本稿の目的は言語行為が社会的な営みであり,我々の社会・文化的考えや行動を捉える際の重要な分類システムであるという認識に立脚し,発話の果たす意味や役割をコンテクストとの関わりで分析することにある.まず,Silverstein(1976;1985;1995)で述べられている指標性(Indexicality)のうち中心概念である'Presupposing/Creative Indexicality','Indexical orders'を概説し,我々日本人は,発話の際,話し手は聞き手等がどのような社会的属性を持った人か(例:性別,職業,年齢など)といったマクロ的要因を思考するだけでなく,談話の流れの中で相互作用的(interactional)に生じてくるミクロ的要因(例:話し手の心理的状態やウチ・ソトの区別など)にも思考を向けねばならないことを説明する.また,同時に,同じ言語形式の中に自分自身のアイデンティティをも示していることを説明する.そして,本稿の主張である,言語形式と上述したミクロ,マクロな要因がコンテクストの中で複雑に絡み合っていることを明らかにする.具体的には,マクロ,ミクロ的要因は必ずそれぞれのレベルだけで固定的に機能するものでなく例えば,マクロ的要因がミクロ的レベルでも機能する場合があることを,ウチ・ソト,年齢,地域性などの幾つかの例を上げて指摘する.

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本研究は, 利他的行動が特定の社会関係の中で果たす役割についての一連のコンピュータ・シミュレーションによる分析を通して, 特定の社会的状況のもとでは, 利他的に行動することが本人にとって有利な結果をもたらす可能性のあることを明らかにしている。本研究での分析の対象となっている利他的行動は, 集団内で成員が他の特定の成員に対して純粋に利他的に振る舞うかどうかを決定する (個人対集団場面ではなく, 個人対個人の関係) 状況での利他的行動である。このような状況での利他的行動が行為者本人にとって有利な結果をもたらす条件として本研究で明らかにされたのは, 集団の全員が下方OFT戦略を用いており, しかも下方OFT戦略の適用に際して「ほどよい」基準を用いている場合である。具体的には, 集団成員が利他的に行動する相手を選択するに際して, その相手が過去に少なくとも自分と同じくらい利他的に振る舞ってきた人間であるかどうかを決定基準として用いている場合には, より多くの他者に対して利他的に振る舞う方が成員の方がそうでない成員よりも, 結局はより大きな利益を得ることができることが, コンピュータ・シミュレーションを用いた分析により明らかにされた。

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the mediated musical culture through the keywords of "emotiveness", "ritualizaion" and "symbolization" as the characteristics of media extracted from the symposium 2 on July 4^<th>, 2010. This paper is based on my fieldwork through observations and interviews with middle-aged and elderly male guests of folksong pubs [foku sakaba] and gig venues in Kyushu, Kansai, Aichi and Tokyo areas since 2007. I focus on elder amateur guitarists because baby boomers [dankai sedai] reached to 60 years old, at the retirement age from regular companies in Japan, in 2007 and they started coming back to their interests of their younger days, which singing folksongs to their own guitar accompaniment [hikigatari]. This paper on the folksong community presents the changing role of music bound to the specific generation in the process of generalization. It is revealed that the folksong community in larger city (Fukuoka City) tends to be pastime. In contrast, in the folksong community in smaller cities (Saga and Imari City), folksong are used as a trigger to vitalize the local communities as music is the bond between the parents' and children's generations. In the previous fieldwork on Japanese high school pupils, I found the tripartite layer of categories in popular music-personal music, common music and standard. Therefore, in this paper, how middle-aged male amateur guitarists pass their generation's music to the next generation as well as how they sympathize with each other through folksongs is investigated. It is found that the crossroad of the woof (contemporaneity) and warp (succession) of Japanese folksong creates a new category of popular music such as 'empathy music' or 'entrustment music'. Through this new category, the parents' generation entrusts their passion of youth to children's generation.

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The purpose of this study is to suggest the usefulness of an electronic bulletin board in order to teach about the close relationship between verbal communication and nonverbal communication. 284 undergraduate students were asked to view 7-8 minutes of a TV drama placed on an electronic bulletin board and first write down all of the verbal communication observed and next write the nonverbal cues along with the verbal conversations with their assigned group members by using an electronic bulletin board. Then they wrote 2 page long reports about the characteristics of nonverbal communication and the relationship with the verbal communication as well as comments about the electric bulletin board. After submitting the reports, they were asked to answer questionnaires about the usefulness of the tasks. The results reveal that this method is useful to let students realize about implicit communication by focusing on the various roles of nonverbal communication. The dramas especially make it easier to follow people's 'likes and dislikes' dimension, and the students could find various functions of nonverbal communication such as slight changes in facial expressions, eye movements, tone of voice depending on a person s' mood, different expressions used in public and private, degree of a person s' anger and so on. Regarding the use of the electric bulletin board, 20 positive points and 16 negative points are listed and discussed. The statistical analysis of the questionnaires proved the validity of the contents of the drama, the length and so on. Based on these results, the positive use of an electronic bulletin board to teach the importance of nonverbal cues in relation to verbal communication is presented.

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