Skip to main content

The World Is a Dangerous Place

Images of the Enemy on Children’s Television

  • Chapter
The Psychology of War and Peace

Abstract

Even after the recent, successful summit meeting, images of allies and enemies continue to affect many contemporary political conflicts. They fueled not only the arms race of the superpowers and the war between Iran and Iraq but also apartheid in South Africa and international terrorism. While nobody would question the role images of allies and enemies play in all of these contexts, their origins and developmental history in children are not well understood.

In a fundamental way, television helps to create what children expect of themselves and of others and what constitutes the standards of civilized society.

—National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (1969, p. 206)

America has become the first culture to have substituted secondary, mediated versions of experience for direct experience of the world. Interpretations and representations of the world are being accepted as experience, and the difference between the two remains obscure to most of us.

—Mander (1978, p. 24)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1965). Influence of models’ reinforcement contingencies on the acquisition of imitative responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 589 - 595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S.A. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3 - 11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S.A. (1963). Vicarious reinforcement and imitative learning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 601 - 607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belson, W.A. (1978). Television violence and the aggressive boy. London: Saxon House. Berkowitz, L., & Green, R.G. (1966). Film violence and the cue properties of available targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 525 - 530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkowitz, L., & Rawlings, E. (1963). Effects of film violence on inhibitions against subsequent aggression. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 405 - 412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B. (1987). The importance of play. The Atlantic Monthly, March, 35 - 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cline, V.B., Croft, R.G., & Courrier, S. (1973). Desensitization of children to television violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 360 - 365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Comstock, G., Chaffee, S., Katzman, N., McCombs, M., & Roberts, D. (1978). Television and human behavior. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Comstock, G. (1980). New emphases in research on the effects of television and film violence. In E.L. Palmer and A. Dorr (Eds.), Children and the faces of television, New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drabman, R.S., and Thomas, M.H. (1974). Does media violence increase children’s toleration of real-life aggression? Developmental Psychology, 10, 418 - 421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Liebert, R.M., Friesen, W.V., Harrison, R., Zlatchin, C., Malmstrom, E.J., & Baron, R.A. (1972). Facial expressions of emotion while watching televised violence as predictors of subsequent aggression. In G.A. Comstock, E.A. Rubinstein, & J.P. Murray (Eds.), Television and social behavior (Vol. 5), Television’s effects: Further explorations. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feshbach, S. (1988). Television research and social policy: Some perspectives. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue. Applied Social Psychology Annual 8. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M. (1988). Selling enmity. An analysis of the production of enemy images, nationalism, and violent attitudes based on interviews with children viewing GI Joe: An American Hero. Manuscript, Harvard Graduate School of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, J L (1988). Television violence and aggression: What the evidence shows. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue. Applied Social Psychology Annual 8. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1948). A study of prejudice in children. Human Relations, 1, 295 - 306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbner, G, & Gross, L. (1980). The violent face of television and its lessons. In E.L. Palmer and A. Dorr (Eds), Children and the faces of television, New York: Academic Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Jackson-Beeck, M., Jeffries-Fox, S., & Signorielli, N. (1978). Cultural indicators: Violence profile no. 9. Journal of Communication, 28 (3), 176 - 207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1980). The mainsteaming of America. Journal of Communication, 30, (3), 12 - 29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (1982). The child and television drama: The psychosocial impact of cumulative viewing, New York: Mental Health Materials Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keen, S. (1986). Faces of the enemy. San Francisco: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, M.M., Eron, L.D., Walder, L.O., & Huesmann, L.R. (1977). Growing up to be violent: A longitudinal study of the development of aggression. New York: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefkowitz, M.M., & Huesmann, L.R. (1980). Concomitants of television violence viewing in children. In E.L. Palmer & A. Dorr (Eds.), Children and the faces of television, New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mander, J. (1978). Four arguments for the elimination of television. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, T.P. (1972). Effects of viewing justified and unjustified real film violence on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 23, 21 - 29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milaysky, J.R. (1988). Television and aggression once again. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue. Applied Social Psychology Annual 8, Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (1969). To establish justice, to insure domestic tranquility. Washington: United States Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rejai, M. (1973). Ideology. In P.P. Wiener (Ed.), Dictionary of the history of ideas. New York: Charles Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosekrans, M.A., & Hartup, W.W. (1967). Imitative influences of consistent and inconsistent response consequences to a model on aggressive behavior in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 429 - 434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubinstein, E.A. (1978). Television and the young viewer. American Scientist, 66, 685-693. Rubinstein, E.A. ( 1980 ). Television violence: A historical perspective. In E.L. Palmer & A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorr (Eds.), Children and the faces of television. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J.L. (1971). The influence of violence portrayed in television or motion pictures upon overt aggressive behavior. In J.L. Singer (Ed.), The control of aggression and violence: Cognitive and physiological factors. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, D.G., & Singer, J.L. (1984). TV violence: What’s all the fuss about? Television and Children, 7 (2), 30 - 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, J.L., & Singer, D.G. (1988). Some hazards of growing up in a television environment: Children’s aggression and restlessness. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue. Applied Social Psychology Annual 8. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavris, C. (1988). Beyond cartoon killings: Comments on two overlooked effects of television. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Television as a social issue. Applied Social Psychology Annual 8. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, J.H., & Krull, R. (1977). An examination of three models of television viewing and aggression. Human Communication Research, 3, 99 - 112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hesse, P., Mack, J.E. (1991). The World Is a Dangerous Place. In: Rieber, R.W. (eds) The Psychology of War and Peace. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0747-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0747-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0749-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0747-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics