This posting is an annotated bibliography focused broadly on touchscreen and gesture user interfaces, on-line character recognition (a.k.a. dynamic character recognition, a.k.a. pen and touch computing), both hardware and software. It has been a continuing work-in-progress since the 1980s. It includes references on related technical topics I have encountered in my career: for example PDAs/highly-portable computing, cryptographic communications, signature verification, biometric authentication, and digital rights management (DRM). I am posting it as a service to those with interest in the field.

It may also be of special interest to anyone investigating any of the areas of digitizer tablets, touchscreens, character recognition, touch/gesture user interfaces, multi-touch computing, passive and active tactile feedback, touch and proximity sensors, augmented reality, haptics, context-dependent intrepretation of user input, and applications including the same. It covers the time period from approximately 1887 / 1891 (first electronic tablets with "touch" input and a display), through 1914 (first electronic gesture/handwriting-recognition input and user-interface system), to the first handwriting-recognition tablet device connected to a modern electronic computer in 1957 (the "Stylator") and the more famous Rand Tablet (1961), to the present day.

As with any subject, the focus has modulated over the decades, and this bibliography follows these topics both forward in time, and historically back in time. Tablets and touchscreens have evolved into a variety of pointing devices, into PDAs and smart-phones, locating and gesturing sensors with three-dimensional input with six degrees of freedom, and more.

For example, there are no real lines between touch sensing for robotics, touch and contact sensing for user human input, fingerprint sensors, and touch and proximity sensing in general.

Likewise, there are no real lines between haptics for touchscreens, haptics for instrumentation, and biometric feedback. Earlier work on handwriting recognition, with handwritten symbols sometimes used for command input as "gestures", has evolved to be part of a much broader range of gestures, including in-air and 3D gestures.

Command user interfaces have merged with direct manipulation, and then with graphical user interfaces and virtual reality. Authenticating handwritten signatures has evolved to additional forms of dynamic biometrics. Haptic feedback has evolved from "simple" force-feedback to encompass tactile stimulation using electrovibration and sonic shock waves, and perceptual effects of visual and audio signaling. Virtual reality systems seem to have waxed and waned, and waxed again.

It is, indeed, a rich and complicated field, in all its aspects.

• This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1992, 1996, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023.
• Permission is hereby given to link to these pages, or to cite or use this information in publication, including confidential reports, provided notice of the source is given as stated below along with the full URL of this page.
  
  

  Source:	Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition, Pen Computing,
  	Gesture User Interfaces and Tablet and Touch Computers, and related topics
  	Copyright ©Jean Renard Ward

For additional information on Rueters-Ward Services, including my CV for consulting or as an expert witness: URL:   http://www.ruetersward.com.) e-mail: jrward@alum.mit.edu Google Voice: 617-600-4095

References from the approximate years 1987 to 1988.

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• [AEG87] AEG Aktiengesellschaft "Polyform: The Future Data Entry Workstation", product literature, AEG Information Systems, Postfach 2154, D-7750 Konstanz, West Germany, 1987
  AEG's OCR product for typed and handwritten character recognition.
• [AbernethyBL88a] Abernety, Brian L. "Noise-cancelling system for a digitizing tablet", US Patent 4,736,073, April 5, 1988
  Title says "noise", but is about correcting for edge effects on accuracy from "missing" grid lines at edges of electromagnetic/electrostatic digitizing tablet.
• [AbramsMD87a] Abrams, Marshall D. and Jeng, Albert B. "Network Security Protocol Reference Model and the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria", IEEE Network Magazine, Vol 1 No 2, April 1987 pp. 24-33
  Review of applying "trusted system" standards by DoD (Red Book, 1985) to network security. Cites to other on (mathematically-defined) formal security models. Authentication/identification of all network entities, Mandatory access controls based on sensitivity of information, discretionary access control like ACLs, Communications integrity, Service availability, accountability (logging).
• [AdlerR87a] Adler, Robert "Touch control system for use with or having a three-dimensionally curved surface", US Patent 4,642,423, February 10, 1987
  Sonic/acoustic wave digitizer/touchscreen for curved monitors: takes into account great-circle distance across curved plate, sonic transducers only at corners. Several references to Raleigh wave, elastic waves, infrared light-beam touch screens. Uses regular faceplate of monitor.
• [Adobe87a] Adobe "Adobe Illustrator User's Manual Ver. 1.0", Adobe, Inc., Jan 1987
  Includes GUI with graphical elements. Gestures/Pop-up menu or keyboard: Cited in "Issues for location-independent interfaces".
• [AhmedP87a] Ahmed, pervez and Suen, C. Y. "Computer Recognition of Totally Unconstrained Handwritten ZIP Codes", Intl. Jnl of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Vol 1 No 1, 1987
  Static/OCR recognition of handwritten zip codes. Segmentation as separate step before and independent of feature extraction. Primary features are end point direction, holes and enclosed curves. Tates 84% to 98% correction rate, but does not state whether per-character or per-zipcode, or false positive vs. rejects.
• [AhoAV88a] Aho, Alfred V.; Kernighan, Brian W.; and Weinberger, Peter J. "The AWK Programming Language", Addison-Wellesley, 1988
  Reference/tutorial on AWK pattern-matching language. Examples include graph drawing language, assembler/interpreter, infix calculator, recursive-descent parser, document indexing.
• [AlexanderPW88a] Alexander, Peter W. "Capacitive switches", US Patent 4,743,895, May 10, 1988
  Transparent mutual-capacitive touch switches/sensors, with transparent conductive pad on top. Touching pad reduces coupling between two sensors, detected by weaker signal between. Alternatively two pads, resilient/elastomeric material between, pressing moves them closer together for increased capacitance. (Compare Westerman, force/pressure sensing?). Arranged in X/Y array of strips (Compare Rekimoto?). Cites to British touchscreen/touchpad patents with multiple simultaneous touches (multitouch) (compare Kaplow?).
• [Anatex87] Anatex "Personal Writer Product Description", available from Anatex S. A., Xavier Maury, President, 18 Rue Troyen, F-75017 Paris, France, 1987 (see also "Personal Writer")
  Adaptive handwriting recognition product from Anatex, France. In training procedure, if certain characters too similar (e, l, m n), tells user to change writing style. See also PersonalWriter89: company changed name.
• [AndersonPR87a] Anderson, Patrick R. and Winfree, L. Thomas jr. (eds) "Expert Witnesses: Criminologists in the Courtroom", SUNY Press, 1987 (hardcopy book)
  Collection of sociological papers on the experiences and roles of expert witnesses in criminal cases (not directly on the legal aspects of expert witnessing).
• [Apple87a] Apple&nhbsp;Computer, Inc. "Apple Knowledge Navigator (video)", Apple Computer, 1987, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umJsITGzXd0
  Promotional/speculative film from Apple Computer for a "future" hypothetical tablet-like device with voice recognition, active touchscreen. Shows foldable display, video conferencing. Compare with Tognazzini StarFire video?
• [Apple88a] Apple&nhbsp;Computer, Inc. "Macintosh HyperCard Script Language Guide: The HyperTalk Language", Addison-Welsely, 1988
  HyperTalk scripting language for HyperCard object-based application environment. Compare with Visual Basic, PenBasic? Stacks of cards in single application file, handlers for particular messages e.g. for mouse events (mouseDown, mouseUp), hierarchy of processing is object, card, background, stack, Home stack, to HyperCard system. Built-in IDE development environment based on user level.
• [ArnautLY88] Arnaut, Lynn Y. and Greenstein, Joel S. "Human factors considerations in the design and selection for computer input devices", Computer graphics: technology and applications, Academic Press, Boston, 1988 ISBN 0126399700
  touchscreens: capacitive, resistive, crossed-wires, acoustic (using same elements for sound generation and detection): force (pressure), torque, and X/Y values from strain gauges at sides of touchscreen. Shows virtual slide and on/off switches circa 1985 on touchscreen. Touch tablets: elographics with stylus. Cites to Buxton for virtual input devices on a tablet. (virtual keyboards?).
• [AsboEL87a] Asbo, E. L. and Tichenor, H. "Method and Apparatus for Dynamic Signature Verification", US Patent 4,646,351, February 24, 1987
  Signature verification using tip force (a.k.a. pressure), and length and angle of segments. cites to Crane on three-axis force-sensing pen/stylus.
• [AuerCM88a] Auer, Carol M.; Castagno, Daniel L.; Haley, Allen W. Jr.; Moore, Harry H. IV; O'Leary, Sean E.; Paley, Steven J.; and Rutt, Thomas E. "Computer Interface Device", US Patent 4,725,694, February 16, 1988
  Slate-format/tablet-format touchscreen/pen computer with simulated re-configurable keyboards on display, use as wireless remote control. Keyboard/keypad layout, and labeling/function of keys can be changed dynamically. Return key removes virtual keyboard from display. Compare with Linus WriteTop, Kaplow keyboards? See also re-issued patent RE38419.
