台語文學論爭及其相關發展1987～1996 - 政大學術集成

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    Title: 台語文學論爭及其相關發展1987～1996
    THE TAIGI LITERATURE DEBATES AND RELATED DEVELOPMENTS (1987-1996)
    Authors: 吳長能
    Wu, Chang Neng
    Contributors: 戴寶村<br>江文瑜
    Tai, Pao tsun<br>Chiang, Wun yu
    吳長能
    Wu, Chang Neng
    Keywords: 台語文學
    母語教育
    文字化
    白話文
    Taigi Literature
    Vernacular Education
    Script Standardization
    Colloquial Writing
    Date: 2007
    Issue Date: 2009-09-18 11:35:45 (UTC+8)
    Description.abstract: 發生在1987～1996期間的台語文學論爭，是台語文學運動追求文學語言的表現，也就是台灣受外來政權統治，本土語言文化要求獨立自主的表現。日治時期，有過鄉土文學及台灣話文論爭、但因皇民化運動壓制而受挫。接著，國民黨在台灣推行華語的「國語政策」，壓制各族群語言，各族群語言瀕臨滅亡的危機。由於台灣社會民主化，促使台語文學運動再度興起。台語文學論爭就在這種時空背景下產生。

    台語文學論爭有二個很重要的核心議題。一就是中國本位與台灣本位價值觀點的衝突。二就是以台語做為文學語言的訴求。因為這二個議題的辯論，而引發台語文字化、母語教育、語言政策等相關議題的發展。因為台語文學論爭，打破獨尊華語的權威，其他族群的語言文化運動也受到鼓舞。台語文學論爭不但追求自己的生存空間，也激起客家族群及原住民族追求本身語言文化的主體性。雖然台灣本土認同興起，但面到英語國際化的壓力，如何取得均衡，也是一個嚴肅的議題。

    本論文在探討台語文學論爭除了追溯到歷史淵源，也涉及相關發展，及延伸到對未來發展的意義。在理論應用上也藉由高低文字的理論來詮釋台語文學運動，包括台語文學定位問題、台語文學論爭及相關發展的議題。另外本論文將戰後曾被殖民過的國家，他們的語言發展，跟台語文學運動做一個比較。我們希望這一本論文，能夠做為未來台灣語言發展的參考。
    The Taigi literature debates between 1987 and 1996 were the result of the Taigi literature movement’s efforts to pursue the status of literary language for Taigi. They were also the result of native languages and cultures in Taiwan attempting to attain subjectivity under foreign domination. The Taiwanese homeland literature and language debates occurred in the Japanese colonial period; however, they were hindered by the oppression of the Japanization movement. The suppression of native languages continued under the KMT regime, which implemented Mandarin as the state-mandated language under the ‘National Language Policy’. As a result, many ethnic languages in Taiwan suffer from serious language attrition. Owing to the democratization of Taiwanese society, the Taigi literature movement arose again and this led to the re-occurrence of the Taigi literature debates.

    There are two important core issues in the Taigi literature debates. One is the value conflict between Chinese viewpoints and Taiwanese viewpoints. The other is the appeal of Taigi as a literary language. As a result of debates arising about these two issues, related developments like debates over Taigi script standardization, vernacular education and language policy also arose. The fact that the Taigi literature debates challenged the authority of the ‘Mandarin Only’ policy also stimulated the language and culture movements of other ethnic groups in Taiwan. The Taigi literature debates not only pursued a living space for Taigi, but also encouraged Hakka and aboriginal ethnic groups to pursue the subjectivity of their own language and culture. Although Taiwan local consciousness arose, it encountered competition from the English language through globalization. Thus the question of how to obtain balanced development between localization and globalization has become a major issue for native languages in Taiwan.

