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In 1969 The Henry Luce Foundation, Incorporated, made a grant to the Oral History Program, Claremont Graduate School, to tape record interviews with former China missionaries. The goal of this project is to produce interview manuscripts dealing with the interaction of Western values with traditional Chinese values which led to the emergence of modern China. Forty-four persons who were engaged in Christian work in China have been interviewed and their interviews placed in The China Missionaries Collection. Almost all are residents of Southern California. A broad spread of denominational affiliation, professional responsibilities and religious commitment are reflected in the roster.
The interviewers were: Georgina Irwin, Oral History Program; Cyrus Peak, Emeritus Professor of History, Claremont Graduate School; Assistant Professor of East Asian History, Claremont Men's College. In addition, Enid H. Douglass, Director of the Oral History Program at Claremont Graduate School, conducted twelve interviews with several former China missionaries now living in England.
Copies are held at The Luce Foundation in New York City, in Honnold Library of the Claremont Colleges and at the following universities in the United States, all of which have strong Asian Studies programs: Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, Chicago, Stanford, California at Berkeley, Michigan and Washington at Seattle. The New York Times has micropublished this Collection and it has been received with great interest in Canada and the United States. Included with the interview manuscript collection is a written Overview of the Project.
The Collection contains tapes and transcribed interview manuscripts from interviews with forty-four individual Christian workers totaling 3,320 pages.
After studying Greek at McCormick Seminary in 1923 and receiving his B.D., Ady and his wife, Lucy Meloy, departed for Canton, China, sponsored by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. Ady worked as an evangelical missionary and also held executive positions. Between 1923 and 1965, he lived and worked mostly in Yeung Kong, Canton.
In this interview, he gives an account of his experiences in the area. Ady describes the influence of Christianity in a revolutionary period in which the area became more urbanized, secularized, nationalized, and finally, communized. Ady points out political and economic factors at work in this area of China during this period. He discusses in detail the activities and organization he was involved in, including the first session of the Asian Churchwomen's Association in 1958. In addition, Ady discusses his role as a secret agent for the United States with the aim of getting the “Japanese out of China.”
Interviewers: Cyrus Peake, Georgina Irwin and Arthur Rosenbaum.
Allen talks about her experiences as and English and History teacher in Shanghai and at the Boone School in Hankow. She and her husband, Arthur Jones Allen, arrived in China in 1918. In this interview, she recounts the history, organization and student and faculty life at the Boone School. Allen also discusses her husband's career and his role in lifting the Siege of Nanchang. Allen talks about the political turmoil and violence against missionaries and particularly notes the 1938 Japanese looting of the Boone compound in Wuchang. She mentions the changes for missionaries and teachers in China after the communist takeover of schools.
Interviewer: Georgina Irwin.
Dr. Andrews studied at the Washington Foreign Missionary Seminary in Tacoma Park, MD. He received his M.D. from George Washington University in 1916. That same year, he and his wife were sponsored by the Seventh Day Adventist Church to go to Chungking, China. They worked in China until 1932 doing medical work along with evangelism.
In the interview, Andrews notes the importance of missionary work within the Seventh Day Adventist Church. He also emphasizes the involvement of his family and his wife's family in church related work. He recounts the experience of learning Chinese on the boat to China and then Tibetan after his arrival in Tatsienlu in 1919. He notes his prior lack of historical knowledge about the area and gives his observations of religious and cultural practices of the areas he worked in. He also talks about some of the health problems which afflicted the people. He points out that Christianity has had difficulty surviving in Tibet.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Baker was a Methodist minister at the University of Illinois between 1907 and 1928. There, he organized and headed the first Wesley Foundation. He served in Shanghai from 1930 to 1932. Because of this relatively brief stay, he notes that he did not consider himself a true China missionary.
In this interview, Baker comments on overall problems confronting missionaries and the ways in which mission policies govern their relations with the Chinese. He recounts meeting Pearl Buck and echoes her criticism of Chiang Kai-Shek's repressive response toward students. Baker emphasizes Chiang Kai-Shek's failure to meet the needs and demands of the common people. He is critical in the interview of missionaries who sought to overthrow indigenous culture. He notes that missionary work was much more successful when religion was well-rooted in church and community, not simply in spending a great deal on education. He points to Japan and Korea as examples of countries where Christianity survived and grew after World War II. Baker discusses his activities in the world-wide ecumenical movement of the Protestant Church and his role in helping establish the World Council of Churches. He expresses belief that Christianity has a future in China.
Interviewers: Cyrus H. Peake and Georgina Irwin.
Bradshaw studied medicine at the University of Pittsburgh. He and his wife arrived in Lin Ven, Kwangtung in 1928. The American Presbyterian Mission made him superintendent of the Van Norden Hospital. He served there until 1951. He was arrested by the Communists and expelled from the country in 1955.
Bradshaw notes that in college he became interested in becoming a missionary. He recounts his experiences as a physician in China and the chAllenges that the Communists posed to his practice. He talks about the language barrier, his difficulty in finding time to learn languages and what he learned from the Chinese people when he began to recognize their individuality. He also mentions his work establishing a staff training school. Bradshaw emphasizes that his missionary work involved ministering to the suffering rather than preaching. One of the most successful aspects of his work was the vaccination campaign against smallpox. He details the changes in schools with the Communist takeover in 1949 and emphasizes his own experience of adjusting to and respecting another culture.
Interviewers: Georgina F. Irwin and Arthur L Rosenbaum.
Mr. Cranston was ordained in the Methodist ministry in 1920 and left for China that same year. He served in Taionfu from 1921 to 1922, Chengtu from 1922 to 1924 and the west China University from 1926 to 1928. Ultimately, he became the Dean of the School of Religion at the University of Southern California. He articulates the belief that various religions are efforts to get to the same place and that missionaries grapple with universal issues.
Interviewers: Cyrus H. Peake and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Received an M.A. in religious education from the University of Illinois in 1923 and a Ph.D. in philosophy from Boston University in 1930. She arrived in China in 1922, sponsored by the Women's Board of the Methodist Church. She taught in Chengtu from 1922 to 1927. She married Earl Cranston in 1929. Here, Mrs. Cranston is critical of the missionary goal of the twenties. That is, bringing Christianity to the non-Christian world in one generation. She evaluates many strong and weak points of the missionary movement.
Interviewers: Arthur L. Rosenbaum and Georgina Irwin.
Cross studied at Union Theological Seminary and in 1917 was sponsored by the American Board for Foreign Missions to go to China. He did evangelical work near National University, taught Bible classes and led conferences and discussion groups. He worked as the American executive Secretary for the North China Kung Li Hui Council (the organization of Congregational churches, schools and hospitals). He then moved to the Peking- Tungshien area as executive secretary and engaged in rural reconstruction work. Cross describes his experiences and periods of crisis such as famine and Japanese attacks. He particularly praises James Yen, who developed the thousand character system, which made literacy on the basis of spoken language possible. He discusses the development of translations of the Bible, pastor' manual and hymns. He comments on intermarriage and visits by John Dewey and Bernard Russell. He also discusses the role of the missionary in political affairs and the pressures which contributed to the Communist takeover.
Interviewers: Cyrus H. Peake, Arthur L. Rosenbaum, Georgina Irwin and Enid H. Douglass.
Dizney went to China in 1920 as a registered nurse, sponsored by the Congregational Church. Here, she discusses her work there, noting that she was not an evangelist and that, “you could teach Christianity better by example.”
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Faulkner studied at Melbourne Bible Institute and went to China in 1935, working for the China Inland Mission. He discusses organization, policies and activities of the China Inland Mission and talks about what it was like to be a missionary and cultural practices such as footbinding. Faulkner notes that while there were a few schools and hospitals, the emphasis of his missionary work was evangelism. He points out that he worked largely among the lower economic classes and states that the Inland Mission was the first to turn over controls to the Chinese at the time of the Communist revolution. He includes an account of activities and characteristics of Chiang Ching-kuo, the Generalissimo's son.
Interviewers: Cyrus H. Peake and Georgina F. Irwin.
Glenn Fuller arrived in Changli, China in 1921. He was sent by the Methodist Board of Foreign Missions to start a school of business administration. He left China in 1944. During those years, he taught and worked as treasurer of the North China Methodist Mission.
