Using housing books during Pre-war, we clarified the changes in floor plan in terms of the shape and layout of staircases. When the 2nd floor use changed in the mid-Taisho period, the staircase layout in the floor plan showed an immediate response in the drawings, however a slower response in the descriptions, which were written only appeared after 1931. Many of the staircase descriptions focused on recommending turned staircases in order to correct the steep stair slope in conventional housing, which were dangerous and inconvenient, thus this delayed the formation of discourse on the staircase layout.

抄録全体を表示

　This paper analyzed the changes in the layout and names of the Zashiki in 2 story house published in the pre-war period to discover the process of functional differentiation of the floor plan and to clarified some of the characteristics of the 2 story structure of modern independent houses in Japan.

　In Chapter 3, the presence of the Zashiki and its placement is expressed as a percentage of the each year, and analyzed for annual trends. From the late Meiji periods to the middle of the Taisho period (1907-1920), the percentage of plan with the Zashiki was generally high, and with the exception of Taisho 1, the Zashiki was found in every floor plan from 1907 to 1919. However, between 1921 and 1925, the number of shares declined sharply to less than half of the total number of shares, and the number of shares increased again in the early Showa period. In terms of the layout of the Zashiki, the percentage of "Nikai Zashiki"（zashiki on the 2nd floor） was generally high, with the exception of the late Taisho and early Showa periods, confirming that "Nikai Zashiki" was a persistent proposal throughout the pre-war period.

　In Chapter 4, we categorized the use of the Zashiki into five categories : "drawing room," "living room," "private room," "unspecified," and "the case of no Zashiki," and analyzed the changes in the correspondence between the arrangement of the Zashiki and its use. Specifically, we extracted the six patterns that were continuously listed for the functional distribution of the 1F and 2F Zashiki and looked at status of the functional differentiation of the 2 story houses plans by looking at the floor plans and descriptions that corresponded to each pattern. The characteristics of each were described in the following 4 sections. Duplication of the use of the 1st and 2F Zashiki was resolved around the mid-Taisho periods (Chapter 4.2) . After the end of the Taisho era, there was a rapid increase in the number of floor plans without a tatami room on the 1F, and as a reaction to this, there was a demand for the Zashiki or the tatami rooms on the 2F (Chapter 4.3). From the late Taisho periods, the 2F Zashiki remained as a traditional japanese style drawing room, while the reception on the 1st floor was not in the tatami room, but in a small reception by the entrance, where the reception use becoming more and more differentiated among the floors (Chapter 4.4). Also, we checked the plan, which is based on the Western-style house with the 1F as the public room and the 2F as the bedroom space, clearly separating the functions of the 1F and 2F (Chapter 4.5).

　In Chapter 5, we examined the comparison between the floor plan and the discourse in light of the results of the discourse analysis we have done in previous studies.

　Through the above analysis, we confirmed the attempts of architects to differentiate the functions of floor plans in the prewar period, and clarified the process of discovering the advantages of the 2 story houses.

抄録全体を表示

 In this paper, I outline the birth and development of department store architecture in modern Japan and the interrelation of profitability and architectural plans by examining the case of the Mitsukoshi flagship store at Nihonbashi. This paper covers the following five periods of development:
 (1) 1914: Completion of the Main Building's Construction
 Efforts were taken to construct spaces such as entryways and stairwells to instill a sense of splendor and novelty in visitors. Expressing the establishment of the business style of the department store was regarded as the primary matter of importance, and little thought was given to profitability. A dry-goods business model was still followed, and suitable architectural plans were made for this model.
 (2) 1921: Completion of Restructuring and Expansion Work
 An intentional expansion of the sales area was undertaken in response to perceived demand. An awareness of profitability began to be reflected in architectural plans. Specialization of clerical work was also observed. The service model of the dry-goods model was still being followed, but now a rationalization of the store's management system led to a change in the service model, and this change was also reflected in the architectural plans.
 (3) 1927: Completion of Restoration Work for the Whole Building
 There was a small increase in the percentage of pure sales space. This was the result of the consideration of other methods of profit maximization besides increased sales space, such as attracting customers through enhancing guest facilities and an increase in customer turnover rate through changes in line flow, floor organization, and clearance practices, which was accompanied by the discontinuation of footwear due to a decrease in demand following the Great Kanto Earthquake. The changes reflected the popularization and expansion of department stores and, ironically, suggested that the earthquake provided an opportunity to plan a full-scale shedding of the dry-goods model.
 (4) 1935: Completion of Restructuring and Expansion Work
 Pure sales area proportion was decreased for the restoration of stairwells and to enhance customer facilities. This proactive reevaluation of construction plans for stairwells, introduction of a large-scale event hall, and use of basement selling space had not been present in the previous phase. These actions were attempts to attract customers, which in turn reflected the popularization of department stores.
 (5) 1956: Completion of Restructuring and Expansion Work
 This period saw no significant alteration in the architectural plans for the floor area, but there were fine adjustments and enhancements such as the extension of the façade along Nihon-odori by filling out the block, refinement of characterization through orientation, adjustment of line flow, increase of sales space, and refinement of vertical organization considering customer access.

 The discontinuation of footwear after the earthquake, the minimization and subsequent restoration of the splendid staircases, and the expansion of utilized space were all direct and significant sources of the changes in architectural plans. However, one can infer from a comparison of floor plans and the distribution of floor space that each architectural plan or act of restructuring and expansion was also designed to actualize changes in sales methods that coincided with changes in floor organization and in the store's customer base.
 The raison d'être for the department store's architecture and the managers' greatest demand to designers was to improve sales. Because of this, each architectural plan was an optimized solution not just to realize the maximization of the profitable area but also to achieve an increase in customers through the consideration of changes in the customer base.

抄録全体を表示