The geographical distribution of two subspecies belonging to Sepia officinalis LINNAEUS off the northwest coast of Africa was examined, using the materials collected by Japaese trawlers. Results obtained are as follows:
(1) The southern boundary of Sepia oficinalis oficinalis is in the vicinity of the Cap Vert.
(2) The northern boundary of S. o. hierredda is at the latitude of Cap Blanc.
(3) S. o. hierredda is found mainly in waters shallower than 50 meters and S. o. officinalis is found in every depth until at least 110 meters off the coast of Mauritania where both subspecies have been inhabiting commonly.

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The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is one of the least less developed countries. G. N. P. per head was only 270 U. S. dollars in 1978. This country has, however, two rich natural resources; the high-grade iron ore and one of the richest marine fishing grounds.
Since 1959, many foreign fishing fleets from Japan, Spain, Italy, Korea, Soviet Union etc., have been operating to catch fish in this marine fishing ground. The catch consists mostly of mackerels, sardines, shads, breams octopuses, and crawfishes. In 1976, total catch reached to 1570 thousand tons in the Sahara coastal division.
Since 1972, the government of Mauritania has limited the number of foreign trawlers and levied the tax on trawlers by means of expansion of the territorial waters, to protect the national fishery resource and to grant the profit to Mauritanian fishermen.
Mauritanian fishery is classified as follows:
(A) Modernized fishery (trawlers fishing managed by Maurutanian companies)
(B) Local fisheries.
(a) Freshwater fishing in the river of Senegal.
(b) Seasonal migrant fishing by the Imuraquen.
(c) Local coastal fishing by the Wolof in Mauritania.
The Japanese government is making the financial and technical aids to (b) and (c). The local coastal fishermen are organizing cooperatives.

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The spawning season of common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis officinalis LINNAEUS, off the northwest coast of Africa was estimated in this study, using the materials collected by Japanese trawlers during 1967 to 1975. The results obtained are as follows:
(1) Most of the cuttlefish attain sexual maturity at the mantle length of 12-14cm in males and about 14cm in females.
(2) Spawning occurs all the year round, but there is a distinct season from April to September.
(3) Spawning takes place mainly in coastal waters shallower than 40 meters.

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A comparative study on the muscle proteins of fresh octopus caught off Misaki, Kanagawa Prefecture and frozen ones caught off Africa was made with special reference to the mantle and the arms.
The aqueous extract of the arms showed a flow birefringence, while that of the mantle did not. Also, the aqueous extracts of the arms and the mantle showed different electro-phoretic and ultracentrifugal patterns. From results of the salting-out analysis of the arm-extracts, it is suggested that the fastest peak in the ultracentrifugal pattern might be re-sponsible for the flow birefringence. The presence of a similar flow-birefringent protein has been also recognized in the aqueous extract of the squid arms.⁴⁾
In the ultracentrifugal patterns of the salt (0.6M KCI) extracts, the three small peaks were assigned as actomyosin or like proteins, and they became smaller in the extracts of the frozen muscle suggesting the occurrence of denaturation during frozen storage.
The muscle protein was found to be composed of 20-21% albumin, 68-70% actomyosin (globulins), and 10-11% stroma.

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Arguments and analysis on Japanese colonialism in Japan have mainly focused on East Asian states colonized (Korean Peninsula, Taiwan) or invaded and occupied (China, South-East Asian states) by Japan, and the Micronesia ex-mandates. Okinawa/Ryukyu and Hokkaido are also focal points for discussion in the context of colonization.

I analyze Japanese colonialism from a new point of view: the deeply rooted influence of colonialism on Japanese diplomacy. By passing new security laws in 2015, Japan opened the door to full-scale overseas military activities. In this situation, the “colonialism” of Japanese diplomacy must be strictly examined and confronted. This paper focuses on the Japanese foreign policy in Africa from this point of view.

I show the continuation of “colonialism” in Japanese foreign policy on Africa through the discussion and analysis of the following questions: (1) the long and close Japanese relationship with the White colonial ruling regime in South Africa from 1910 to 1994. As a colonial power and one of the victorious nations in World War I, Japanese was recognized as an “Honorary White” country in 1930, and it missed the chance to relinquish this dishonorable title by itself at the end of the Apartheid regime. This means that Japan missed its chance to eradicate the mentality of the “Colonial Empire” in its relations with Africa; (2) the cooperation with South Africa for the redistribution of ex-German colonies after World War I, and the illegal importation of Namibian natural resources, especially uranium, under the occupation by Apartheid regime; (3) the colonialist perception of international law and negative attitude toward national liberation movements. I examine Japanese policy with regard to the Guinea-Bissau and Western Sahara liberation movements as examples; and (4) the colonialist-style “Status of Forces Agreement” with Djibouti for anti-piracy operations, and the establishment of the first overseas base of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in Djibouti.

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162 short reports on 'land-birds at sea' scattered in ornithological literature were reviewed with annotation (Those the original was not available were listed by titles only), with the divisions of: Western Atlantic (42), Eastern Pacific (8), Eastern Atlantic (37), Western Indian Ocean (13), the Mediterranean (28) (Most of reports before comprehensive paper of Moreau, 1953 were listed by titles only), the Red Sea (9), Western Pacific and Japanese waters (18) and South Asian Seas and Eastern Indian Ocean (7).
Land birds, chiefly Passerines, have been recorded at sea mostly during migration seasons from several to some hundred miles offshore, but accidentally over a thousand miles. Even not far from the coast, less than some 20 miles, birds have been reported to come to ships exhausted and were seen dead on the water. These cases suggest that they migrate off the shore rather than along complicated coastal lines, even though they may encounter stormy weather and become exhausted. Some of them may be drifted hundreds of miles over the ocean by seasonal winds blowing out from the continent. The records plotted on the map suggest the pattern of such drifts along both sides of North America, east coast of Kamchatka, in Western Indian Ocean and North Atlantic.
However, regular over-sea migrants have also been recorded in which the birds may not come to the ship or only some of them resting for a while or staying on board to feed on insects or food given by the passengers. Migratory hawks may live on such small birds on board. They have sometimes been brought back many miles by ship and reports of American birds crossing the Atlantic to the British Isles on board are increasing in literature. A Peregrine Falcon is supposed to have reached Japan from Hawaii on board a ship feeding on petrels and terns.
Although rare, even resident birds have been recorded at sea. As suggested by Williams in New Zealand birds, these may be due to winds, but in some cases birds may first fly out to the sea by some innate factors. The accidental records of highly migratory birds such as the House Swallow, Lanius cristatus, Halcyon sancta, etc. (see the map) to unusual direction far over the ocean may also involve innate factors.

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