Middle English Dictionary Entry
prǒues(se n.
Entry Info
Forms | prǒues(se n. Also prouesce, -eshe, -is, prouse, prouwesse, -is, proves(se & proesse, -esce, prosse & pruesse, -esce & preues, preves. |
Etymology | OF pröece, prouesce, proeësche, pröesse, pröose, prüesce. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
1.
(a) Bravery in battle or combat, valor; martial vigor, might, or skill; (b) heigh ~, great might or valor; ~ of armes, valor or might in war or combat; -- also coll. martial deeds; ~ of hondes, vigor in hand-to-hand combat; ben of ~, to be valorous; don ~ of armes, perform mighty deeds; entren in-to ~ of armes, take up the profession of arms; (c) an act of bravery, a mighty deed; -- also coll.; don (winnen) ~, to perform great deeds or a great deed; litel ~ it were, it would be no great act of heroism; (d) athletic prowess; -- used fig.; (e) fig. moral or spiritual courage or might; (f) in proverb.
Associated quotations
a
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7451 : Adraweþ ȝoure suerdes & loke wo may do best, Þat me ise ȝoure prowesse fram est to þe west.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)4391 : For his wiȝt pruesse And hendeschip and largesse, Þre þousand after him come Gode bataile forto done.
- ?1316 SMChron.(Roy 12.C.12)807 : For is prouesse ant his streynthe He wes..Cleped..Edmound Irneneside.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)2.2589 : To knihthode more and more Prouesce avanceth his corage.
- ?a1400(a1338) Mannyng Chron.Pt.2 (Petyt 511)p.71 : Þei fond him fulle austere; þei felt of his pruesse, als knyght did his deuere.
- c1400(?a1300) KAlex.(LdMisc 622)6868 : Here her teren lesse and more..And byweileden his prouesse, His ȝonþe, his strengþe, his largesse.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)752 : To Thebes he gan drawe, Wel receyued for his worthynesse, For his manhode, and his riȝt prouesse.
- a1425(?a1400) RRose (Htrn 409)4519 : How shulde he out? by whos prowesse, Out of so strong a forteresse?
- ?a1425(c1280) SLeg.Eust.(Jul D.9)163 : More prouesse ne miȝte be þan was of þis kniȝte.
- c1440 PLAlex.(Thrn)50/17 : Rayse noȝte ȝour herte to hye bi-cause of ȝour prowesche & ȝour doghty dedis.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)614 : His fell fygoure & his fourme fully be-takend Þe prowis & þe grete pryse þat he a-preuyd eftire.
- c1450 ?C.d'Orl.Poems (Hrl 682)37/1089 : Hope..often has bi force of his prowes Made fro me flee bothe sorowe and distres.
- (1461) RParl.5.464a : Englond [was]..the Laurier of honoure, prowesse, and worthynes of all other Reames.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)239/30 : The sapience of Salamon, the prouesse of Ector, the constaunce of the Macabees, the strenght of Sampson.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)537 : Allas..so mekyll fayrenes Ys loste on hym wyth outen proves.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)154/33 : Euery man of the Pepill sholde haue hope to come to glorie..by prosse and vasselage.
- a1500(?a1425) Lambeth SSecr.(Lamb 501)91/14 : Þou sall persayue oon kynde vegetable noyant, And anoþer kynde wyrkand hele..some engendrys pruesse & stryngh, and some sleuthe and febelnesse.
b
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)3.2416 : An orped kniht..gret prouesce of armes dede.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)2437 : Quen pryde schal me pryk for prowes of armes, Þe loke to þis luflace schal leþe my hert.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)2.632 : So lik a man of armes and a knyght He was to seen, fulfilled of heigh prowesse.
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)8.2851 : In Breteyne shon the cleer liht Of cheualrye and of hih prowesse.
- a1450(1412) Hoccl.RP (Hrl 4866)894 : Ye, yonge men þat entre in-to prowesse Of armes, eek youre fadres olde hunrith.
- c1540(?a1400) Destr.Troy (Htrn 388)9313 : Yet hopit he full hertely, for his hegh prowes..Þat þai the lond shuld leue.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)444 : Þe same man..sett is, be wird, So many prouynce to pas þurȝe prowis of armys.
- c1460 Lydg.ST (LdMisc 416)752 : High [Arun: His manhode and his riȝt prouesse].
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)27/9 : The eleven kynges by manly prouesse of armys toke a fayre champion.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)33/13 : Kyng Lott..dud grete proues of armys, and helde the batayle all the day lyke harde.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)302/31 : All that evir thou doste is by mysseadventure and nat by preues of thy hondys.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)689/6 : A knyght may never be of proues but yf he be a lovear.
- c1475 Chartier Quad.(1) (UC 85)227/25 : This ordre hath curiously be kept by all thoo that euer gate worship and victorie by proesse of armes.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)123 : Thei be full noble knyghtes, and full of merveilouse high prowesse.
c
- c1300(?c1225) Horn (Cmb Gg.4.27)33/556 : Ihc wulle do pruesse [Ld: pruesce] For þi luue in þe felde, Mid spere & mid schelde.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)5236 : Þat lond folc adde þe place & more prowesse dude þo þan þe king miȝte biuore.
- c1330(?a1300) Arth.& M.(Auch)5292 : Men of Londen and sir Do Wonder hadde hou man on Swiche pruesse miȝt don, So mani paiems saun faile Were yslawe at þat bataile.