• [BTG87] British Technology Group "Handwriting encoder and software for automatic signature verification", "Handwriting encoder may provide the access key for future systems users", Report CR 129827, 101 Newington Causeway, London SE1 6BU, 1987
  Combined pen and smart-card in 1987: invented by Colin Hilton, inventor: British Technology Group advisor: Dr. John Parks. Handwriting input/recognition system available for license from England.
• [BachyRitaP87a] Bach-y-Rita, P.; Webster, J.G.; and Tompkins, W.J. "Sensory Substitution for Space Gloves and for Space Robots", Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Proceedings of the Workshop on Space Telerobotics, Volume 2, July 1, 1987. Also NASA Document ID 198900017128 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19890017128
  haptic/tactile sensor substitution of electrotactile (electrical vibration?) stimulation of skin on abdomen to substitute for tactile feel in spacesuit gloves. Cites to brain plasticity for sensory substitution. Compare with substitution of audio vs. haptic feedback?
• [BaggenEA88a] Baggen, Edward A. "A Human Factors Evaluation of Current Touch Entry Technologies", Ph.D. Thesis, Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 1988
  Performance/accuracy effects on touch screens (human factors): parallax, image quality (of overlay not display). Parallax measured differently for conductive film (capacitive?) and infra-red (optical) touchscreens, target size vs. resolution. Noise measured both in frequency and spatial domain. Cites to earlier work on target size on menus.
• [Baird87] Baird, H. S. "Feature Identification for Hybrid Structural/Statistical Pattern Classification", Laboratory report, 24-Feb-1987. Author's address: AT&T Bell Laboratories, 2C-557, Murray Hill, NJ 07974
  Reports on OCR system (with Pavlidis). Training speed "very slow" on a statistical OCR recognition system. Adaptive recognition: including "unrecognizable" characters (too small) aided training on normal size OCR. Adaptive recognition: very large-scale trials necessary to determine actual performance. Statistical recognition: in practice, "hand-crafted" (cognitive/functional) rules will always be needed as well. Good 99%+ OCR results, but only for "excellent quality" input.
• [Baptista88] Baptista, G. and Kulkarni, K. M. "A High Accuracy Algorithm for Recognition of Handwritten Numerals", Pattern Recognition, Vol 21 No 4, 1988, pp 287-291
  Multi-layered system syntactic and deterministic (feature table driven) approach to handwritten OCR numeral recognition based on human visual cortex. Criticizes syntactic character recognition: says it is unwieldy, and cannot be used in a trainable system. Diagram with hierarchy of human visual processing, from cells to brain stem to relations. OCR using noise removal, thinning, internal segmentation (like chain-codes).
• [BeasleyET88a] Beasley, Eugen T. "Interactive Instructional Apparatus and Method", US Patent 4,793,810, December 27, 1988
  Slate/tablet/touchscreen for teaching handwriting by displaying image, user draw/writes, comparison of strokes. Digitizer (touch screen) resistive overlay. Data Entry Systems. Cites to Hewitt Crane. Analog coordinate outputs (voltages).
• [BeckerJA88a] Becker, J.A. and Greenstein, J.S. "Optimizing the Touch Tablet: The Effects of Lead-Lag Compensation and Tablet Size", NOSC Naval Ocean System Center Technical Document 1212, February 1988
  Variable velocity-dependent DC gain (compare: mouse acceleration) implemented as lead-lag compensation to improve touch tablet speed and accuracy: compare with mouse cursor acceleration? (Delay in inking: bad behavior). Broad review of literature on human factors and usability of touchscreens and cursor tablets. Lift-off problems exacerbated with finger touch by rolling of finger tip. Touchscreens: arm fatigue (see: gorilla arm), occlusion (see: fat finger), low accuracy, display drift. Mentions absolute vs. relative pointing modes. References back to 1975 and earlier.
• [BierEA88a] Bier, Eric A. "Snap-Dragging: Interactive Geometric Design in Two and Three Dimensions", UC Berkeley Report UCB/CSD-88-416, May 1988
  Snap to grid vs. heuristic constraints in three dimensions 3-D similar to compass and ruler for pointing and positioning, in technical illustration system. Slope, angle, distance constraints for lines, circles, planes and spheres (alignment object) specified by user.
• [BillingsleyPA88a] Billingsley, Patricia A. "Taking Panes: Issues in the Design of Windowing Systems", Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Elsevier 1988, Chapter 19
  Overview of windowing systems, particularly placement of controls, accessibility to (partially) obscured windows. Section on direct manipulation critical of direct manipulation (touchscreen) user interface, partly on access to cluttered controls at edges of windows, user moving hands off home row of keyboard.
• [Blatt88] Blatt, Louis "Character Recognition and Added Value", internal memorandum, Wang Laboratories, September 27, 1988
  Review of user-interface human-factors ergonomics advantages/disadvantages in a portable handwriting recognition product: just a rehash of Wolf87 on gestures. User interface: ease of learning may be more important than ease of use.
• [BleserTW88a] Bleser, Teresa W.; Sibert, John L. and McGee, J. Patrick "Charcoal Sketching: Returning Control to the Artist", ACM Trans. on Graphic, vol 7 no 1, Jauary 1988, pp. 76..81
  Use stylus angle (X and Y), pressure level to control simulated charcoal brush for drawing with tablet. Commercial COTS GTCO tablet and stylus. Compare to Ken Knowlton at Wang?
• [BlesserB87a] Blesser, B. "Position Indicating Apparatus for Use in a Digitizing Tablet System", US Patent 4,638,119, January 20, 1987
  Pencept digitizer/tablet patent: two-coil pen stylus, side button, force (a.k.a. pressure) transducer.
• [BlesserB87b] Blesser, B.; and Prentice, T. "Digitizing Tablet System", US Patent 4,644,102, February 17, 1987
  Pencept digitizer patent.
• [BoesU87a] Boes, U.; Doster, W.; Fogaroli, G.; Loebl, H.; and Maslin, G. "The Role of Paper in the Automated Office -- ESPRIT Project 295 "The Paper Interface"", ESPRIT '87 Achievements and Impact, Commission of the European Community Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries, and Innovation, pp. 1325..1340
  Essay on physical (scanned) and electronic paper (handwriting recognition on tablet) in an automated office. Graphics recognition (sketch recognition), e.g. very neatly drawn flowcharts. Speculative, few details on possible concrete implementation. See other Wolfgang Doster references.
• [Bokser88a] Bokser, Mindy R. "Pattern Classification Means for Use in a Pattern Recognition System", US Patent 4,773,099, September 20, 1988
  Pattern recognition (for characters) using a set of "ringed zones" in feature space to define boundary space and confidence probability. Contains interesting diagram for a discussion of one character overlapping/invading the feature space boundary of another.
• [BokserMR88b] Bokser, Mindy R. "Means for Resolving Ambiguities in Text Based Upon Character Context", US Patent 4,754,489, June 28, 1988
  Context in character recognition similar to di-grams, tri-grams, n-grams: aggregate probability score of all character matched against a dictionary of words.
• [Booth87] Booth, D. S.; Bryden, M. P.; Cowan, W. B.; Morgan, M. F. and Plante, B. L. "On the Parameters of Human Visual Performance: an Investigation of the Benefits of Antialiasing", Proc. CHI + GI, 1987, pp. 13..19
  Quotes Allen Newell: engineering understanding in user-interfaces and human factors more important than psychological mechanisms: e.g. usefulness of images in a particular task more important than high physical realism (photorealistic image). Particular human-subject study is anti-aliasing of 3D generated images of blocks, for recognition of small icons. Notes that a lower-resolution display may display more information than a higher-resolution display, since motion of icons (e.g. air-traffic control) has visible discrete "clicks" of motion in lower-resolution display.
• [Borland88a] Borland International "SideKick Plus for SideKick Users: The Professional Desktop Manager", Borland International, 1988
  Introduction to features of SideKick Plus over SideKick. Text editor, Time planner/calendar, telephone dialer for DOS desktop. Enhanced version of SideKick. Character-mode windows. Screen dialing: Can search display screen for telephone numbers.
• [Borland88b] Borland International "SideKick Plus: The Professional Desktop Manager -- Owner's Handbook", Borland International, 1988
  User manual/guide for Sidekick Plus desktop PIM personal information manager for DOS. Phonebook database with automatic dialing. Quick-dial dials numbers at cursor position on screen. Phonebook automatically searches screen for phone number: regular Sidekick does this by default. (page 172).
• [BrassRL88] Brass, Robert L.; Glaberson, John; Mason, Richard W.; Santulli, Scott; Roth, G. Thomas; Feero, William M. and Blalaska, Richard K. Jr. "Method and Apparatus for Transforming Digitally Encoded Data into Printed Data Strips", US Patent 4,728,783, March 1, 1988
  Two-dimensional bar code printed with matrix printer, strip data can be arbitrarily long. Contrast to Sekendur patterns?
