The author found that at the great part of the meteorological stations in Japan Proper the seculer variation of the monthly mean air temperature of February and that of December correlated as follows;
i) the positive correlation for 1905_??_1918 (or 1919),
ii) the negative correlation for 1918 (or 1919)_??_1933 (or 1934),
that is, the correlation turned into negative from positive in the year 1918 or 1919.
The distribution of this turning year resembles the winter path of “-sio” along the Proper coast and the year 1917 is the most maximum year of Wolf's number of solar spot in a good long period.
Thus the turn of this correlation is likely to have a relation with -sio along the Proper coast. Indeed it has been reported by Mr. Uda that the abnormality of -sio at the southern Offing of “Kisyü” had caused for 1905_??_1906, 1916_??_1918, and 1934_??_.
Since about the year 1934 each seculer variation is at random one another, but the positive correlation will begin about that maximum year of solar spot number.

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Boiled seed hardness is an important factor in the processing of soybean food products such as nimame and natto. Little information is available on the genetic basis for boiled seed hardness, despite the wide variation in this trait. DNA markers linked to the gene controlling this trait should be useful in soybean breeding programs because of the difficulty of its evaluation. In this report, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed to reveal the genetic factors associated with boiled seed hardness using a recombinant inbred line population developed from a cross between two Japanese cultivars, ‘Natto-shoryu’ and ‘Hyoukei- 3’, which differ largely in boiled seed hardness, which in ‘Natto-shoryu’ is about twice that of ‘Hyoukei- 3’. Two significantly stable QTLs, qHbs3-1 and qHbs6-1, were identified on chromosomes 3 and 6, for which the ‘Hyoukei- 3’ alleles contribute to decrease boiled seed hardness for both QTLs. qHbs3-1 also showed significant effects in progeny of a residual heterozygous line and in a different segregating population. Given its substantial effect on boiled seed hardness, SSR markers closely linked to qHbs3-1, such as BARCSOYSSR_03_0165 and BARCSOYSSR_03_0185, could be useful for marker-assisted selection in soybean breeding.

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To investigate the usefulness of ornithine and urea as freshness indices for marine invertebrates, the muscle tissue from freshly caught samples was stored in ice for 15 days and the free amino acid concentration was measured. The total amount of free amino acids decreased slightly after 1 day in most of the samples. The arginine concentration also decreased in most of the samples, especially in shrimp during ice storage, while the ornithine and urea levels increased markedly in arrow squid and shrimp, and increased considerably in kuruma prawn. Based on these results, it is proposed to use urea and ornithine as freshness indices for shrimp and arrow squid, while only urea is proposed for kuruma prawn.

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Toughness and collagen content were measured for various muscle parts of the Japanese abalone, -awabi (Haliotis discus), in relation to muscle structures. The dorsal surface of the foot was toughest, followed by the hard and soft part of the foot, then the upper and middle part of the adductor muscle, irrespective of being reared or wild specimens. When compared with other abalone species, -awabi showed the highest toughness for all the muscle parts, followed by madaka (H. sieboldii) and megai-awabi (H. gigas), while ezo-awabi (H. discus hannai) was softest. Collagen content was parallel with muscle toughness: the higher the collagen content, the tougher the muscle. Light micrographs of -awabi showed that foot and the dorsal surface of foot were dominated by connective tissues, while adductor muscle was mainly composed of myofibrils. Transmission electron micrographs demonstrated that myofibrils in the foot were surrounded by thick layers of collagen fibrils of about 1μm, confirming light microscopic observations.

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　黒麴菌は，沖縄の泡盛や九州地方での焼酎造りに使われている有用糸状菌であり，製麴中に大量のクエン酸を生産することでもろみを酸性にし，暖地での醸造に適しているとされている．黒麴菌は，1901 年乾により Aspergillus luchuensis として初めて報告されたが，その後も A. awamori など複数の株が報告されており，その分類には混乱が見られる．そこで，黒麴菌について分子生物学的な解析を行い，黒麴菌は，A. niger などとは違う種であること，また，カビ毒 OTA 非生産性であることを明らかとした．黒麴菌の有用性，安全性から A. luchuensis とすることを提案している．

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In order to investigate the production of acid protease, the cultivation conditons were studied with black Aspergilli belonging to

Kuro

-Koji mold group by solid cultivation (Koji-culture).
It was observed that the production of acid-protease by A. saitoi R-3813 mut. UV-13 was markedly increased by adding an adequate amount of an inorganic nitrogen compound to the cultivation medium. Concerning the production of acid protease by adding an inorganic nitrogen compound, one hundred and eighty-four strains of

Kuro

-Koji mold group and eleven strains of other Aspergilli were tested.