- c1330(?c1300) Bevis (Auch)36/737 : His oþer prowesse who wile lere, Hende, herkneþ, and ȝe mai here.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)59/11 : Ine þise boȝe byeþ..vif manere of yelpinges; On is..þe zenne of þan þet zuo bleþeliche recordeþ hare dedes and hare prowesses [Vices & V.(2): douȝtenesses].
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)430 : Litel prowesse for me it were wiþ a vauasour for to melle.
- a1400 Bevis (Eg 2862)58/1222 : Feire prowes [Auch: So meche he haþ for me ido].
- (?a1439) Lydg.FP (Bod 263)6.2193 : Hard to remembre his conquestis euerichon, Alle the prowessis of this knihtli man.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)1958 : The emperour irus was angerde at his herte For oure valyant biernez siche prowesche had wonnen.
- a1450(c1410) Lovel.Grail (Corp-C 80)20.333 : It was On of the grettest prowesse That Evere dide þe Emperowr In Ony distresse.
- (a1470) Malory Wks.(Win-C)212/4 : The knyghtes of Rounde Table..spoke of the grete prouesse that the messyngers ded that day thorow dedys of armys.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)149/14 : It was founde that it was the firste grete prowesse that euer he did befor.
- a1500(1422) Yonge SSecr.(Rwl B.490)205/11 : The iiije. cause why that this nobill erle sholde not haue vayne glory of this forsayde proesses is the lytill thanke that he had.
- a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11)226 : He..remembrede alle the prowesses that he hadde sein hym do.
- a1500(?a1475) Guy(4) (Cmb Ff.2.38)525 : He schall be at that justynge For to do hys proves And to schewe hys hardynes.
d
- c1350(a1333) Shoreham Poems (Add 17376)14/378 : For oyle smereþ þane champion Þat me [ne] schel him festne, Ne presse; And baume his riche and tokened loez Of þare holy prowesse.
e
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)83/16 : Ine prouesse [Vices & V.(2): douȝtynesse; F proesce] byeþ þri þinges to-deld, hardyesse, strengþe, an stedeuestnesse.
- (1340) Ayenb.(Arun 57)164/9 : Þe uerste poynte of prowesse hi clepieþ magnanimite; Þe oþer, fiaunce; Þe þridde, zikernesse; Þe uerþe, þolyinge; Þe uifte, stedeuestnesse; Þe zixt, magnificence; Þe zeuende..honger and þorst of riȝtuolnesse.
- c1450(c1400) Vices & V.(2) (Hnt HM 147)188/12 : Þis is þe ende and þe parfiȝtnesse of þis vertue þat is cleped prowesse, þat is propreliche an Englissche, douȝtynesse, and þer-to ledeþ vs þe ȝifte of strenkþe.
f
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)2.4393 : In prouerbe it haþ ben said ful ȝore, þat þe prowes of a manly knyȝt Is preued most in meschef, and his myȝt.
2.
(a) Excellence; (b) nobility of character, moral strength; (c) intelligence, wisdom.
Associated quotations
a
- a1350 Ichot a burde in boure (Hrl 2253)52 : Heo is paruenke of prouesse.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)912 : Alle prys & prowes & pured þewes Apendes to hys persoun & praysed is euer.
- c1400(?c1390) Gawain (Nero A.10)1249 : Þe prys & þe prowes þat plesez al oþer, If I hit lakked oþer set at lyȝt, hit were littel daynte.
- c1450(?a1400) Wars Alex.(Ashm 44)2745 : Ne we prid vs for na prouwis.
b
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.WB.(Manly-Rickert)D.1129 : Ful selde vp riseth by his braunches smale Prowesse of man; for god, of his prowesse [vrr. prowousnesse, goodnesse], Wol that of hym we clayme oure gentillesse.
- c1400 *Trev.Higd.(Tbr D.7)280b : Hys proues [L probitate] passede hys maners; hys wyt passede hys proues.
- ?a1425(c1380) Chaucer Bo.(Benson-Robinson)4.pr.3.71 : So as bounte and pruesse ben the mede to goode folk, also is schrewidnesse itself torment to schrewes.
- a1450-a1500(1436) Libel EP (Warner)1040 : What had this kynge of high magnificens..Atemperaunce, noblesse, and worthynesse, Science, proesce, devocion, equyte.
- c1450(1410) Walton Boeth.(Lin-C 103)p.336 : The charge is grete That þou be founde in vertu and prowesse.
- c1475 Body Pol.(Cmb Kk.1.5)47/25 : Than wer scolys kept..of the whiche..come oute the Cesares and the noble lignees renomed in prowesse and manhoode.
- a1500(a1400) Ipom.(1) (Chet 8009)1500 : I darre welle warrand þus: So fayre, so curtes, as he ys Was neuer wyth outen proves [?read: proues].
- a1500(a1450) Gener.(2) (Trin-C O.5.2)4950 : A man myght knowe and vnderstonde A noble knyght and full of prowse, his enmy so to helpe in his distresse.
- a1500 Hal.Gloss.(Eg 829)8 : Probitas: prowes.
- a1500 ?Nassyngton SV (Marl)60 : De uertute probitatis. Prouesce es a virtu of pryce þat mase a man hardy and wyse.
c
- c1390 Mirror St.Edm.(1) (Vrn)47 : So schul ȝe heere sum or al þe ffoure vertuwes Principal: Prouwesse, Rihtwisnesse, and Meth, Strengþe also.
- a1500(a1450) Ashmole SSecr.(Ashm 396)45/2 : Who reised the kyngdome of Greke?..Suerly that made the diligence of studiantes, the provesse [Lambeth: clen wyt; L probitas] of wisemen that most effectuelly loveden sciences.