• [Brault87] Brault, Jean-Jules and Plamondon, Rejean "Handwritten Curve Partitioning Based on Geometric and Sequential Information", Proc. Third Intl. Symp. on Handwriting and Computer Applications, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada, 1987, pp 50-52
  Segmentation of handwriting using local extrema / points of high curvature.
• [BrittsS87] Britts, Stefan "Dialog Management in Interactive Systems: A Comparative Survey", SIGCHI Bulletin, Vol 18 No 3, January 1987, pp 30-42
  Cites to 1986 Ward paper as example that UI / Dialog management systems for user interfaces do not accommodate new types of devices, such as handwriting recognition input.
• [BrocklehurstER88a] Brocklehurst, E. R. and Kenward, P. D. "Preprocessing for Cursive Script Recognition", NPL Report DITC 132/88, 1988
  Cited in FordDM91a.
• [BurgessKL87a] Burgess, Ken L. "Digitizing Method and Apparatus for Compensating Cursor of Stylus Velocity Errors", US Patent 4,686,331, August 11, 1987
  Correction/filter for bowing due to velocity on digitizing tablet using double alternating X and Y measurements. Compare with Carau?
• [ButtSH87a] Butt, Sheldon H. "Multi-layer Circuitry", US Patent 4,682,414, July 28, 1987
  Multi-layer bonding for integrated circuits on dielectric circuit board. Layered conductive circuit patterns, may be bonded on glass (transparent dielectric), ceramics, or high-strength plastic (flexible circuit).
• [Buxton87a] Buxton, W. "Research Frontiers and Unsolved Problems", in Readings in Human-Computer Interaction: a Multidisciplinary Approach, Chapter 14, 1987
  Gesture and character recognition: shorthand gesture user-interface for music.
• [Buxton87b] Buxton, William and Kurtenbach, Gordon "Editing by Contiguous Gesture: A Toy Test Bed", Computer Systems Research Institute, Univ. Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada M5S 1A4, 1987
  Suggested symbols for gesture recognition operations: lasso, angles, directional strokes, single-line cross-out. Combine lasso-drag-"C" gestures in one combined mark. Double lasso for selection with exceptions.
• [CCIT88a] CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee "Draft Recommendation X.509: The Directory-Authentication Framework", CCITT Intl. Telecommunication Union, November 1988
  Draft standard for CAs certification authorities from ITU: includes introduction to RSA public key cryptosystems, definition of PKI certificates.
• [CIC88a] CIC "Handwriter (R) ProFicient (R) AutoCad Enhancer User's Guide / Proficient Series Software Drivers for AutoCad, Synthesis, NC Programmer, etc.", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
  Gesture-like handwriting user interface for office automation and data entry from CIC. Compare with PenCAD offering by PenCept, Ledeen Recognizer.
• [CIC88b] CIC "Handwriter (R) WRITE-ON (R) Series Software Drivers for Microsoft Windows, WordPerfect, Pagemaker, etc.", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
  Gesture-like handwriting forms data entry from CIC. Tap different control areas to shift from upper to lower, etc.
• [CIC88c] CIC "Handwriter (R) Customization tools: FormManager (TM), FormMapper (TM), etc.", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
  Signature verification software from CIC.
• [CIC88d] CIC "Handwriter (R) On-line Dynamic Signature Verification (TM)", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
• [CIC88e] CIC "Handwriter (R) Data Entry System, Layout Design System (TM) Manual Version 1.1, May 1988(TM)", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
  Forms-design package for handwriting, using handwriting: separate writing areas for upper and lower case, numerics, Command templates (on-tablet menus), etc. File includes product description materials: Layout Design System for Customized Computer Application in Handwriter Series.
• [CIC88f] CIC "Handwriter (R) Data Entry System User's Guide(TM)", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
  Shows recognition macros / gestures, special shape for erase (inverted U): features copied from PenPad product.
• [CIC88g] CIC "Handwriter (R) Write-On(TM) Form Manager User's Guide Version 1.0", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
  User guide / installation guide for CIC HandWriter forms application software: shows command and digitizer input areas on tablet for forms-layout design program using HandWriter tablet with handwriting recognition. Field types/context in recognition: check box, date, fixed point, integer alphanumeric, etc. Command-line interface.
• [CIC88h] CIC "Proficient AutoCAD Enhancer", Communication Intelligence Corp., 333 Ravenswood Avenue PN 257, Menlo Park, CA 94025, 1988
  Template for AutoCAD on DOS/PC using handwriting recognition and pre-defined menus on the tablet, external to the application. Compare with Pencept CAD products. Electronics board noted as working with multiple third-party digitizer tablets.
• [CallahanJ88a] Callahan, Jack; Hopkins, Don; Weiser, Mark; and Shneiderman, Ben "An Empirical comparison of Pie vs. Linear Menus", Proc. CHI '88, pp. 95-100
  Pop-up pie menus: permits multiple motions, action is selected on mouse-up / end-of-stroke to confirm correct choice. Other references cite for T-Cube pie-menu unistroke handwriting (recognition) input from Apple. Press-and-hold (press-and-hold-still), pressing and holding with any of three mouse buttons to invoke pop-up menu.
• [CardelliL88a] Cardelli, Luca "Building User Interfaces by Direct Manipulation", Proc. UIST '88, pp. 152-166
  Dialog editor for creating graphical UI user interfaces. Refers to buttons for rotations and reflections of bitmap image being constructed for an icon/cursor.
• [CarrollAB87a] Caroll, Arthur Bruce; Hough, Steward Edward; Hunter, Pual Richard; Carstedt, John Keith; Shaw, Sam Richmond, and Garrett, James Edward "Signal preconditioning for touch entry device", European Patent Application 0239705A1, October 7, 1987
  Optical touchscreen, normalization of output signals (signal strength of optical emitter/detector pairs).
• [Casio87a] Casio "Casio PF-8000 Calculator (IF-8000)", Collection from Pocket Computing Museum, http://cdecas.free.fr/computers/pocket/museum.htm, 2002
  1984 Calculator (this reference says 1987) with touchscreen input, and also zone-based handwriting recognition on a touch-film keyboard/keypad. Same reference includes Kyocera Refalo (1991). Same reference includes Sony Magic Link, General Magic OS. Same reference includes EO Personal Communicator, 1994, PenPoint OS from GO. Same reference includes Simon from IBM 1994: Phone built into a portable computer. Same reference includes Nokia 900 communicator: fax/phone/browser. Casio IF-8000 and PF-8000: same product?
• [Casio87b] Casio "Casio Handhelds Product Information (in Japanese)", http://member.nify.ne.jp/m_sai/museum/pda.html and other sources, fetched 2002
  Information on Nokia and other handhelds: Sharp PA-8500 (1988), Casio PF-8000 with handwriting recognition touchscreen/touchpanel (1984), Casio DK-5000 full keyboard (1990), HP 95LX full keyboard (1991), HP 100 LX, HP 200 LX, IBM Palm Top PC 110 (with touchpanel?) 1996, IBM ChipCard TC-100 credit card format (1995), Sharp PA-M1 (1996), NTT DoCoMo Pocketboard (1998), NEC Mobile Gear MC-P1 (with Pen/GEOS?), Refalo, Casio PB-100, CVB-1000 touchscreen organizer watch, Casio IF-8000 touchscreen organizer with electronic ink on touchscreen, Casio NX-6000 / Planeo PDA, Sharp IQ-9200 with touchscreen PDA/organizer, Casio IT-2000,
• [CaswellNS88b] Caswell, N. S. "Introduction to input devices", Chapter in "Input Devices", Sol Sherr Ed. Academic Press, Boston, 1988 ISBN 0126399700 (electronic book)
  Cited in LCS/Telegraphics case vs. Schumer for input devices like virtual tablets. Section "Digitizers and input tablets" by Thomas E. Davies, Gerard Mathews, and Paul D. Smith. Coordinate transforms for calibration on digitizer tablet. Active surface tablets vs. Touch Screens. Refers to rudimentary touch screen composed of switches. Cites problems / bad behaviors of acoustic, voltage gradient (resistive film), acoustic touch, multilayer matrix-encoded digitizer tablets. Touchpad integrated with keyboard. Comparison of mouse and tablet. see also Sherr 1988: check Barker Engineering Library. multi-touch capable?
• [ChanK88a] Chan, King and Hoeltzel, David A. "A knowledge-based user interface for the interactive design of three-dimensional objects", Artificial Intelligence for Engineering, Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, Cambridge Journals, vol 2 no 1, February 1988, pp 1..16
  3D input for geometric modelling. 3D digitizer input using sonic/audio digitizer transducers (SAC Digitizer) at four corners of tablet working area. Cites to Ward/Phillips 1987 article on digitizer performance for accuracy, but then only talks about hand-positioning accuracy.