    This thesis explores not only the historical origins of the Taigi literature debates but also development related to the debates as well as their influence on the future development of Taigi literature. This thesis applies the theory of diglossia and digrphia in explicating the Taigi literature movement, including the orientation of Taigi literature, Taigi literature debates and related developments. In addition, this thesis also refers to the language development of a number of former colonies and compares their experiences with Taiwan. We hope that this research can contribute to the development of Taiwanese language in the future.
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    Si Ping-Hua. (施炳華). (1998). “Basic understanding of native language teaching.” Jiaoshih Jhih You [Friend of Teacher], 39(3): 1-6.
    Siangyang. (向陽). (1993). “The voice from digging soil: Trying to discuss the rising and pioneer of Taigi poem in the post war era” Yingsiang Jhongsheng: Bashih Niandai Taiwan Wunhua Cingjing Guanca [Facing to the Public: The Observation of Taiwanese Culture Situation in 1980s]. Taipei, Taiwan: San-min, 127-154.
    Song, Ze-Lai. (宋澤萊). (1987b). “Writing before publication: The coming era of Taiwanese script standardization.” Taiwan Sin Wunhua [Taiwan New Culture], 9: 62-63.
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    Syu, Shui-Lyu. (許水綠). (1987). “Agreement in tongue tip and pen tip” Taiwan New Culture [Taiwan Sin Wunhua], 15: 94-103.
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    3. Theses
    Chen, Chiu-Ping. (陳秋萍). (2003). Self Identity and Subject Construction in (Taiwan) Aboriginal Literature, M.A. Thesis: Providence University in Taijhong County, Taiwan.
    Huang, Chia-Cheng. (黃嘉政). (2002). A Study of the Development of Taiwanese Education in Postwar Taiwan (1945-2002), M.A. Thesis: National Taiwan Normal University in Taipei, Taiwan.
    Hung, Wen-Jou. (洪雯柔). (2001). Dialectic Process of Globalization and Localization:Its Implications for Comparative Education. Doctoral Dissertation: National Chi Nan University, Nantou County, Taiwan.
    Lan, Bo-Tang. (藍博堂). (1992). The Debates of Taiwanese Homeland Literature and Responses Thereto. M.A. Thesis: National Taiwan Normal University in Taipei, Taiwan.
    Tan Siok-iong. (陳淑容). (2001). Taiwanese Homeland Literature of the 1930’s The Arguments and Responses Thereto. M.A. Thesis: National University of Tainan, Taiwan.
    Tsai, Cheng Hui. (蔡政惠). (2007). Indigene-Han Relationship of aboriginal Literature is Written, M.A. Thesis: Taipei Municipal University of Education, Taiwan.
    Wang, Li-Ying. (王麗瑛). (2002). A Study of the Current Mother Tongue Teaching Implemental Situation and Training of Mother Tongue Teacher in the Elementary School of Pingtung County. M.A. Thesis: National Ping Tung University of Education, Taiwan.
    4. Newspapers and Homepages:
    Ang, Ui-jin. (洪惟仁). (1989b). “Impressive purism: the evaluation of the Liao’s blind spots and limitation of the theory of Taigi Literature movement” [Lingren gandong de cunhua zuyi: ping Liao wun Taiyu wunsyue yundong lilun de mangdian yu yusian]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, July 6~7.

