Vultures,
the foremost scavenging birds, have been on the path of extinction for sometime
now.“Perhaps no other bird species in the world have seen a more rapid decline
than those of Gyps vultures in South Asia”, rues Asad R. Rahmani, Director,
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), and adds that even the resolution of
the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the Gyps species
of vultures, at its 3rd Session in Bangkok in November 2004,
pointed out that the Long-billed (Gyps indicus), Slender-billed (Gyps
tenuirostris) and White-rumped (Gyps bengalensis) vultures, endemic
to South East Asia, have declined by more than 97 per cent during the last
10 years in South Asia. The population of three species of vultures - object
of ridicule and derision for some, but venerated by many – has declined by
over 95 per cent throughout the Indian sub-continent.
Causes For Decline
Though vultures die unnaturally
from several mortality causes, scientific evidence suggests diclofenac as the
major cause for the catastrophic decline, says Dr. Vibhu Prakash, Principal
Scientist, BNHS. He adds that the survey by BNHS indicated that the decline in
vultures’ population was due to some infectious disease caused by virus,
feeding on poisoned carcass and deficiency in nutrient intake. Some of the tissue materials of dead
vultures were sent for laboratory examination both within India and outside
which revealed the presence of diclofenac.
In the meantime, a similar decline
in vultures’ number was noticed in Pakistan and other neighbouring countries
also. The birds succumbed to kidney
failure and visceral gout when they eat a dead animal that has been treated
with diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory drug, used in south Asia in a livestock
treatment, says Dr Prakash.
A workshop held in Chandigarh in
February 2004 on the issue recommended that captive breeding programmes should
be initiated urgently along with action for preventing the use of diclofenac in
veterinary applications.
Impact
Gyps vultures are most effective
and efficient scavengers. They carry
out an important function in the food chain. In India, their role cannot be
over-emphasized, given the large livestock population, poor carcass disposal
and non-consumption of beef. Their decline will undoubtedly have serious
repercussions, both on the environment and on human health.
For example, an abundance of
uneaten carcasses poses a direct threat to public health because the rotting
flesh provides a breeding ground for potentially pathogenic bacteria, posing
the threat of direct or indirect infection.
The economic impact of the
vultures’ decline is manifold. This includes the cost of disposing of carcasses
that would otherwise rot and increase the risk of disease, the costs associated
with increased dog bites and associated human disease, and many others that are
difficult to quantify without detailed socio-economic analyses.
Vultures are valued in Indian society for their role in
environment protection. They have an important cultural and religious
significance. The Parsees depend upon
vultures to remove their dead and the vulture saint, Jatayu, is an important
figure in Hindu religion. The ancient
Parsee religion holds the earth, fire
and water sacred and to avoid contaminating them, the Parsees dispose of their
dead by placing them on ‘Towers of Silence’, where vultures used to rapidly
strip the bones and flesh.
Conservation Efforts
As a
first step, the protection of white-backed, long-billed and slender-billed
vultures has been upgraded from Schedule IV to Schedule I of the Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972, thereby giving it the highest legal protection.
Furthermore, in the second meeting
of the National Board For Wildlife, held on
March 17, 2005, under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, it was decided to phase out the
veterinary diclofenac and replace it with suitable substitutes within six
months.
Accordingly, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has initiated the process of consultation with
the representatives of pharmaceutical companies, Ministry of Health and
Department of Animal Husbandry, veterinarians, and State Governments to work out an implementable action plan. The
veterinary diclofenac has already been banned by some State Governments.
The
BNHS had also recommended the setting up of a centre to keep vultures in
captivity for observation and experimentation in order to detect the diseases
and control of drugs as well as captive breeding. Accordingly, the BNHS in collaboration with the Royal Society for
Protection of Birds has established a
vulture captive breeding centre near Panchkula, Haryana.
Phasing out
of diclofenac and establishment of more vulture captive breeding centers,
would hopefully ensure the survival of the threatened species.
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'A group
of Vultures in the Wild'
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*Information Officer, PIB, New Delhi
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