• [ChenM88a] Chen, Michel; Mountford, S. Joy; and Sellen, Abigail "A Study in Interactive 3-D Rotation Using 2-D Control Devices", ACM Computer Graphics, vol 22 no 4, August, 1988, pp. 121..129
  Comparison of user interface techniques for 3D/6DOF input on 2D input controller (mouse, tablet) using virtual controllers (virtual devices). Three virtual sliders X/Y/Z, Virtual sphere (mouse button to change mode: movement around circle rotates), menu to select axis to be changed. Virtual sphere generally preferred of these.
• [ChiaoYueh88] Chiao-Yueh, Lin "Method and Means for Automatically Coding and Inputting Chinese Characters in Digital Computers", US Patent 4,758,979, July 19, 1988
  Kanji/Chinese character recognition using a special digitizer stylus. Gesture-like handwriting user interface for AutoCad from CIC, records directions and lengths of strokes as numeric codes, indexed to Chinese/Kanji characters.
• [Chips88a] Chips and Technologies Inc. "82C455 VGA Flat Panel / CRT Controller Data Sheet (preliminary)", Chips and Technologies, 1988
  Flat panel/LCD controller used in Wang "The Guide" pen/tablet computer. Masking of writes to selected display bitplanes. Grayscale/color lookup tables.
• [Chips88b] Chips and Technologies Inc. "82C455 VGA Flat Panel / CRT VGA Controller", Chips and Technologies, 1988
  Flat panel/LCD controller used in Wang "The Guide" pen/tablet computer. Masking of writes to selected display bitplanes. "SmartMap" Grayscale/color lookup tables. Sleep modes for power management.
• [ChlumskyL88a] Chlumsky, Lubomir; Hellinger, Leopold; and Kauer, Christian "Tactile Braille or Graphic display", US Patent 4,772,205, September 20, 1988
  Braille tactile display mechanism using small metal balls held up in holes by springs.
• [ChristensenCS87a] Christensen, Carol S. "Attachment of lines to objects in interactive draw graphics", US Patent 4,663,616, May 5, 1987
  (Inventor name also HimelsteinCS). Rubber-banding of lines in graphical user interface: ends (or selected mid-points) of lines can be "sticky" to attach to a graphical object, then follow the object. Cites to rubber-banding in Sliwkoski/Telesis.
• [ClarkWA87] Clark, Wesley A. "The LINC was early and small", History of Medical Informatics: Proc. ACM Conf. History of medical informatics, Bathesda Maryland, 1987, pp. 51-73
  Also available at www.digibarn.com: Description of LINC "personal" laboratory computer with DEC-Tape/LINC-tape. Graphical input for cursor crosshairs (without a mouse) using analog knobs on A/D converter module. Citations to TX-O and TX-2 computers (which ran Spacewar and Sketchpad).
• [ClarkWJ87a] Clark, W. J. "MIAC - ESPRIT Project 1057 for Multipoint Interactive Audiovisual Communication", ESPRIT '87 Achievements and Impact, Commission of the European Community Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries, and Innovation, pp. 1149..1160
  Video conferencing system, pre-Internet. Includes telewriter remote whiteboard/electronic blackboard. Telewriter described as tablet with attached pen, some number of soft keys. Switches to writing mode on proximity of stylus/pen. Proximity cursor (?) can be used as marker for human gesturing.
• [CohenDM88a] Cohen, Donald M. "Multiple site fiber optic pressure transducer", US Patent 4,735,212, April 5, 1988
  Single long optical fiber with pressure/force transducers along length, each transducer modified different wavelength of light. Application is medical vascular sensing. Compare with optical-fiber and pressure/force transducer multi-touch sensors for touchpads?
• [ComerfordLD87a] Comerford, Liam "Proof of Concept Models: Seeing Eye Mouse", http://liamcomerford.com/alphamodels3.html, fetched 2016
  Web posting by Liam Comerford Seeing Eye Mouse: mouse with single-cell braille display under fingertip for reading a (text) screen. Limitation was that Braille users must scan finger across cell to read. Refers to mouse gestures for swipe/scroll.
• [ComerfordLD88a] Comerford, Liam David and White, Steve Richard "Manipulating Rights-To-Execute in connection with a software copy protection mechanism", European Patent Application EP 0268139A3, May 25, 1988
  Same as US Patent 5,109,413. DRM/licencing control for software: conditioned on number of executions, period of time, backup of software license encrypted.
• [ComerfordLD88b] Comerford, Liam "Proof of Concept Models: A Basic Yorktown Security System (ABYSS)", http://liamcomerford.com/alphamodels3.html, fetched 2016
  Web posting by Liam Comerford on origin of (physically) secure systems for DRM digital rights management (epoxy encapsulation, etc.). Encapsulated/tamper-proof hardware single-use hardware token, key management. Project not supported by management.
• [Compucon87] Compucon Services Corporation "letter from Bruce D. Holenstein to Jean Renard Ward", 83 Main Street, Newton, New Jersey 07860, June 23, 1987
  Letter from Compucon looking for somebody to buy their character recognition software: does OCR only: they don't admit it doesn't do handwriting.
• [Cooper88] Cooper, Leon N.; Elbaum, Charles; Reilly, Douglas L. and Scofield, Christopher L. "Parallel, Multi-Unit, Adaptive, Nonlinear Pattern Class Separator and Identifier", US Patent 4,760,604, July 26, 1988
  Sort of a neural-net recognizer for patterns not linearly recognizable.
• [CraneHD88a] Crane, Hewitt D. and Ostrem, John S. "Process and Apparatus Involving Pattern Recognition", US Patent 4,718,102, January 5, 1988
  Loosely-worded patent on a first pass recognition for handwriting (Kanji) that intentionally leaves in ambiguous categories (initial classification), then a second pass for disambiguation. Describes basic strokes, then a word/stroke dictionary for Kanji/Chinese recognition. Contains review of commercial work in Kanji/Chinese recognition. Cited for Unistroke.
• [CrosslandWA88a] Crossland, William A.; Peters, Jack R.; Smith, Harry J.; and Astorino, Frank "Data processing terminal having support module and portable display module for liquid crystal display", US Patent 4,720,781, January 19, 1988
  Flip up flat-panel/LCD display module with touchscreen / touch-sensitive overlay panel, similar to clamshell, for desktop terminal. Can be removed to be portable tablet computer. Mentions sleep mode in activity, wake up to receive data from an entry device.
• [CullumHG88a] Cullum, Hoem Gideon "Symbol displaying apparatus", UK Patent Application GB2183023A, January 27, 1988
  Handwriting recognition on touchscreen tablet, but described as means for determining path of a writing implement on a surface above the display, recognition of symbol or character replaced by a formalised image. Also mentions control character (gestures) for editing text: rub-out, circle selections, rubout with continuation line to erase text, 90-degree rotate curve.
• [DataEntry88] Data Entry Systems "Scriptwriter product information", 1988: see ScriptWriter
• [DataSystems87a] DataSystems UK Ltd "The PAD", DataSystems UK Ltd, 35 Holly Avenue, Breaston Derbyshire DE7 3BG, United Kingdom, 1987
  AC plasma display integrated with high resolution transparent digitizer: digitizer type not stated. VME bus, 68000 tablet processor controller, 200 points/second, 0.001-inch nominal resolution. See also National Physical Laboratory.
• [DaviesTF88] Davies, Thomas F.; Matthews, H. Gerard and Smith, Paul D. "Digitizers and input tablets", "Input Devices", Sol Sherr Ed. Academic Press, Boston, 1988 ISBN 0126399700, Chapter 4 (electronic book) (hardcopy book)
  (See also Sherr 1988). Cited in LCS/Telegraphics case vs. Schumer for input devices like virtual tablets.
• [DayBW88a] Day, Benjamin W. Jr.; Gillon, Alexander C. and LeConte, Raoul A. "Touch Screen Form Entry System", US Patent 4,763,356, August 9, 1988
  User-Interface Form input with pen stylus, field highlighted as they are selected, also pops up appropriate GUI tool for that field: pop-up graphical/virtual keyboard, date pad, numeric pad, calculator, electronic ink drawing/writing field. No handwriting character recognition?
• [DeBruyneP88a] de Bruyne, Peter "Apparatus for determining the position of a movable object", US Patent 4,759,691, July 19, 1988
  Sonic digitizer tablet: ultrasonic shock wave. Two fixed ultrasound transmitters, microphone/transducer/receiver in stylus.
• [DenlingerMB88a] Denlinger, Michael B. "Ambient-light-responsive touch screen data input method and system", US Patent 4,782,328, November 1, 1988
  Optical touchscreen like IR touchscreens using light beams across top surface of glass, but uses ambient light. Notes that the rectangular sensing area can be any space, such as in the air. Complains about parallax errors in other touchscreens because contact surface at front of glass is above the actual display surface below. (But what about here?).