    Ang, Ui-jin. (洪惟仁). (1996). “Is Taigi writing not a good thing?” [Taiyu siezuo yao bu de ma?]. Taipei, Taiwan: China Times, July 10-11.
    BaBu. (巴布). (2007). “Language education by way of suicide by abandoning the mother tongue and pursuing foreign languages (II)” Taiwan English Network [Taiwan Yingyu Wang]. Updated March 24, Accessed at < >on July 24, 2007.
    Chen, Ruo-Si. (陳若曦). (1996). “Taigi writing is not a good thing” [Taiyu siezuo yao but de]. Taipei, Taiwan: China Times, June 10.
    Cheng, Robert L. (鄭良偉). (1989b). “More liberal literature space: Some basic understanding of Taigi literature” [Geng guangkuo de wunsyue kongjian: Taiyu wunsyue de yisie jiben renshih]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, July 14-16.
    Huang, Chun-Mei. (黃春梅). (2007). “The enigma of children’s English education”, Wanglu Shihhuisyue Tongsyun y [The Communication of Network Sociolog]. Vol.67. Updated December15, Accessed at <http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/67/67-30.htm> on February 8, 2008.
    Huang, Shih-Hui. (黃石輝). (1930). “Why not promote vernacular literature (I)”[Zenme bu tichang siangtu wunsyue(I)]. Taipei, Taiwan: Wu Ren Bao, Aug.
    - (1931). “A couple of my replies” [Wo de ji jyu dabian(I)]. Taipei, Taiwan: Jhao He Sin Bao, Aug 15.
    Huang, Shuan-Fan. (黃宣範). (1987). “What should language policy do?” [Yuyan jhengce he cyu he cong]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, January 6.
    Jhang, Wo-Jyun. (張我軍). (1925). “The meaning of new literature movement” [Sin wunsyue yundong de yiyi]. Taipei, Taiwan:Taiwan Min Bao, Aug. 26.
    Jiang, Jhao-Cing. (江昭青). (2005). “New research: The key of English learning is in junior high school” [Zuesin yanjiou: Yingyu syuesi guanjian zai guojhong]. Taipei, Taiwan: China Times, May 1.
    Lai, He. (賴和). (1926). “The comparison of new and old literature after reading the Tai-Rih Paper” [Du Tai Rih jhih sin jiou wunsyue jhih bijiao]. Tokyo: Taiwan Min Bao, Vol.89, January, 24.
    Lee, Fong-Ming. (李豐明). (2003). “Evaluate records on Holo speech debating contest” [Pingshen heluohua bianlunsai You Gan]. Taipei, Taiwan: The Liberty Times, May 04.
    Li, Ciao. (李喬). (1991). “A wide road of language: Some thought on Taiwanese languages” [Kuanguang de yuyan dadao: Dui Taiwan yuyan de sihkao]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, September 29.
    Lian Wun-Cing. (連溫卿). (1924). “The quality of a lingual society” [Yanyu jhih shihhui de singjhih]. Tokyo: Taiwan Min Bao,Vol.19, Oct. 1.
    - (1924). “Taiwanese language in the future” [Jianglai jhih Taiwanyu]. Tokyo: Taiwan Min Bao,Vol.20&21, Oct. 11&21.
    Liao Hsien-hao. (廖咸浩). (1989). “The revolution requires more nutrients: Blind spots and limitations of Taigi literature movement theory” [Syuyau gengduo yangfen de geming: Taiyu wunsyue yundong lilun de mangdian yu yousian]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post June 16.
    Lin, Jin-Sian. (林錦賢). (1991). “Write out our own dignity” [Yao yong bi sie chu women de zunyan]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, November 7.
    Lin, Pei-Rong. (林佩蓉). (2005). “What price do you pay for a child’s English kindergarden?”, Yingyu Jiaoyu Dianzih Yuekan [English Education Electronics Monthly Publication]. Updated on April 5, Accessed at <http://ejee.ncu.edu.tw/issues/2005-04-5.html> on February 8. 2008.
    Lin, Yang-Min. (林央敏). (1989). “Don't distort the Taigi literature movement: Retort Mr. Liao Hsien-hao” [Buke nioucyu Taiyu wunsyue yundong: Bo Liao Hsien-hao siansheng]. Taipei, Taiwan: People’s Newspaper, July 9-10.
    - (1991). “Return to the facial accent of Taiwan literature” [Huigui Taiwan wunsyue de mianciang]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, September 6-7.
    - (1996). “Writing with national language is definitely a good thing: Retort the Chinese standard value perspective of Chen Ruo-Si” [Yong minzu de yuyan siezuo jhen yao de: Bo Chen Ruo-Si nyushih de Jhongguo benwiguan]. Taipei, Taiwan: People’s Newspaper, June 30~July 2.
    Peng, Rui-Jin. (彭瑞金). (1991a). “Local literature and bernacular literature” [Bentu wunsyue yu bentuyu wunsyue]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, April 28.
    - (1991b). “Don’t ignite the bomb of language” [Cing wu dianran yuyan jhadan]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, October 7.
    - (1991c). “Language, script and literature” [Yu wu wunsyue]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, October 27.
    Song, Ze-Lai. (宋澤萊). (1987a). “The oroblem of Taigi script standardization” [Taiyu wunzihhua de wenti]. Taipei, Taiwan: Independent Evening Post, January 17.
    Syu, Li-Jhu. (許麗珠). (2005). “Why forbid kindergartens to teach English? Analyze the argument about if children should learn English or not”, English teaching, (electronic magazine) Dunhuang Yingyu Jiaosyue Dianzih Zajhih [Caves English Teaching Electronics Magazine]. May Publication, Accessed at <http://cet.cavesbooks.com.tw/htm/m050509.htm>on February 8, 2008.
    Wu, Xin-Feng. & Chang, Chien-ju. (吳信鳳&張鑑如). (2002). “The enigma of English learning age: To talk about children's English education in Taiwan from the critical period of language learning” Renben Jiaoyu Zajhih [Humanity Education Notes], Vol.158, August, Accessed at <http://www.e-parents.org.tw/showAll/show2/a2>on February 24, 2008.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    臺灣研究英語碩士學程
    92924005
    96
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0929240052
    Data Type: thesis
    DCField Value Language
    dc.contributor.advisor 戴寶村<br>江文瑜zh_TW
    dc.contributor.advisor Tai, Pao tsun<br>Chiang, Wun yuen_US
    dc.contributor.author 吳長能zh_TW
    dc.contributor.author Wu, Chang Nengen_US
    dc.creator (Authors) 吳長能zh_TW
    dc.creator (Authors) Wu, Chang Nengen_US
    dc.date (Date) 2007en_US
    dc.date.accessioned 2009-09-18 11:35:45 (UTC+8)-
    dc.date.available 2009-09-18 11:35:45 (UTC+8)-
    dc.date.issued (Issue Date) 2009-09-18 11:35:45 (UTC+8)-
    dc.identifier (Other Identifiers) G0929240052en_US
    dc.identifier.uri (URI) https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/34903-
    dc.description (Description) 碩士zh_TW
    dc.description (Description) 國立政治大學zh_TW
    dc.description (Description) 臺灣研究英語碩士學程zh_TW
    dc.description (Description) 92924005zh_TW
    dc.description (Description) 96zh_TW
    dc.description.abstract (Abstract) 發生在1987～1996期間的台語文學論爭，是台語文學運動追求文學語言的表現，也就是台灣受外來政權統治，本土語言文化要求獨立自主的表現。日治時期，有過鄉土文學及台灣話文論爭、但因皇民化運動壓制而受挫。接著，國民黨在台灣推行華語的「國語政策」，壓制各族群語言，各族群語言瀕臨滅亡的危機。由於台灣社會民主化，促使台語文學運動再度興起。台語文學論爭就在這種時空背景下產生。