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  Fungus is one of the major allergens such as mites and pollen. Especially, it is known that -koji molds sometimes causes occupational allergy of brewers. There is, however, no good diagnostic technology for fungal allergy. The inhomogeneous allergenic extract of fungi, which is caused by the biological diversity, makes it difficult to diagnose and treat fungal allergy. Although the identification of allergens is important to make fine allergenic extract, few fungal allergens were identified because many cumbersome steps are required to be identified allergens. Then, we attempted to develop the simple identification scheme for fungal allergen using bioinformatics technique. Some allergen candidates of -koji molds were successfully listed.

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Field investigations on

River that is one of tributary of Omoi River were conducted. Nasahara area located in 15km of River was suffered severe flood damage for the 2015.09 Kanto-Tohoku heavy rainfall. Results of hearing to damaged inhabitants indicates that the first failure of river levee occurred at about 0:00 on the middle of the night of 9^th. The process of the flood disaster after the first failure of the river levee was examined. Numerical analysis was also conducted to examine the process of the failures of the river levee. Results of the numerical analysis indicates that one of the river levee failure on the downstream side was caused by over-topping from landside to the river.

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A higher level of campsite use generally results in a more extensive bare ground. Sustainable campsites must avoid unacceptable levels of bare-ground expansion and social crowding. Both the use level of the site and expansion of the bare-ground area are necessary parameters for identifying site sustainability. However, these data are not available for the 12 unmanaged campsites in Daisetsuzan National Park, northern Japan. Therefore, we measured the area of bare ground on each unmanaged campsite and analyzed the site sustainability of the three representative sites based on their use levels. First, we measured the area of bare ground on each of the 12 campsites using georeferenced aerial photographs in ArcMap 10.8.1. The area of bare ground on each campsite ranged from 46 m² to 3,603 m². Second, the

-dake, Hakuun-dake, and Ura-Asahi campsites were selected to monitor the use level. We set up lapse cameras that took photographs of these three selected campsites every hour to record the daily site occupancy from July 12 to September 25, 2019. Among the three selected sites, the bare ground on the -dake campsite (394 m²) was the smallest, and that on the Ura-Asahi campsite (1,898 m²) was the largest. On the busiest day, one tent occupied only 8.8 m² on average in the -dake campsite. However, in the Ura-Asahi campsite, one tent occupied 146.0 m² on average. Management actions must be introduced to solve both overcrowding and overexpansion problems on campsites to enhance site sustainability.

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　最も普遍的に存在するカビのひとつ，A. niger にマイコトキシンの産生性が発見され，食品工業上重要な役割を担う A. niger や沖縄で泡盛の醸造に伝統的に用いられてきた黒麹菌の安全性が問題視されている．
　また，A. niger とその近縁種である黒麹菌は形態的に類別することは困難であることから，ミトコンドリアチトクローム b DNA 遺伝子などを用いて分子遺伝学的に解析し，これらの菌を正確に分類するとともに，マイコトキシン産生性との関係を明らかにすることによって黒麹菌など実用株の安全性についての検証を行った．

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Two typical storage proteins (prolamin and glutelin) in a total of 14 samples of ancient rice cultivars were examined for their accumulation in the endosperms during days after flowering (DAF), extraction efficiency with various solvents, and variations in polypeptide components or amino acid compositions. There was little difference in accumu-lation profiles between this and previous observations, in which glutelin appeared on 5-7 DAF and prolamin on 7-9 DAF. As for the extraction of prolamin and glutelin, it was most effectively attained by sequential usage of 55% propanol and 2% SDS. As a result of SDS-PAGE, prolamin and glutelin proved to be composed mainly of a single polypeptide with a molecular weight (MW) of 15 kDa and two subunits with MWs of 21 kDa (α) and 32 kDa (β), respectively. A comparison between the ancient and modern rice cultivars revealed the same physicochemical properties in either case of prolamin or glutelin. Additionally, a good relationship was observed on the total protein and glutelin (but not prolamin) contents in the ancient rice cultivar.