• [DhawanSK87a] Dhawan, Satish K. "Electrostatic Pattern-Coupled Digitizer", US Patent 4,705,919, November 10, 1987
  Charge-ratio electrostatic tablet digitizer.
• [DiederichJ87a] Diederich, Jim and Milton, Jack "Experimental Prototyping in Smalltalk", IEEE Software, May 1987, pp. 50-64
  Smalltalk IDE development environment: modeless development (rapid turnaround on code/execute, in this case via interpreter) speeds up development, object-based programming with strict encapsulation tends to make code messes be a high levels of abstraction, not low. Pluggable views, similar to MacApp IDE.
• [DieulesaintE87a] Dieulesaint, E.; Royer, D.; Chaabi, A.; and Formery, B. "Lamb wave graphic tablet", Electronics Letters, vol 23 no 19, September 10, 1987, pp. 982..984
  Acoustic tablet/touchscreen measuring propagation time from piezoelectric ceramic transducers at sides of tablet to sensor in stylus. Rayleigh/Lamb waves confined entirely within tablet (transparent glass).
• [Digitalk88] Digitalk Inc. "Smalltalk/V 286 Tutorial and Programming Handbook", Digitalk Inc., Los Angeles California, 1988
  Introduction to Smalltalk language and environment. (Electronic file).
• [Dilella87] Dilella, Antonio "Method and Apparatus for Isolating Image Data for Character Recognition", US Patent 4,680,803, July 14, 1987
  Separates hand-written characters on checks prior to recognition: segmentation by looking at joins, feedback from recognizer.
• [Doran88] Doran, David "Trackballs and joysticks", Appears in Computer graphics: technology and applications, Academic Press, Boston, 1988 ISBN 0126399700
  Overview of pointing devices, not just trackballs and joysticks. Force/displacement joysticks (may be combined): Mouce, light pen, "page digitizer" (tablet), touch screens, touch pads, voice control. Three-axis joystick with trigger hand-grip: mechanical design to avoid backlash/slop/looseness. Torsion/twist joystick with collar, force sensitive. Cited in LCS/Telegraphics case vs. Schumer for input devices like virtual tablets.
• [DowlingRF88a] Dowling, Robert F. and Knowlton, Keith L. "Fingerprint Acquisition System with a Fiber Optic Block", US Patent 4,785,171, November 15, 1988
  Fiber-optic block for sensing fingerprints for user authentication. User places finger at one end (slanted cut) of fiber optic block, image read at other end by camera. Compare to FTIR tablets?
• [DruinA88a] Druin, Allison "NOOBIE: the animal design playstation", ACM SIGCHI Bulletin, Vol 20 No 1, July 1988, pp. 45-53
  Large stuffed animal designed to interact with children, respond to physical squeezes and touches with sounds. Mostly a study of making machines interactive: compare with later work on animated faces and teddy bears at MIT.
• [DunkleyRA88a] Dunkley, Rowland A. and Pugsley, Peter C. "Sign Verification", US Patent 4,752,965, June 21, 1988
  Signature pad: Portable signature verification system using a force/pressure-sensitive pad/tablet.
• [EllingstadVS88a] Ellingstad, V.S.; Parng, A.; Gehlen, J.R.; Swierenga, S.J.; and Auflick, J. "An Evaluation of the Touch Tablet as a Command and Control Input Devices", Technical Document 1213, ADA198230, Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, CA, February 1988
  Evaluation of touch tablet for pointing/selection tasks. Cites to Foley/Wallace classification of Pick, Locator, Valuator, and Button devices. Touchpad in both absolute and relative modes, simulated (virtual) keyboard. Cites to chord keyboards. For touchscreen vs. tablet refers to on-display and off-display touch input devices. Mentions contact-bounce when lifting stylus creating extra input (bad behavior): cites to Gomez for activate-on-lift position errors "as subjects lifted their fingers from the tablet in other than a vertical direction". Combine transparent finger touch tablet (i.e. touchpad) with display for touchscreen or LMDS lightweight modular display system.
• [EllisJH87a] Ellis, J.H. "The Story of Non-secret Encryption", http://www.cesg.gov.uk/ellisdox.ps, 1987
  Historical report on development of PKI (PKC: public-key cryptography) prior to report in open literature by Diffie-Hellman in 1976. Predecessor to RSA algorithm was already developed by Clifford Cocks. See Ellis 1970 reference.
• [Ellozy88a] Ellozy, H. A. et al "The paper-like interface (video)", IBM internal video shown in office lobby circa 1989: web links in paper file
  Description of paper-like interface PLI projects at IBM: see refs. Video also shown at CHI89.
• [EtheringtonHJC87a] Etherington, H. J. C.; Joslin, P. C. and Dunkley, R. A. G. "Sign Verification", US Patent 4,680,801, July 14, 1987
  OCR/Optical signature verification. Refers to distance metric for "prerecorded features".
• [EvansJW88a] Evans, John W. "Capacitance-variation-sensitive touch sensing array system", US Patent 4,733,222, March 22, 1988
  Capacitive grid touchscreen using diamond shapes on electrodes, separate determination at each node. Shows alternative spiral patterns instead of X/Y grid. Used for touch-sensitive keyboard, may also be used for touch sensing, or finger in "close proximity". Interpolation of multiple readings to get better position. Refers to transparent conductive material for grid so that touchscreen may overlay a CRT display. Conductor traces on opposite sides of board to avoid cross-over. Individual touch areas / simultaneous touches: multi-touch capable? Notes that baseline correction can correct for non-conductive papers, books, etc. on top of touchpad surface. Compensation for baseline drift by tracking capacitive sensor values when no touch detected.
• [FeldmanJA88a] Feldman, Jerome A.; Fanty, Mark A.; Goddard, Nigel H. and Lynne, Kenton J. "Computing with Structured Connectionist Networks", CACM, Vol 31 No 2, February 1988, pp 170-187
  Overview article on neural networks: asserts merging connectionist/relaxation/adaptation AI/pattern-recognition with algorithms+data structures/inference/representation would be good, but it's just speculation.
• [FillimanMD87a] Filliman, Mark D. and Granzow, Robert H. "Personal Identification Method and Apparatus", US Patent 4,656,662, April 7, 1987
  Signature verification (of any means) using a lightpen and a display. Discusses producing a one-time carbon printed copy of the signature and later tracing on the CRT with the light pen. Producing finer / higher resolution position data by averaging coarse positioning: trade-off -f noise bad behavior for sampling rate? Compare with Ward article on digitizer technology?
• [FordDM87a] Ford, D. M.; Higgins, C. A.; Brocklehurst, E. R. "The Electronic Paper Project", Proc. 3 Int'l Symp. on Handwriting and Computer Applications, Montreal 1987, pp. 194-196
  Report on paper-like interface / Electronic Paper project PAD. Free-hand editing using proofreader's marks gestures by BSI standard BS5261(1976).
• [Fox87] Fox, A. S. and Tappert, A. S. "On-line External Word Segmentation for Handwriting Recognition", unpublished manuscript, authors' address: Computer Sciences Department, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, PO Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, 1987
  Asserts external segmentation (separate from recognition) is faster, more interactive. Cites 0.5% segmentation error, but with six very careful writers. Cites that sophisticated segmentation can be done using extra information from having boxes. Asserts delayed strokes (t, i crossings and dots) always done at end of each word.
• [Fox88a] Fox, A. S.; Greanias, E. C.; Kim, J.; and Tappert, C. C. "System for Automatic Adjustment and Editing of Handwritten Text Image", US Patent 4,727,588, February 23, 1988
  Scribble-editor: gesture recognition? user interface for text-editing/word-processing of handwritten annotation electronic ink. Automatic editing and adjustment system for handwritten text images using processing algorithm to identify groups and to smooth random fluctuations in handwritten information.
• [Fox88b] Fox, A. S.; Kim, J. and Tappert, C. C. "Reco machine interfaces", IBM Res. Rpt. RC14053, September 1988
  from Tappert89, describing IBM's handwriting recognition.
• [FukuiM87a] Fukui, Minoru and Kataoka, Naoki "Deformation sensitive electroconductive knitted or woven fabric and deformation sensitive electroconductive device comprising the same", US Patent 4,715,235, December 29, 1987
  Conductive yarn/fabric, used for touch/tactile sensors in robotics, etc. to sense force/deformation/flexing. Resistance changes with stretching or pressure/force, more durable than elastomer with electroconductive fillers (conductive rubber).
• [Fukunaga87] Fukunaga, Y.; Kuzunuki, S.; Shojima, H.; Yokoyama, T.; Koga, K.; Hirasawa, K. and Kawada, S. "Apparatus for Recognizing and Displaying Handwritten Characters and Figures", US Patent 4,641,354, February 3, 1987
  User-interface: ink erasure for electronic ink and handwriting recognition. Electronic ink where handwritten strokes are erased automatically as the strokes for a character are recognized and the ASCII result is displayed instead. Compare with Wang Guide, Pencept, CIC Handwriter, Sutherland?