    台語文學論爭有二個很重要的核心議題。一就是中國本位與台灣本位價值觀點的衝突。二就是以台語做為文學語言的訴求。因為這二個議題的辯論，而引發台語文字化、母語教育、語言政策等相關議題的發展。因為台語文學論爭，打破獨尊華語的權威，其他族群的語言文化運動也受到鼓舞。台語文學論爭不但追求自己的生存空間，也激起客家族群及原住民族追求本身語言文化的主體性。雖然台灣本土認同興起，但面到英語國際化的壓力，如何取得均衡，也是一個嚴肅的議題。

    本論文在探討台語文學論爭除了追溯到歷史淵源，也涉及相關發展，及延伸到對未來發展的意義。在理論應用上也藉由高低文字的理論來詮釋台語文學運動，包括台語文學定位問題、台語文學論爭及相關發展的議題。另外本論文將戰後曾被殖民過的國家，他們的語言發展，跟台語文學運動做一個比較。我們希望這一本論文，能夠做為未來台灣語言發展的參考。    		zh_TW
    dc.description.abstract (Abstract) The Taigi literature debates between 1987 and 1996 were the result of the Taigi literature movement’s efforts to pursue the status of literary language for Taigi. They were also the result of native languages and cultures in Taiwan attempting to attain subjectivity under foreign domination. The Taiwanese homeland literature and language debates occurred in the Japanese colonial period; however, they were hindered by the oppression of the Japanization movement. The suppression of native languages continued under the KMT regime, which implemented Mandarin as the state-mandated language under the ‘National Language Policy’. As a result, many ethnic languages in Taiwan suffer from serious language attrition. Owing to the democratization of Taiwanese society, the Taigi literature movement arose again and this led to the re-occurrence of the Taigi literature debates.

