Middle English Dictionary Entry
ēk adv. and conj.
Entry Info
Forms | ēk adv. and conj. Also eac, iec, yke, ȝeke. |
Etymology | OE ēac, ēc. |
Definitions (Senses and Subsenses)
Note: Cp. ok.
1.
Introducing a sentence or an independent clause (often accompanying a sentence connective): moreover, likewise, in the same manner.
Associated quotations
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.777 : Þa let he Cuðbriht ealdorma[n] x bonde land..swa þet seo Cuðbriht geaf þone abbote 1 punde þær fore..swa eac þet eafter his dæi scolde seo land on gean in to þa mynstre.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)12/14 : Eac we sceolen witen hwæt þa word mænen.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)98/3 : Swa eac nu mæȝ ealc mon deofel ofercumen.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)130/12 : Swy[l]ce eac þa heaȝæ muntæs..heo habbæð wite þæs ealderdomes.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)13536 : Ec he wass off Daviþess kinn.
- c1225 Nic.Creed (Jun 121)5 : Þe for us monnen and for ure hæle niþer astæih of heouene..he þrowede eæc swulce on rode ahongen for us.
- a1225(?OE) Lamb.Hom.(Lamb 487)41 : Ne scule ȝe neure god don unforgolden. Ne ec ne scule ȝe nefre ufel don.
- c1300 Lay.Brut (Otho C.13)3339 : And eke we habbeþ in hure hond haluendel his kinelond.
- a1375(1335-1361) WPal.(KC 13)2262 : Ek, sires..standes alle a stounde stille in þis ilk place.
- (c1387-95) Chaucer CT.Prol.(Manly-Rickert)A.757 : Eke ther to he was right a murye man.
- (c1391) Gower CA Suppl.(Bod 294)7.3180* : And eek I rede in other place.
- a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sln 1986)41 : And eke þou take Powder of gynger.
2.
Modifying the predicate: too, also, in the same manner.
Associated quotations
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1106 : Eadgar æþeling..wæs eac gefangen.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)26/24 : He eac swutelode þat we sceolen arwurðiæn þa eadmoden.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)8001 : Hit wes cuð forð riht, & æc [Otho: eke] iseid þon kinge.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)3/16 : Swa hie doð iec ðo menn ðe habbeð gode behaten god to donne.
- c1325(c1300) Glo.Chron.A (Clg A.11)7771 : Sein poules chirche of londone was ek vor barnd þo.
- c1380 Firumb.(1) (Ashm 33)4166 : Y haue iloued ȝow wel, & Gweynes my sone doþ yke.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)2.212 : Heo tremblede for fere, And eke wepte and wrong hire hondes.
- (a1393) Gower CA (Frf 3)prol.913 : Whan that he fell, thei fellen eke, Whan he wax sek, thei woxen seke.
- a1450(?c1421) Lydg.ST (Arun 119)459 : His leches he charged ek also..Her deuer forto do.
- a1425(c1385) Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson)3.339 : Thow woost ek what thi lady graunted the.
- (?1440) Palladius (DukeH d.2)1.1049 : Take ferule eek or saly twiggis.
- (c1450) Capgr.St.Aug.(Add 36704)1/21 : Sche desired ake þis lif of þis Seynt.
3.
Connecting nouns or pronouns (often following second member): also, in addition; on the other hand [first quot.].
Associated quotations
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)78/29 : He alle isceaftæ isceop.. summe to engles, summe eac to monnen.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)92/17 : Heo is animus, þat is mod, þonne heo wat. Heo is mens, þat is, eac mod, þonne heo understont.
- c1275(?a1200) Lay.Brut (Clg A.9)25682 : Alle he makeð him to mete..þa scep, gæt, and þa swin eke.
- a1250 Ancr.(Nero A.14)56 : Vor þet ec þet he dude hire was i ðe frumðe sore hire unðonckes.
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)81/57 : Þis hail is þin, Þat win and þat gold eke.
- (c1300) Havelok (LdMisc 108)2348 : Þe king made Roberd þere [a] kniht..And william wendut ec, his broþer.
- c1390 PPl.A(1) (Vrn)2.185 : Dreed..wente to Warne þe False..and his feeres eke.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.59 : And sithen hath he spoke of euerychone, Thise noble wyues and thise loueres eke.
- c1425(a1420) Lydg.TB (Aug A.4)prol.200 : For they enacted..her manhood and prowes, Her knyȝthood eke and her worthynes.
- a1456(a1426) Lydg.Mum.Hertford (Trin-C R.3.20)235 : Þe lawe þat wymmen allegge for þeyre partye: Custume, nature and eeke prescripcyoun.
- c1440(?a1400) Morte Arth.(1) (Thrn)44 : Þey knewe hym fore lorde Of Nauerne and Norwaye and Normaundye eke.
- a1475 Siege Troy(1) (Hrl 525)187/1065k : Þey..shett men with dartis..And sharpe quarell and eke ffloon.
4.
Connecting (a) adjectives, (b) adverbial expressions.
Associated quotations
a
- c1300(c1250) Floris (Cmb Gg.4.27)80/28 : Of whit win and eke red.
- c1300 Horn (LdMisc 108)17 : He was fayr and eke bold.
- (c1410) York MGame (Vsp B.12)3 : Huntyng..is so noble a game and heke lastyng þorgh alle þe yere.
- c1430(c1386) Chaucer LGW (Benson-Robinson)2428 : Unnethe is Demophon to londe ywonne, Wayk and ek wery.
- c1450(c1400) Sultan Bab.(Gar 140)1332 : These Champions to-gedir thai gone With strokes grete and eke sure.
b
- a1121 Peterb.Chron.(LdMisc 636)an.1118 : Se cyng..mycel for leas, ægðer ge on feoh & eac on lande.
- c1175(?OE) Bod.Hom.(Bod 343)58/11 : Þone wunæþ God mid us, & we mid him--na þat an on þisse andwearde life, ac eac on þam toweardæn.
- c1175 Orm.(Jun 1)ded.326 : Icc Orrmin..Wiþþ muþ & ec wiþþ herrte Her bidde þa Crisstene menn.
- a1225(c1200) Vices & V.(1) (Stw 34)127/27 : Godd self us tahte mid worde and ech mid forbisne.
- (1258) Procl.Hen.III in PST (1868)23 : Ouer al þære kuneriche on Engleneloande and ek in tel Irelonde.
- c1330(?c1300) Reinbrun (Auch)657 : To-gedre iuned wiþ metal Wiþ-inne and ek wiþ-oute.
- (a1387) Trev.Higd.(StJ-C H.1)1.407 : At þe mete and after eke, Hir solace is salt and leke.
- (c1390) Chaucer CT.ML.(Manly-Rickert)B.829 : He kan me kepe from harm and eek fro shame.
- (c1395) Chaucer CT.Mch.(Manly-Rickert)E.1639 : In erthe and eek in heuene.
- (c1449) Pecock Repr.(Cmb Kk.4.26)209 : Bi seable signes of ymagis and picturis, as eke bi heereable signes of writingis.
- ?a1475 Ludus C.(Vsp D.8)35/19 : Men of levyng be so owt-rage bothe be nyght and eke be day.
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- a1300(OE) Deed Crediton (CotR 2.11)117
: Heȝ þat..of mine daȝes were iȝeue and bi-ȝite of oþer bischopes hek hich habbe out-igadere [read: out-igadered] of bokes fale and ido in on oþere masse-boc.
Note: New form: Also..hek.Note: Quot. belongs to sense 1.
- ?c1450 Iff a man (Stockh 10.90)328/866 : Rwe is ike a souereyn bote, To settyn abowtyn a sawge-rote.
Note: New form: Also..ike.
Note: Quot. belongs to sense 2.
Note: Correction: This entry ought to be split into two entries, namely, ek adv. and ek conj. As it stands, senses 1. and 2. appear to be adverbial, while senses 3. and 4. are as conjunctions. Sense 4. seems to make an odd distinction between subsenses (a) and (b). The collocations ek swich and swich ek (see swich adv.) probably should be noted in sense 1., with additional quots. (e.g. Vsp. Hom: see swich adv.; in addition to the quots. to be found in the MED are the ones in the MED rejects: 59/27, 71/7, 129/30, 132/26, as well as those for Bod.Hom.Dom.Quadr., 44/22 and 48/3.)--notes per MJW
Note: The list of variant spellings in the form section may be incomplete and / or may need revision to accord with standards of later volumes of the MED. When this word is split into two entries, the forms will have to be re-evaluated, in any case.--per MLL
Supplemental Materials (draft)
- ?a1350 Recipe Painting(1) in Clarke Lymmyng (Hrl 2253) 231/12 : Tac fin cley ant good, ant dute [read: lute] al the vessel þat non eyr ne go out, boþen the holes ant eken aboue ryht well.
Note: New spelling (eken).