• [FulksRG87a] Fulks, Robert G. and Hager, Robert J. "Method and apparatus for sensing activity for a keyboard and the like", US Patent 4,649,784, March 17, 1987
  Force/pressure sensing for (musical/piano) keys of keyboard, using force/pressure sensitive ink layer to measure force.
• [FurukawaM88a] Furukawa, Mikio; Tahara, Kazatoki; and Kunishi, Yosuke "Touch-operated See-through Coordinate Input Unit", US Patent 4,725,696, February 16, 1988
  Resistive-film transparent digitizer using grid of conductors between spacer dots: multiple wires between dots for relable operation. Electroconductive ink or paint, or thin wires of metal.
• [GallantSI88a] Gallant, Stephen I. "Connectionist Expert Systems", CACM, Vol 31 No 2, February 1988, pp 152-169
  Connectionist / neural network overview. Chinese input system using bar-coded "digitizer" and radical identification. Chinese input with over 6000 characters (not Kanji/Japanese).
• [GerbEletronik87a] Gerb Elektronik "CHI-EASY Product Description", (in German and Chinese), Gerb Elektronik Berlin, Roedernallee 174-176, 1000 Berlin 51, West Germany, 1987
  Product information shown in Ward 1992 "History" video at about 20:40. Tablet consist of barcode reader pen/stylus over a special barcode pattern. Compare with Anoto?
• [GibsonWA87a] Gibson, William A. and Talmage, John E. "Electrographic Touch Sensor and Method of Reducing Bowed Equipotential Fields Therein", US Patent 4,661,655, April 28, 1987
  Reduce bowing/pincushion distortion on resistive sheet digitizer/touchscreen by adding conductive electrodes in specific patterns at the edges, connected to voltage divider linear network of resistors. Alternative to spacer dots include air gaps, grid, insulating lines.
• [GibsonWA87b] Gibson, William A. and Talmage, John E. jr. "Fabric touch sensor and method of manufacture", US Patent 4,659,873, April 21, 1987
  patterned woven mesh/fabric as resistive/conductive layer in flexible resistive touchscreen with spacer dots. Prevent moire-type patterns by orienting threads at oblique angles. Can be adapted to contoured/cured object or surface.
• [GiuseD88a] Giuse, Dario "LISP as a Rapid Prototyping Environment: The Chinese Tutor", Lisp and Symbolic Computation, Vol 1, 1988, pp. 165-184
  Lisp as rapid-prototyping language and UIMS for user interfaces.
• [GoodmanD88a] Goodman, Danny "The Complete HyperCard Handbook, Second Edition", Bantam Books, 1988
  HyperCard reference and tutorial: browser for forms and information connected by hyperlinks (within the set of hypercard stacks), scripts/calculations associated.
• [GoodmanD88b] Goodman, Danny "Danny Goodman's HyperCard Developer's Guide, version 1.2", Bantam Books, 1988
  HyperCard reference and tutorial: browser for forms and information connected by hyperlinks (within the set of hypercard stacks), scripts/calculations associated. mouseUp and mouseDown actions: polls for mouse position, not an event when mouse moves.
• [Goshtasby88] Goshtasby, A. and Ehrich, Roger W. "Contextual Word Recognition Using Probabilistic Relaxation Labeling", Pattern Recognition, Vol 21 No 5, 1988, pp 455-462
  Spelling context correction after recognition: does not use confidence figure from recognition about how good a character is, or what else came close. Post-processing spelling context correction: examples show incorrect correction. Spelling context correction using probabilities of letter pairs. Describes relaxation process for spelling context correction by factoring in the merit figure for each character's % confidence level.
• [GouldJD87a] Gould, J. D. and Salaun, J. "Behavioral Experiments on Handmarkings", Proc. CHI+GI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface, Toronto, April 5-9, 1987, pp 175-181
  IBM study of what gestures/symbols are most "natural" for user interfaces for editing drawing and text: data captured using Macintizer tablet, but no recognition of gestures by computer in system. Pigtail and "X" gestures for delete gestures, circle and arrow gestures for highlighting, arrow gesture for move, lasso gesture for select, etc.
• [GouldJD87b] Gould, J. D. and Salaun, J. "Behavioral Experiments on Handmarkings", ACM Trans. Office Information Systems, Vol 5 No 4, October 1987, pp 358-377
  Sloppy IBM study of what gestures/symbols are most "natural" for user interfaces. User interface / gesture recognition: "natural" symbols are circles for groupings, arrows for operators and target position. User interface / gesture recognition: design of the actual user interface will actually determine whether gesture symbols are useful, not the use of gestures per se. "natural" user-interface study of gesture symbols for text editing / word processing, picture editing.
• [GouldJD87c] Gould, J. D.; Alfaro, L.; Finn, R.; Haupt, B.; Minuto, A. and Salaun, J. "Why reading was slower from CRT displays than from paper", Proc. 1987 CHI+GI Conf.: Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1987
  Graphic user-interface hardware: what makes a display easy to read.
• [Goy88] Goy, Carl "Mice", Computer graphics: technology and applications, Academic Press, Boston, 1988 ISBN 0126399700
  Cited in LCS/Telegraphics case vs. Schumer for input devices like virtual tablets.
• [GrabnerG88a] Gräbner, Günther and Stephani, Dietrich "Touch Selection Pad and Method of Manufacture", US Patent 4,731,694, March 15, 1988
  capacitive matrix/grid tactile sensor, capacitance at grid intersections along with conductive rubber variable resistor. (multi-touch? refers to "true touches").
• [Graphonomics87] International Graphonomics Society "Membership directory", March 1987, c/o Department of Experimental Psychology, Univ. Nijmegen, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  Index of researchers in handwriting analysis, signature verification, and character recognition.
• [Greanias87] Greanias, Evon C.; Guarnieri, C. Richard; Seeland Jr., John J.; Verrier, Guy F. and Donaldson, Robert L. "Combined finger touch and stylus detection system", US Patent 4,686,332, August 11, 1987
  Integrated transparent tablet/display for data processing. Flexible film to fit on curved CRT display. Stylus detection capacitive digitizer and finger touch touchpad in one device, integrated with a display. Capacitive(?) grid. Not clear that it can sense multiple simultaneous finger touch points (multi-touch), but can sense stylus and finger input simultaneously. Compare with Scriptel. Touch detected by strength of signal: 919 patent says this sometimes gave false touches due to variation in signal between grid lines. Bimanual/multi-touch. flexible ITO on flexible film, whole thing is transparent. Multiple layer pattern?
• [GreaniasEC88a] Greanias, E. C.; Schroeder, K. F. and Ruffino, L. V. "Minimum parallax stylus detection", US Patent 4,764,885, August 16, 1988
  Parallax error minimalization for display device / tablet digitizer - enables operator to focus attention on displayed location of cursor instead of stylus location. Emphasizes display of tracking cursor to remediate problems from parallax displacement of reported position from physical position of stylus.
• [GreensteinJS88a] Greenstein, Joel S. and Arnaut, Luynn Y. "Input Devices", Chapter 22, Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Elsevier, 1988
  Overview of pointing/locator input devices in user interfaces: touch screen, light pen, graphic tablets, mouse, trackball, joystick. Says target selection fastest on direct-touch lightpen and touchscreen, but not clear how proximity may have been used. Relative performance subjective, context of particular experiment. Mentions data glove and hand tracking for 3D input and gestures. Capacitive, cross-wire (conductive), acoustic, infra-red touchscreens. Averaging/smoothing to improve accuracy, but does not mention interpolation to increase resolution. Slider virtual buttons. Tablets: capacitive, electromagnetic, acoustic, resistive/conductive: touch tablet also acoustic. Absolute and relative cursor control modes for pointing, velocity gain. Force/pressure sensing tablet.
• [GreensteinJS88b] Greenstein, Joel S. and Muto, William H. "Keyboards", Computer graphics: technology and applications, Academic Press, Boston, 1988 ISBN 0126399700
  Virtual (?) keyboards. Republished in Sherr 1988 (see) Cited in LCS/Telegraphics case vs. Schumer for input devices like virtual tablets.
• [GrishamMG88a] Grisham, Michael G. "Thumb-controlled hand-held joystick", US Patent 4,739,128, April 19, 1988
  Small joystick (thumb-stick) "manipulandum" on hand-held (pistol-grip?) controller. Joystick can also be pressed down as a button function. Push down is against resilient springs (opposing force feedback).
• [GundersenSC88a] Gundersen, Steven C. "Measure of Distinguishability for Signature Verification", US Patent 4,736,445, April 5, 1988
  Signature verification where the most reliable criteria are applied first, then the less reliable criteria or similarity score. Uses X/Y acceleration and pressure/force. Several references to Hurst, cites to Chainer for segmentation.