    There are two important core issues in the Taigi literature debates. One is the value conflict between Chinese viewpoints and Taiwanese viewpoints. The other is the appeal of Taigi as a literary language. As a result of debates arising about these two issues, related developments like debates over Taigi script standardization, vernacular education and language policy also arose. The fact that the Taigi literature debates challenged the authority of the ‘Mandarin Only’ policy also stimulated the language and culture movements of other ethnic groups in Taiwan. The Taigi literature debates not only pursued a living space for Taigi, but also encouraged Hakka and aboriginal ethnic groups to pursue the subjectivity of their own language and culture. Although Taiwan local consciousness arose, it encountered competition from the English language through globalization. Thus the question of how to obtain balanced development between localization and globalization has become a major issue for native languages in Taiwan.

    This thesis explores not only the historical origins of the Taigi literature debates but also development related to the debates as well as their influence on the future development of Taigi literature. This thesis applies the theory of diglossia and digrphia in explicating the Taigi literature movement, including the orientation of Taigi literature, Taigi literature debates and related developments. In addition, this thesis also refers to the language development of a number of former colonies and compares their experiences with Taiwan. We hope that this research can contribute to the development of Taiwanese language in the future.    		en_US
    dc.description.tableofcontents CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
    1.1 Formation of research question 2
    1.2 Definitions of research questions and concepts 6
    1.3 Research method and framework 11
    1.3.1 Methodology 11
    1.3.2 Framework 13
    1.4 Theory and literature review 15
    1.4.1 The concept of theory: Diglossia and digraphia 15
    1.4.2 Literature review 20
    Brief summary 26

    CHAPTER 2. THE REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE TAIGI LITERATURE DEBATES: THE RISING OF THE TAIGI LITERATURE MOVEMENT 28
    2.1 Formation of research question 29
    2.1.1 The advocators of Chinese vernacular writing 30
    2.1.2 The advocators of Taiwanese vernacular writing 31
    2.2 The dark era of post-war Taigi development 35
    2.2.1 Authoritarian establishment of Mandarin 35
    2.2.2 The oppression of native languages 39
    2.3 The development and search for a Taigi script in the post-war era 42
    2.3.1 Early period of Taigi literature: Taigi poem 42
    2.3.2 Taiwanese vernacular literature 45
    2.3.3 Exploration of Taigi literature 47
    Brief summary 51

    CHAPTER 3. THE CONTENT OF THE TAIGI LITERATURE DEBATES (1987~1996) 54
    3.1 The debates of values between Chinese and Taiwanese perspectives 55
    3.1.1 The debates elicited by the Chinese standard perspective in the Taigi literature 56
    3.1.2 The debates of the agreement of the spoken language and the written language in the Taigi literature 58
    3.1.3 The language hegemony mindset debates 59
    3.2 The language form of Taiwan literature debates 63
    3.2.1 Did the vernacular literature hinder the creativity of literature? 64
    3.2.2 The debates regarding whether Taigi literature represents Taiwan literature 66
    3.2.3 The independent development of native language and vernacular literature 69
    3.3 The debates about the writing value of Taigi 73
    3.3.1 The discrimination against Taigi writing 73
    3.3.2 The harmony of languages and ethnic groups 75
    3.3.3 The instrumentalism 76
    3.4 Models of other country’s language movements 79
    3.4.1 The rise of Creole in Haiti 80
    3.4.2 The developments of Swahili in Tanzania 81
    3.4.3 The development of Hindi in India 83
    Brief summary 85

    CHAPTER 4. DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO THE TAIGI LITERATURE DEBATES 89
    4.1 Views about the diversification of the standardization issue of Taigi script 90
    4.1.1 The claim and effectuation of the Han-Roman mixed writing style 91
    4.1.2 The effectuation of Han characters only writing style 94
    4.1.3 The debate of Roman script writing style and phonetic notations 98
    4.2 The investigation and implementation of vernacular education 100
    4.2.1 The ideology of vernacular education 100
    4.2.2 The state of implementation of the vernacular education 103
    4.2.3 The issues faced by the teaching of the mother tongue 106
    4.3 The investigation of the language policy 108
    4.3.1 The National Language Policy of the external political power 109
    4.3.2 Language policy with subjectivity 112
    4.4 The language development of other countries as a model 114
    4.4.1 The process of the script standardization of the Hatian Creole 115
    4.4.2 The state of vernacular education of Swahili in Tanzania 116
    4.4.3 The efforts of the standardization of Hindi in India 119
    Brief summary 121

    CHAPTER 5. THE INFLUENCE OF TAIGI LITERATURE DEBATES ON THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF TAIGI LITERATURE: ESTABLISHING A MULTI-LANGUAGE AND MULTI-CULTURE SOCIETY 124
    5.1 Expanding the living space of Taigi literature 125
    5.2 Striving for high language: Language and culture awakening movements and dilemma for indigenous people and Hakka ethnic groups 135
    5.2.1 Language and culture awakening movement and dilemma for indigenous people 136
    5.2.2 Language movements and dilemma for Hakka ethnic groups 140
    5.3 Promoting equilibrium development between localization and globalization 145
    5.3.1 Returning to the identification of native language and local culture 145
    5.3.2 The impact of English in globalization 147
    5.3.3 How to achieve the equilibrium development between localization and Globalization 150
    Brief summary 154

    CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION 156
    6.1 Final conclusion 156
    6.1.1 Deepening and broadening the subject of Taigi literature debates 156
    6.1.2 Applying the theories of diglossia and digraphia to the Taiwanese language movement 157
    6.1.3 Linking the language development between Taiwan and other countries 159
    6.2 The inspection and future study 160
    6.2.1 The implication of postcolonialism and desininization movement 160
    6.2.2 The problem of vernacular shift 162
    References 164
    Apprendix I. Original han characters of proper nouns in Romanization 181    		zh_TW
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    dc.language.iso en_US-
    dc.source.uri (Source URI) http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0929240052en_US
    dc.subject (Keywords) 台語文學zh_TW
    dc.subject (Keywords) 母語教育zh_TW
    dc.subject (Keywords) 文字化zh_TW
    dc.subject (Keywords) 白話文zh_TW
    dc.subject (Keywords) Taigi Literatureen_US
    dc.subject (Keywords) Vernacular Educationen_US
    dc.subject (Keywords) Script Standardizationen_US
    dc.subject (Keywords) Colloquial Writingen_US
    dc.title (Title) 台語文學論爭及其相關發展1987～1996zh_TW
    dc.title (Title) THE TAIGI LITERATURE DEBATES AND RELATED DEVELOPMENTS (1987-1996)en_US
    dc.type (Data Type) thesisen
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    dc.relation.reference (Reference) Fishman, Joshua A. et al. (eds.) (1968). Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.zh_TW
    dc.relation.reference (Reference) Gupta, Jyotirindra Das. & Gumperz, John J. (1968). “Language, communication and control in North India” In Fishman (eds.) Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.zh_TW
    dc.relation.reference (Reference) Hsiau, A-chin. (2000). Contemporary Taiwanese cultural nationalism. London: Routledge.zh_TW
    dc.relation.reference (Reference) King, Christopher R. (1994) One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in the Nineteenth Century North India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.zh_TW
    dc.relation.reference (Reference) Krashen, Stephen D. (1982). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. New York: Prentice-Hall.zh_TW
    dc.relation.reference (Reference) Rubagumya, Casmir M. (1991). “Language promotion for educational purposes: The example of Tanzania” International Review of Education, 37(1): 67-85.zh_TW
    dc.relation.reference (Reference) Schieffelin, Bambi B. & Doucet, Rachelle Charlier (1994). “The “Real” Haitian Creole: Ideology, metalinguistics, and orthographic choice” American Ethnologist, 21(1): 176-200. Blackwell Publishing.zh_TW
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