Mr. Fuller discusses his motivations for going to China, his experience learning the language, and what it was like to open a school. He also talks about working as treasurer of the mission and treasurer in Shanghai for the Board of Foreign Missions for the whole of China. He discusses how funds were allocated and missionaries salaries. He also includes his perception of the Chinese culture and of the shift in leadership of the mission to the Chinese.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
This interview supplements the account of Goulter's life in Wilfred Powell's Scattered Seed. Mr. Goulter portrays the disruption in Chinese life in the area of Lu-chou (Hofei) in Anhwei province during the years 1922 to 1951. He tells how the Communists were able to take advantage of the disorder caused by warlords and bandits and the Japanese invasion to drive the nationalists from power. He also discusses his conception of practical Christianity and its applicability in China.
Interviewer: Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Edward Hayes spent most of his time in the province of Fukien. He worked for the Methodist Church and covered two counties which had the most Christians per capita of any Methodist area. He worked as and administrator in church and relief agencies.
In this interview, Mr. Hayes notes the conciliatory role he played with respect to the activities of local coastal pirates. He discusses at length the policies and activities of the communists in his area and his own personal experiences after they took over in 1949.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Egbert Hayes was born in China, the son of missionaries. He recounts his experiences growing up there, the work of his parents, and his own work with the YMCA. He served in various capacities in Nanking, Shanghai, Nanchang and Peking until 1935. In Peking he was the director of religion and social work at the Peking Union Medical College. Mr. Hayes criticizes the refusal of the U.S. Government to recognize Communist China after 1950 and discusses his reasons for becoming a Quaker in later life.
Interviewers: Georgina F. Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.
Alfred Heininger and his wife went to North China in 1917 and worked as missionaries under the Congregational Board until 1927. He returned to China in 1945 and engaged in post-war rehabilitation work until the Communist seizure of power.
In this interview, Mr. Heininger is sympathetic to Chinese nationalism and its demands. He comments on evangelism programs, objectives and operational techniques. He talks extensively of his experiences in China, the attitudes missionaries encountered and the development of the work within the political context. He also analyzes the social structure of China and the importance of the family system there.
Interviewers: Georgenia F. Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.
Dr. Holleman served as a medical missionary in Lung-yen and Amoy, Foochow Province, China between 1919 and 1950. In this interview, he describes his life and work during the war and violence of the Japanese invasion and the Communist takeover.
He is critical if Chiang Kai-shek. He expresses appreciation of the organizational abilities of the Communists and their apparent concern for the welfare of the masses, but opposes Communist ideology. The interview transcript includes a copy of a letter Holleman wrote for his grandchildren, detailing his capture by the Communists in May, 1929.
Interviewers: Georgenia F. Irwin, Cyrus H. Peake and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Lyda Houston was born in China. Her father was a Presbyterian missionary. Ms. Houston worked as a teacher and principal in the Fukien province from 1924 to 1950. She was interned by the Japanese from September 1944 to May 1945. After 1950, she taught in Japan.
This interview includes her account of missionary activities in Fukien province. Houston claims that it was the most Christianized province in China. She explains this and describes her life under Japanese and Communist governments. Houston talks of Chinese customs and Buddhism as well as teaching religious writing and drama.
Interviewers: Georgenia F. Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.
Ethel Hylbert arrived in China in 1920 and held the position of treasurer for Baptist Missions. She tells how mission funds were accounted for and distributed by the Associated Missions Treasury. She also discusses the transfer of mission property to Chinese control. Ms. Hylbert talks about her work among the educated, middle class Chinese people. She contrasts methods of Catholic and Protestant missionaries.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Mr. Ikenberry worked in China for the YMCA between 1922 and 1951. Here, he comments on YMCA policies compared to missions. He discusses policies and activities of various missions operating in Shansi, where he was stationed. He criticizes U.S. policy regarding the communist takeover. He insists that Christianity has had an abiding influence in China, despite Communism.
Interviewer: Georgenia F. Irwin.
Lydia Johnson went to China to work as YWCA secretary in 1926. She worked in Peking and Tientsin on education projects and training YWCA personnel until 1940. From 1940 to 1943, she worked in the Shanghai National YWCA offices. Johnson was interned by the Japanese for nine months in 1943. Here, Ms. Johnson discusses policies and methods of the YWCA aimed at developing leadership among younger Chinese women. She emphasizes that the goal of the YWCA was to improve the lives of factory workers. She discusses awareness within the YWCA of the importance of transferring organizational control to the Chinese. She also talks about the salaries and lifestyles of missionaries.
Interviewer: Cyrus. H. Peake.