• [GundersenSC88b] Gundersen, Steven C. and Worthington, Thomas K. "Signature Verification Algorithm", US Patent 4,789,934, December 6, 1988
  Signature verification using spatial domain, then successively acceleration in frequency domain and force/pressure profile for a coherence score.
• [GurtlerRW88a] Gurtler, Richard W. "Electronic Notepad", US Patent 4,785,564, November 22, 1988
  Notepad touchscreen, two-layer cross grids of conductors pushed into contact by stylus (finger?) on top surface of display. Refactive-index matching fluid between layers (e.g. distilled water). Alternatively light pen generates light, picked up by photo-diode array in LCD display. Connectors are elastomeric (flexible).
• [HallAD88a] Hall, Anthony D.; Cunningham, James B.; Roache, Richard P. and Cox, Julie W. "Factors Affecting Performance Using Touch-entry Systems: Tactual Recognition Fields and System Accuracy", Jnl. Applied Psychology, Vol 73 No 4, 1988, pp 711-720
  Study of minimal acceptable optical parallax, angle (standing/sitting, vertical/horizontal touchscreen), size of target on touchscreens/electronic-ink tablet: how much to offset the cursor affects usability. Bigger targets are easier to target. Cites to parallax problems on touchscreens.
• [HallAD88b] Hall, A. D.; Cunningham, J. B.; Roache, R. P. and Cox, J. W. "Factors affecting performance using touch-entry systems: tactual recognition fields and resolution characteristics", Tech. Rpt. No TR-29.0787, IBM Corp., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1988
  Same other Hall publication: Cited in Beringer89 for integrated tablet/display hardware for user-interface?
• [Hamel88] Hamel, K. "NoteWriter computer software", Computer Software, Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 1988-1994
  Cited by Brown in 1998: unistroke music notation handwriting recognition system. See also NoteWriter, NotAbility.
• [HasegawaK88a] Hasegawa, Kazuo "Photoelectric touch panel having reflector and transparent photoconductive plate", US Patent 4,737,626, April 12, 1988
  Optical touch panel using IR LED emitters and sensors. All components/electronics on one side, with reflector on opposite side, so that electronics only need to be on two sides of the touch panel.
• [HelanderM88a] Helander, Martin et al, Eds. "Systems Design for Automated Speech Recognition", Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Elsevier 1988, Chapter 14
  ASR (automated speech recognition) as of 1988: focus on limited vocabulary systems / 30 words at each syntax node, discrete speech. Short mention of voice input combined with graphical input (GUI).
• [HellmanME87a] Hellman, Martin E. "Software Distribution System", US Patent 4,658,093, April 14, 1987
  DRM: One-time-use enabling codes for software. Can authorize number of times to use before needing new license authorization. Requires private key on each device for non-transferability. License/DRM optionally locked to configuration/fingerprint of system. Compare with ContentGuard?
• [HelselM88a] Helsel, Mark; Zemel, Jay N.; and Dominko, Vladimir "An Impedance Tomographic Tactile Sensor", IEEE Sensors and Actuators, vol 14, 1988, pp. 93..98
  One-dimensional (linear strip) tactile touch sensor. Flexible membrane cover (latex rubber) over conductive/resistive liquid (ethylene glycol) and linear array of electrodes. Prototype for two-dimensional tactile sensor: compare with Zemel tomographic patent?
• [HernandezI87b] Hernandez, Irene H.; Himelstein, Carol S. and Wang, John S. "Method of Editing Graphic Objects in an Interactive Draw Graphic System Using Implicit Editing Actions", US Patent 4,686,522, August 11, 1987
  Modal user-interface on graphics drawing/editing: one button to pull up a menu, a second button to select mode: mode of action persists until stopped. User-interface: editing in handwriting/graphics is to modify (several steps in a row), not correct (one step) as in text editing.
• [HerotCF87a] Herot, Christopher F. and Weinzapfel, Guy "One-Point Touch Input of Vector Information for Computer Displays", Proc. SIGGRAPH '78: 5th Annual Conf. on Comp. Graphics and Interactive Techniques, August 1978, pp. 210..216
  Force/torque/pressure-sensing tablet/touchscreen using friction of finger for lateral force. Refers to tablet/touchscreen as touch-sensitive digitizer. Piezo-electric force sensors on two edges of glass surface. Vector input with one touch: base of vector is touch point, length and direction according to lateral force. Notes that users expect finger to rotate as finger is rotated, rather than actual direction of lateral force.
• [Herrndobler87] Herrndobler, I. and Machalitzky, C. "Schreiben mit Uli: Schreiblehrgang", Paul List Verlag, Munich, West Germany, 1987
  German handwriting textbook to show national variation in handwriting styles (for script).
• [HigginsCA88a] Higgins, Colin Anthony; Leedham, Graham; and Duckworth Roger James "Machine editing of free-hand work", UK Patent Application GB2199169A, June 29, 1988
  Integrated transparent touchscreen panel (transparent position-sensing membrane) and flat LCD display, with menu-driven user interface for handwriting/text recognition and sketch recognition/editing.
• [HillRD87a] Hill, Ralph D. "Supporting concurrency, Communication, and Synchronization in human-computer interaction - The Sassafras UIMS", ACM Trans. on Graphics Vol 5 No 3, July 1986, pp. 178-210
  UIMS user-interface development system: not single-input stream or single application focus, instead Local Event Broadcast Method LEBM and Event-Response Language ERL for defining UI for multiple input devices, which may also be used for distinct tasks. Simultaneous use of mouse and touch-sensitive tablet for two-handed paint. Bimanual/multi-touch for two pointers?
• [HimelsteinCS87a] Himelstein, Carol Sue and Wang, John Shihyan "Three dimensional graphic display with user defined vanishing point", European Patent EP86112766A2, May 6, 1987
  User interface in 3-dimensional drawing: computer computes the 3rd depth dimension by user specifying a vanishing point.
• [HimelsteinCS87c] Himelstein, Carol S. and Wang, J. S. "Method for manipulation of graphic sub-objects in an interactive draw graphic system", US Patent 4,683,468, July 28, 1987
  Select and edit sub-objects of a graphical object, using end-points and/or vertices/vertex. (Inventor name also ChristensenCS.) User interface for sketch input: match pointing position to vertices and endpoints of objects: editing sub-objects within objects. Identify objects by endpoints of writing motion.
• [HimelsteinCS87d] Himelstein, Carol S. and Wang, John S. "Method for interactive rotation of displayed graphic objects", US Patent 4,661,810, April 28, 1987
  Rotation "gesture": graphical object is rotated based on how far pointer/stylus/mouse cursor is moved away (left-right?), rather than by dragging in a circle.
• [HimelsteinCS88a] Himelstein, Carol S. and Wang, John S. "Object movement feedback", US Patent 4,745,405, May 17, 1988
  User interface for rotating graphical objects: When rotating a graphical object, display a numerical dial indicator of the degree of rotation: dial drags along if object is also moved/dragged.
• [HiroakiN88a] Hiroaki, Negishi; Masaaki, Daimon; and Hiromi, Iwakura "Method for Displaying Window in Windowing System", Japanese Patent JPH02114319 (A), October 25, 1988
  (Machine translation to English) Translucent/semi-transparent windows so that user can see objects underneath. Figure 6: transparent on-screen keyboard window.
• [HollowayTC87a] Holloway, Thomas C.; Tang, Thomas E.; Wei, Che-Chia; Haken, Robert A.; and Bell, David A. "Process for patterning local interconnects", US Patent 4,657,628, April 14, 1987
  Breaks in regular mesh/grid pattern of conductors to increase series resistance. Compare with patterned metamaterial with holes to increase resistance?
• [HoltCM87a] Holt, C. M.; Stewart, A.; Clint, M. and Perrott, R. H. "An Improved Parallel Thinning Algorithm", CACM, Vol 30 No 2, February, 1987, pp 156-160
  Skeletonization/line-thinning on OCR, using 8 compass directions (compare with chain codes?). Line thinning with special provision for stair-case elimination.
• [HopkinsD87a] Hopkins, Don "Directional Selection is as Easy as Pie Menus!", 4th Usenix Computer Graphics Workshop, March 30, 1987
  Summary of talk for Usenix on pie menus / marking menus. Menus can be organized semantically: counterpart operations in opposite radial directions, etc.
• [HopkinsD88a] Hopkins, Don "Pie Menus: A 30 Year Retrospective", http://donhopkins.medium.com, May 15, 2018
  Review/retrospective of circular/radial pie menus, to demonstration at CHI '88 by Ben Schneiderman, Don Hopkins, Mark Weiser, and Jack Callahan. In spite of superiority to linear menus, pie menus not widely adopted because of proprietary opposition by Steve Jobs vs linear menus in NeXT Step. Cites to 1969 "PIXIE" paper on circular menus by Weiseman, Lemke and Hiles, also to Newman and Sproull 1979 textbook. Menus should be pop-up menus, only when needed, or disappear into gestures (compare: Buxton marking menus) for experienced users. Poor implementation of pie menus in ActiveX / Internet Explorer. Examples of different text lay-outs for circular menus. Example implementations in SimCity, X11, etc.
