperature incubator. Each stored sample was investigated by thin-layer chromatography and residual vitamin _ in solution was assayed spectrophotometrically. As the result, it was found that vitamin _ was relatively stable at pH 4.0 to 7.0,but unstable at higher pH. Degradation product of vitamin _ in solution with higher pH was isolated as acetyl derivative and elucidated as 6-naphthochromenol.

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