Francis Jones was sponsored by the Methodist Church to serve in China as a professor at the University of Nanking and the Nanking Theological Seminary. Here, he notes that the superior English instruction by mission schools allowed them to compete with government schools. He discusses the growth of ecumenism and evaluates church life and mission policies. Dr. Jones also discusses his leadership establishing and editing the Christian Classics Library Translation project.
Interviewers: Georgenia F. Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.
Lucile Jones went to China in 1915, sponsored by the Methodist Church. She wrote letters from China to the Dodgeville Chronicle about her experiences. In this interview, she describes her life as a missionary wife and mother. She discusses her culture shock in going to a rural village and recounts the efforts to provide her family with adequate sanitary conditions and education. She also discusses furlough experiences and her work as a teacher in the mission schools. She includes a detailed account of her evacuation by the U.S. Air Force from China after the war
.Interviewer: Georgenia F. Irwin.
Claude Kellogg worked in China between 1911 and 1941. He taught zoology at Anglo-American College in Foochow and later in Fukien Christian University. He discusses how he was able to combine scientific work with evangelism, noting his efforts to introduce rice seed and silkworm production to Chinese farmers. He recounts talks he gave on crop and livestock improvement which attracted villagers. Theological students traveled with him and gave sermonettes to villagers.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Mary Latimer was born in China and discusses the life and activities of her parents. They were faith missionaries who were unattached to a church or mission board. Latimer taught in Kikungshan School between 1923 and 1927. She discusses Chinese customs and her adjustment to life in America after leaving China. She also talks about her father and hr book entitled An Adventure with God.
Interviewer: Georgenia F. Irwin.
Born and educated in China, Father Loftus arrived in China in 1926 and spent most of nine years in the Han-Yong area. By 1935, he was in charge of all Catholic activities in Chung Hsiang Hsien. He discusses the work of the Catholic clergy in China and their persecution by bandits and communists.
Interviewers: Georgenia F. Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.
Born in Olympia, Washington, James henry McCallum attended The University of Oregon, Yale University, Chicago Divinity School and the Union Theological Seminary. He married Eva Anderson in June 1921 and they went to China in August of that year, sponsored by Christian Church Disciples, United Christian Missionary Society. Reverend McCallum spent the years from 1921 to 1951 in evangelical and community center work. Mrs. McCallum taught music and trained choirs.
Here, Reverend McCallum discusses the transfer of mission control from pioneer missionaries to Chinese Christians and finally to state control, ending in the suppression of institutionalized Christianity in 1951. He also discusses the impact of the Korean War on the expulsion of American missions from China.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Sister Mary McCormick taught elementary school in Ireland for nine years before entering a convent. She discusses conversion and teaching objectives and methods employed by the Catholic Church. She taught Christian doctrine to women and girls in China from 1929 to 1939. She also visited the sick and flood refugees. Her challenges were learning the language and adapting to the culture. Even during the turbulent decade she served in China effective discipline of the girls in the convent was maintained.
Interviewer: Georgenia Irwin, Oral History Program.
Jay Oliver went to China in 1916, studied language in Peking, then worked in Hangchow from 1917 to 1934 for the YMCA. He worked for the Chinese National Government in the salt administration until 1937 and from 1937 to 1943, worked in Shanghai, in finance, education and administration, teaching, training YMCA secretaries and supervising construction. In 1943, he was interned in Chapei Camp for seven months, after which he returned to the U.S. until 1945 when he was appointed General Secretary of the YMCA International Committee and Assistant Secretary for the Chinese National Committee. He left China in 1950.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
The daughter of a pastor in Oberlin, Ohio, Alice Reed earned a BA from Grinnell College in 1913 and a MA from University of Chicago in 1930. She went to China in 1916, studied language and culture in Peking and in 1918 was assigned to the American Board (Congregational) mission station at Techow, Shantung. She remained there for the better part of fourteen years, after which she taught in Tungchow and Szechuan, Sian and Shensi provinces. She served as American Board Mission Secretary in Peking in 1948 and retired in 1960.
In this series of three interviews, Ms. Reed discusses missionary life in China along with political, social, cultural and pedagogical issues she faced. A collection of her letters home from China is also included in the Claremont China Missionaries Collection.
Interviewers: Georgenia Irwin, Cyrus H. Peake, John O. Regan, Assistant Professor of Education, and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Grace Mary Rowley received her BA from Occidental College in 1910. Later that year, she went to China, sponsored by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church. She spent most of thirty-three years at mission stations in Weisien and Yihsien, working as a teacher and principal in girls' schools. She discusses the problems of educating girls in rural China, the Japanese invasion of 1927, and rising student nationalism and communism. She also discusses memories of the Henry W. Luce family whom she met in Weisien.
Interviewers: Georgenia Irwin and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Agnes Kelly was born in Michigan to Quaker parents. She received her BA from Earlham College in 1913 and married Roderick Scott in 1914. The couple went to China in 1916 when Mr. Scott obtained a job with Fukien Christian University.
Mrs. Scott taught mathematics and music at Fukien Christian University from 1916 to 1949. She discusses the nature and role of music in Chinese life and the differences between Chinese and Western music as well as her life during wartime.
Interviewers: Georgenia Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.
Born in Auburn, NY, Roderick Scott received an MA in English and Philosophy from Haverford College in 1907 and earned a Ph.D. in Chinese philosophy from the University of Southern California in 1946. He worked at Fukien Christian University from 1916 to 1951 as a professor of English and philosophy and as Dean for twelve years. A list of Dr. Scott's publications accompanies the transcript of his interview.
In this interview, Dr. Scott discusses the universal philosophical context of the Christian missionary movement. He provides a detailed description of Fukien Christian University and its workings while also describing the administrative problems he encountered as Dean of the University during the years of war and unrest.
Interviewers: Cyrus H. Peake and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Margaret Timberlake earned a BA in philosophy and religion from Earlham College in 1922 and an MA in education from the Teachers College at Columbian University in 1923. Also in 1923, she married Robert Louis Simkin who had been serving as a professor of Religion at West China Union University in Chengtu, China since 1906.
Mrs. Simkin had joined the Society of Friends during the First World War and from 1923 to 1944, she worked as a Quaker missionary in Chengtu. She discusses the work of the American Friends Board of Missions and the Friends Ambulance Unit in China during World War II. She also describes the problems she encountered raising two daughters in China and the political and social events of her years there. Some of her letters accompany the interview.
Interviewers: Georgenia Irwin, Cyrus H. Peake and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Lewis Smythe received his BA from Drake College in 1923 and his Ph.D. in Missions and Christian Theology from the Chicago Divinity School in 1928. He married Margaret Lillian Garrett in 1924. In 1928, the Smythes went to Nanking, sponsored by the United Christian Mission Society. Mr. Smythe served as Professor of Sociology at Nanking University until 1951. He also worked as an advisor to several organizations and wrote several articles and books relating to social change in China. In this interview, he discusses his work and his social theories.
Interviewers: Cyrus H. Peake and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Born to missionary parents in Nanking, Margaret Garrett came to the U.S. in 1918 to attend Drake University. She earned her M.D. from Rush Medical College in Chicago in 1925 and returned to China in 1928 with her husband Lewis Smythe.
Mrs. Smythe worked in the mission hospital in Nanking for the next twenty three years. She had a special interest in tuberculosis patients and recounts her experiences with them. She provides a unique description of the lives of missionary children, both from her own childhood experience and her experiences raising her two daughters in Nanking. Mrs. Smythe also describes the living conditions the family encountered as refugees at West China Christian University from the Japanese invasion between 1938 and 1946.
Interviewers: Georgenia Irwin and Arthur L Rosenbaum.
Born in Ohio to Baptist parents, Louise Hathaway married Charles Alfred Stanley in 1904 and went to China with him as a Congregational Board Missionary. They lived in China until 1941, residing in Tientsin and Shantung provinces. Mrs. Stanley taught English and music.
Charles Stanley's family had a long history of missionary service and Mrs. Stanley thinks this prepared her better for her experience. She describes the development of women's industries in Tientsin under the guidance of mission ladies as well as her experiences and perceptions of the country.
Interviewer: Georginia Irwin.
Miss Rankin arrived in China under the sponsorship of the Presbyterian Mission Board in 1922 and taught in Weisien and Ichowfu, Shantung until 1927 when she returned to the States to complete her graduate studies at Columbia University. She returned to Tientsin in 1929 and served as the head of the Experimental Education Department of Nankin University until the school was destroyed by the Japanese in 1932. At that time, she returned to the U.S. and continued a teaching and writing career. She married Roy Steurt in 1937.
As an intellectual and professional liberal, Miss Rankin found herself in constant rebellion against her predominantly fundamentalist and evangelical associates in China. From this position, she provides a unique description of missionary and educational work in China.
