13.18 - Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits

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Abstract

Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, together with their close analogs, sedimentary-exhalative massive sulfide deposits, have accounted for more than half of global production of Zn and Pb, 7% of Cu, and a significant amount of silver, gold, and other by-product metals. This article examines the essential elements of the VMS genetic model as it pertains to the geochemistry of the deposits and the physical and chemical controls on ore deposition. The distribution, abundance, and classification of the deposits, the origins of the hydrothermal fluids, and the mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic characteristics of the ore and alteration are reviewed and discussed in the context of new knowledge from the modern seafloor.

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