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Sakaguchi and Yamada (1944) have proposed a new classification, dividing the yellow green Aspergilli, which widely used in Japan for manufacturing of alcohol, sake, soy sauce and soy paste, into two main groups; i.e. (1) Aspergillus oryzae s. str. (Asp. flavus-oryzae Thom and Church), and (2) Aspergillus sojae nov. sp..
Sakaguchi, Iizuka and Yamazaki (1949) have proposed as well that -Koji molds, which are widely used for manufacturing a kind of distilled wine from sweet potatoes in the southern districts of Japan, are quite different from ordinary Aspergillus niger.
The nature of the conidial walls and conidiophore walls of Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus sojae, and conidial walls of -Koji molds are essential characteristics for distinction of these species or group. It is proposed by the present authors that the electron microscope is an effective and indispensable apparatus for the judgment on these characteristics.

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Individual raindrops were sampled at four stations in mountain area of Hokkaido in the summer of 1954 and 1955 and the size distribution of giant non-hygroscopic particles in the raindrops was studied. The results of observations are as follows.
(1) The form of size distribution curve is independent of raindrop size and is expressed by a formula dN/dγ=const•γ^-β, where γ is the radius of the particles. The value of β are between 1.7 and 3.2.
(2) Particle content of raindrops is approximately the same at various stations and is invariable with time.
(3) Particle content is roughly proportional to the cross-sectional area of raindrops except for the small raindrops of diameters less than 0.3mm.

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During the evolution of skeletons, terrestrial vertebrates acquired strong bones made of calcium–phosphate. By keeping the extracellular fluid in a supersaturated condition regarding calcium and phosphate ions, they created the bone when and where they wanted simply by providing a cue for precipitation. To secure this strategy, they acquired a novel endocrine system to strictly control the extracellular phosphate concentration. In response to phosphate intake, fibroblast growth factor–23 (FGF23) is secreted from the bone and acts on the kidney through binding to its receptor Klotho to increase urinary phosphate excretion, thereby maintaining phosphate homeostasis. The FGF23–Klotho endocrine system, when disrupted in mice, results in hyperphosphatemia and vascular calcification. Besides, mice lacking Klotho or FGF23 suffer from complex aging-like phenotypes, which are alleviated by placing them on a low- phosphate diet, indicating that phosphate is primarily responsible for the accelerated aging. Phosphate acquires the ability to induce cell damage and inflammation when precipitated with calcium. In the blood, calcium–phosphate crystals are adsorbed by serum protein fetuin-A and prevented from growing into large precipitates. Consequently, nanoparticles that comprised calcium–phosphate crystals and fetuin-A, termed calciprotein particles (CPPs), are generated and dispersed as colloids. CPPs increase in the blood with an increase in serum phosphate and age. Circulating CPP levels correlate positively with vascular stiffness and chronic non-infectious inflammation, raising the possibility that CPPs may be an endogenous pro-aging factor. Terrestrial vertebrates with the bone made of calcium– phosphate may be destined to age due to calcium–phosphate in the blood.

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Liocheles australasiae (Fabricius), which is distributed in Australia, Polynesia, South Asia, and a few islands of the Ryukyu Islands, is recorded here for the first time from -shima Island of the Ryukyu Islands.

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種子生育期間における古代米貯蔵蛋白質の蓄積とグルテリンのポリペプチド組成について, SDS-PAGEと2次元電気泳動により現代米との比較研究を行った.種子胚乳への蛋白質の一般的な蓄積パターンを, 87kDaペプチドに対する量比でみた場合, 分子量21, 32kDaの二つのグルテリンと15kDaプロラミンが開花後7-10日で現れた後, 徐々に増加し開花後15-25日で平衡に達した.しかし, 古代米の1品種では異なるパターンを示し, 開花後7日でそれらの蛋白質が急速に増加しはじめ, 20日で最高に達しその後急速に減少した.その際, 開花後20日目における蓄積蛋白質の最高値は他の米の蓄積パターンのそれの約2倍であった.米グルテリン画分の可溶化では, 酸, 塩基, 尿素溶液よりもSDS溶液でより選択的に溶出された.いくつかの古代黒米グルテリンには他品種では欠損または僅少なポリペプチド (19kDa) がみられ, 古代黒米に固有の蛋白質種であることが示唆された.古代米グルテリンの2次元電気泳動を行った結果, 古代米, 現代米共にα (酸性) およびβ (塩基性) の二つのサブユニットを確認した.19kDaは検出できなかった.

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