Interviewer: Georgenia Irwin.
Olin Stockwell graduated from Garrett Theological Seminary in 1924, married Esther Bech that same year, and arrived in China in 1929. From 1929to 1941, he engaged in rural evangelistic work in Foochow and Chengtu. He worked at West China Union Theological Seminary from 1942 to 1949. From 1950-'51 he was a prisoner of the communists.
In this interview, Mr. Stockwell describes the methods of attracting potential converts to Christianity and the standards and goals set for converts. He compares the Catholic emphasis on family to the Protestant concentration on the individual.
Interviewer: Georgenia Irwin.
Born in Chicago to English parents, George Tootell earned his MD from the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery in 1912 and a Diploma of Tropical Medicine from Harvard Medical College in 1921. He went to China in 1913, sponsored by the American Presbyterian Church and lived in five cities of Hunan between 1913 and 1949, serving as Director of Medical Work. By responding specifically to general questions in this interview, Dr. Tootell provides valuable details for historians, especially concerning medical conditions and practices.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Born in Maberly, Ontario, Canada, Mr. Toping attended Perth Collegiate Institute in Ontario, New York University and Union Theological Seminary in NY, obtaining his B.D. in 1917. He went to Foochow, China in 1911, supported by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and served there until 1951 as teacher, District Secretary and Associate General Secretary of Middle Fukien Synod of the Church of Christ in China. He describes the cooperative administrative policies of various denominations in Fukien and the roles of women in missionary work.
Interviewer: Cyrus H. Peake.
Katherine Boeye graduated from Nebraska Wesleyan University in 1922 with a major in psychology. She earned an MA from the Teachers College at Columbia University and arrived in China in 1925. From 1928 to 1939, she taught English at girls' high schools in Nanking and Chungking. In 1939, she returned to the U.S.
In 1948, Miss Boeye married Ralph Ansel Ward, the Methodist Bishop of Chekiang, Kiangsu, Anhweit and Kiangsi provinces. The Wards lived in Shanghai until 1950 and from 1951 to 1958 they worked in Hong Kong and Taiwan. From 1960 to 1964, Mrs. Ward worked establishing a school for girls in Taiwan, she lived there until 1967. In her interview, Mrs. Ward discusses the effects of social and political change on the students and faculty in mission schools.
Interviewers: Enid H. Douglass and Cyrus H. Peake.
Born and educated in Washington State, Miss Wiley went to China in 1900 sponsored by the American Congregational Missionary Society. She served for forty-seven years, spending most of her time in Foochow. She began teaching mathematics, but soon switched to Bible studies. Throughout her time in China, she was involved in relief work, evangelism and the education of women.
In this interview, Miss Wiley discusses her contacts with other missionary groups and her impressions of Asian religions. She relates her experience of the Boxer rebellion and the Japanese invasions and describes her relationships with various Chinese people, and with the local government. She also describes her view of her mission in life as it relates to Chinese culture and religion. Appended to Miss Wiley's interview are interviews with Mr. and Mrs. Roderick Scott, friends of hers who share their personal recollections about her.
Interviewers: Georgenia F. Irwin, Cyrus H. Peake and Arthur L. Rosenbaum.
Born in Mons, Belgiun and educated in Jesuit schools, Father Winance earned a Ph.D. in philosophy and theology from the University of Louvain in 1934 and was ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Benedict in 1935. He served in China from 1936 to 1952, as a teacher and a parish priest. In 1950, Fr. Winance was placed on trial. He was imprisoned, subjected to "brainwashing" and was expelled from the country in 1952. While recounting his experiences, Fr. Winance also discusses the role of the Catholic Church in China and its adaptation to Chinese culture.
Interviewers: Enid H. Douglass, Georgenia F. Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.
Miss Fosnot earned a BA from Nebraska Wesleyan College in 1917 and a Ph.D. in Religious Education from Boston University in 1940. She first went to China in 1921, sponsored by the Methodist Church. She was stationed in Chengtu, Szechuan at West China Union University until 1952 where she developed women's education and served as the Dean of Women. In this interview, she discusses the fears she had being responsible for the women and girls at the university during periods of unrest. She also describes her journey from Chengtu to Hong Kong upon being expelled by the government in 1952.
Interviewers: Georgenia F. Irwin and Cyrus H. Peake.