An algorithm developed to make daily station shunting schedules is introduced. To make daily station shunting schedules involves adjustment of arrival/departure times of regular trains and change of their arrival/departure tracks, which is quite difficult to perform by computers. We introduce an algorithm to store daily station shunting schedules that were performed in the past and to make daily station shunting schedules using the stored past schedules as precedents. In this paper, we propose a couple of ideas such as to retrieve the case base not only by the train numbers that are naturally considered as the key of the case but by several attributes of the related trains and to modify the retrieved case by using the algorithm we have proposed for the fundamental shunting schedules. Using actual train schedule data, we have confirmed that about 90% of the necessary changes to the fundamental schedules are successfully made by our algorithm.

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A train schedule in Japan includes regular trains which is fixed on annual basis and pre-planned extra trains whose operation dates are not predetermined. Accordingly, in order to provide efficient transport services, a plan for the daily operation of extra trains must be established based on accurate passenger demand fluctuations forecasts by day/time. Therefore, we developed a method to forecast for the demand fluctuation by day/time on a certain day in the future. The method was developed by combining several fundamental waves, which are extracted by applying independent component analysis to actual ridership records with calendar information, and information on events which was held in target areas. We confirmed that the method has high accuracy by verifying its reproducibility and forecasting accuracy. In addition, the extra trains' operation planning system, which implements the forecasting method, can estimate the load factor of all trains between stations on the planning schedule based on the forecasted demand fluctuations. Then, the system can suggest an optimal extra trains' operation plan based on these values. We estimated the load factor based on forecasted demand fluctuations with the system, and we verified its accuracy. As a result, we confirmed that we can estimate the load factor with high accuracy.

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As Japan was reorganized on a war footing during the prewar Showa Era, various measures restricting consumption within citizens’ lives were enacted by the government. School trips to pay respects at the Ise Jingu Shrine, however, were widely carried out by schools throughout Japan as ‘specially permitted school trips’ due to the Tenno ideology or emperor system. This study is an examination of the influence of these school trips to the Ise Jingu Shrine on the development of postwar Japanese tourism. In conducting the study, the cultural aspect of tourism was focused on.

In the postwar Japanese travel market, the travel boom known as ‘mass tourism’ took place. The Japanese travel style in the category of the mass tourism is often referred to as ‘a hurried group excursion. ‘Where do people’s motivations for a trip originate ? And where does their travel style come from ? An earlier study has pointed out that the development of tourism is largely influenced by such external factors as socio-economic environment and media information regarding tourism. But while these external factors can act as promotional or suppressive factors, they are not fundamental in determining the desires of people. The arising of a motivation to travel and the development of a travel style take on form only when there is already a basis in the mind that responds to these external factors, which must have been fostered over a long period of time. It might be supposed that such a basis had already formed in the mind of people in the prewar period. Based on the above-mentioned awareness, in order to examine the epoch-making nature of postwar Japanese tourism, this study shows how the basis of Japanese tourism has been formed, first through analyzing the practice of travel contemporary with that period, and second, through examining the process in people’s mind towards travel style in prewar period while looking the ‘school trip to Ise Jingu Shrine,’ which many schoolchildren had experienced, as a model case.

While the school trip to Ise Jingu Shrine has often been studied from the perspective of militaristic indoctrination, the ideology of the Tenno system and of ritualization, and with regard to the history of its establishment and development, studies based on the cultural aspects of tourism are rather few. In addition to the significance and effect of the school trip in terms of reverence for the imperial household, the veneration of gods, respect for ancestors, and as an opportunity for educators to train and discipline, it consequently contributed to a better exchange of communication between teachers and pupils, and among the pupils themselves. The experience of the school trip itself as well as on-the-spot group training and the contact with friends have had an influence on the formation of the mass culture, in which the pupils got involved during the course of their later lives.

In this study, I took a different approach from the conventional perspective in the history of school trips, and as a result, the extent to which the school trip to Ise Jingu Shrine has influenced the development of postwar Japanese tourism was revealed.

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以上, 上越沿線スキー場の形成について概観したが要約すると次のようになる。
(1) 上越沿線スキー場は日本最大のスキー場集団地域を形成しているが, その開発は東京に近接した南部に始まり遂次北上し, 開発年次と大都市 (東京) よりの近接的指数との間に明確な関係を示している。
(2) スキー客数, スキー場の規模, 施設の上から南部の集積的大型スキー場と北部の分積的小型スキー場に, 依存スキー客から南部の関東依存スキー場と北部の地元依存スキー場を区分することができ, 南北による顕著な発達較差差をあらわしている。 第15図 上越沿線スキー客の日帰波動 (昭和46年度)
(3) 投下資本の上から, 南部の関東大手資本と北部の地元地場資本に区分され, 2つの異なる観光資本類型が存在する。
(4) 上越沿線スキー場における南北の発達較差の要因として, 大都市からの近接性, 投下資本の類型をあげることが出来るが, 就中, 資本類型の影響は大きく, 類似の近接指数をもつスキー場の著しい発達較差は, 大手資本と地場資本による資本類型の性格差に起因するものである。
(5) 最近における交通機関の発達は東京よりの時間的距離を短縮し, 近接性を増大させているが, これによってこの地域のスキー場は一層関東依存スキー場の性格を強化しつゝある。
(6) スキー民宿は関東依存性の強い南部に卓越分布し, 強く関東依存スキー場と結合している。 民宿は関東依存スキー場形成の重要な要件である。
(7) 民宿はスキー客のもつ, 低廉な宿泊, 大きな変動性という特質と, 農家の家屋構造, 冬季の潜在労働力, 高い食料自給度, が結合し, 季節的宿泊として兼業の形において発生し, 上越沿線スキー場の形成を支えているものである。 これは大手資本のスキー場経営に対する農民の対応形態として重要な意味をもつものである。

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鉄道輸送において「安全」はすべてに最優先するものである．また，その「安全」を支える社員ならびに協力会社社員の「安全」も重要である．「労働災害」の発生はケガをした本人はもとより，家族を不幸に，そして会社の信用失墜につながるものである．安全にそしてより良い仕事をするためには，協力会社を含め一体となった取組みを進めなければならない． 労働災害を防止するためには，基本ルールを定め，そのルールを遵守させる．また作業員一人ひとりが未然に危険を予知する感受性を高めることが必要である．当社では，鉄道における労働災害の特異性から「列車との接触事故」「高圧電線等による感電事故」「高所からの墜落・転落事故」「事業用自動車での交通事故」の四大事故を防ぐために各種取組みを行っているところである．特に列車との接触事故防止として社内マニュアルの整備，列車見張員の使用するダイヤのきめ細かい使用方法とその使用後のチェック，ハード対策のひとっである列車接近警報装置の開発などを積極的に推進している．その結果，社員の最近の労働災害発生状況はきわめて安定した状況となっている．しかし協力会社の労働災害は4年連続で死亡災害が発生しており・指導および支援の強化を図っているところである． また，永遠のテーマであるヒューマンエラー防止については，安全風土の醸成と人材を育てる意味から，KY活動，安全衛生業務研究発表会，全国産業安全衛生大会，洋上研修，事故防止ビデオの取組みなどがあげられる．安全に即効薬はなく，地道な活動の積重ねが大切である．ゼロ災を目指し，社員と家族の幸せを願うものであり，努力し続けていくことを誓うものである．

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This article treats at a making process of a set of "the three big festivals in Tohoku (northeast district)" in Japan. Although these festivals (Aomori Nebuta Festival, Akita Kanto Festival and Sendai Tanabata Festival) are unrelated mutually, a newspaper reported an article of "the special summer festivals of Tohoku" in 1956. This report made the distribution of the use of the word of "the three big festivals in Tohoku". The tour plan that looking around three festivals was first made in 1962. The executive committees changed the festivals into the direction to suite for sightseeing. This success not only caused the immediate increase of the visitor, but also activated the cultural tourism in the area.

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The number of people who visit and stay at the seaside resorts of the Bôsô Peninisula, of whom the large majority are from Tokyo, and with whom sea-bathing is the main object, now exceed 3, 000, 000 every summer.
The coast of the peninsula is dotted with resorts of various kinds, the respective characters of which have been studied for a number of years and the results now recorded.
These resorts differ in their landscape and material prosperity according to the manner in which the various natural and cultural characteristics are combined.

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