• [Huang87] Huang, J. S. and Chung, M. -L. "Separating Similar Complex Chinese Characters by Walsh Transform", Pattern Recognition, Vol 20 No 4, pp 425-428, 1987
  OCR for typed Chinese characters, first separation is by zoned template matching method, then by Walsh transform. Says 5401 Chinese characters commonly used.
• [HueckingEE87a] Huecking, Ernst E. and Klemmt, Harl-Heinz "Electronic data input keyboard comprising keys provided with conductive contacts", US Patent 4,709,228, November 24, 1987
  Matrix (row and column) keyboard allowing N-key roll-over / multiple key rollover for any number of keys. Row conductors are scanned sequentially by applying a voltage signal, column conductors receive scanning pulse of each row, so that every key can be read regardless of how many keys are depressed. Diode on each key switch prevents phantom key presses from multiple keys. Compare with Kaplow multi-touch, capacitive matrix keyboards and touch sensors.
• [IBM87a] IBM Corporation "IBM Scientists Demonstrate Personal Computer with Advanced Speech Recognition Capability", IBM Press Release, April 7, 1986
  Talkwriter speech recognition, claims 95 percent accuracy, system must be trained to individual speaker's phonemes.
• [IBM87b] IBM Corporation "IBM TDB: Three-Axis Touch-Sensitive Pad", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin Vol 29 No 8 January 1987, pp. 3451-3453 (partial copy)
  Power saving on portable/laptop computer by stopping CPU clock until interrupt or keystroke: application need not be aware of functionality. Also application-aware slower clock speeds.
• [IBM87c] IBM Corporation "System Power Savings by Automatic Sleep Mode", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin Vol 29 No 9 February 1987, pp. 4122..4124
  switch under touchpad/touchscreen so that user can "click" mouse button by pressing touchpad down. Alternative is force-sensitive third layer (implies two-layer touchscreen similar to elographics?) with higher activation force. Compare with MicroTouch mousepad/UnMouse?
• [IEEE88a] IEEE "IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, Fourth Edition, IEEE Std 100-1988", IEEE Std 100-1988, Acknowledged as An American National Standard July 8, 1988: 1990 printing (hardcopy book)
  Standard dictionary of electrical and electronics, includes appendix on abbreviations and acronyms.
• [InfoWorld87a] Walkenbach, John "Product Comparison: Desktop organizers", InfoWorld, April 29, 1987, pp 43..47
  Comparison of products including Borland SideKick 1.5 with phone dialer: also Desktalk from Advance Logic Systems, Homebase 2.5 from Brown Bag Software, HQ 1.02 from TEK Microsystems, Maestro 1.0 from Spectre Software, Metro 1.0 from Lotus Development Corp., PC-Desk from Software Studios, Polywindows Desk Plus 1.2 from Polytron Corp., Pop-Up Desk Set Plus from Popular Programs Phone dialer from screen on Borland SideKick -- perhaps others also.
• [InfoWorld87b] Tapanila, Glen "Laser Archivist: Software Provides Convenient Data Storage but Lacks Speed", InfoWorld, June 22, 1987, pp 48..50
  Product review of Laser Archivist software application for Cauzin Softstrip Reader device: electronic documents encoded in printed pattern to be added to paper print-outs, read by optical scanner. Compare with DataGlyphs?
• [IngrahamRD88a] Ingraham, Ronald D. "Touch Control Switch Circuit", US Patent 4,731,548, March 15, 1988
  Capacitive touch switch: sensing circuit for touch-only switch using voltage divider and phase detector circuit, using coupling to pervasive 60Hz fields (50Hz in Europe?).
• [IngrahamRD88b] Ingraham, Ronald D. "DC Touch Control Switch Circuit", US Patent 4,758,735, July 19, 1988
  Capacitive touch switch: sensing circuit for touch-only switch using voltage divider and phase detector circuit.
• [IshinoH88a] Ishino, Hiroaki "Optical Character Reader", US Patent 4,751,743, June 14, 1988
  Detecting edge of form and proper paper alignment for a hand-held optical scanner for OCR.
• [JacobsenSC88a] Jacobsen, Stphen C.; Phillips, Richard P.; and Wood, John E. "Systems and Methods for Sensing Position and Movement", US Patent 4,767,973, August 30, 1988
  Use FET field-effect transistor as capacitive (electric field) sensor for sensing proximity, planar array used for touchscreen, linear array for touch slider.
• [JinS87a] Jin, Sungho; Mottine, John J.; Sherwood, Richard C.; and Tiefel, Thomas H. "Pressure-Responsive Position Sensor", US Patent 4,644,101, February 17, 1987
  Transparent touchscreen with pressure-sensitive elastomeric material (silicone, polyurethane, other resins), small metal spheres magnetically aligned in material, when pressed becomes more conductive as spheres touch/come together. See also 1991 journal paper. Transparent conductive sheet of ITO or gold on rubber.
• [JoyceSA87a] Joyce, Stephen A. "Absolute Position Mouse", US Patent 4,686,329, August 11, 1987
  Absolute (vs. relative) position mouse: essentially a puck for an optical digitizer tablet, horizontal and vertical reference lines as varying spacing across tablet, diagonal optical sensors detect relative spacing of X and Y trace lines and determine positions. Compare with Sekendur, Anoto?
• [KableRG87a] Kable, Robert G. "Position Responsive Apparatus, System and Method having Electrographic Application", US Patent 4,678,869, June 7, 1987
  Electrostatic grid digitizer tablet with grid of correction tables to transform detected coordinates to correct coordinates. Transparent conductors in two layers of grid thinner at crossing points to reduce electrostatic/capacitive coupling. Compare with perforated/holes in resistive film to control resistivity?
• [KableRG87b] Kable, Robert G. "Stylus for position responsive apparatus having electrographic application", US Patent 4,695,680, September 22, 1987
  Shielded stylus for electrostatic grid digitizer, stylus is the receiver.
• [KableRG87c] Kable, Robert G. and Schlosser, Philip A. "Electrographic Apparatus", US Patent 4,665,283, May 12, 1987
  Capacitive sheet touchscreen with rectangular voids/perforations to make anisotropic resistance mesh, same total resistance in both X and Y extents of rectangular touchscreen.
• [Kahan87] Kahan, S.; Pavlidis, Theo; and Baird, H. S. "On the Recognition of Printed Characters of Any Font and Size", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-9 No 2, March 1987, pp 274-288
  Confusion cases disambiguated through contour analysis on OCR. Ligatures / merged characters broken and re-classified, then layout and linguistic context processing. Many OCR systems fail accuracy if document is slightly tilted. Error rate for manual typing / Human OCR is about 3 per page. Practical OCR performance must be 99.9% accuracy, no substitution errors, just rejection. Robustness is more important than accuracy (?). Lists many different kinds of character blobs/joins for OCR. Linguistic context by certain very simple context heuristics, not grammar and punctuation rules. Use UNIX spell dictionary for context manipulation in OCR. Use of spelling dictionary does not help much correcting mis-recognition errors. Test of OCR system, but omitted small punctuation, disconnected characters, ligatures, and special characters: confusible errors not counted (!). Bayesian classifier assumes statistically independent features, which is not really true. Performance of current OCR recognition system are glaring engineering problems, not science. Need more theory of human reading ability and automatic design (?) of recognition classifiers. For OCR, ligatures are usually accidental serif joins or double-o joins.
• [KahnRE88a] Kahn, Robert E. and Cert, Vinton G. "The Digital Library Project. Vol. 1: The World of Knowbots (draft): An Open Architecture for a Digital Library System and A Plan for Its Development", Corporation for National Research Initiatives NRI, March 1988
  Concept study for on-line digital library system DLS (as a national infrastructure): Indexing, registration of users, accounting/billing. "Knowbot" server would track source (author), copyright, ISBN / document ID, publisher, royalty compensations.
• [KakAC88a] Kak, Avinash C. and Slaney, Malcom "Prinicples of Computerized Tomographic Imaging", IEEE Press, 1988. Electronic re-print 1999
  Reference and text on tomography. Two-dimensional Fourier Transform / Fourier Slice Theorem as basis for tomography.
• [Kamal88] Kamel, Khaled and Iman, Ibrahim "A computerized transcription system for cursive shorthand writing", Proc. IEEE SouthEastCon, Knoxville, Tennessee, pp. 336-339, April 1988
  Mentioned in Goldberg for Unistroke recognition, "cursive shorthand" handwriting recognition. Gregg shorthand recognition by converting tablet handwriting data to Freeman chain codes, removing redundant links, converting back to stroke information and normalizing, then analyzed for features of cusp and loops, critical points, self-intersections, sharp corner turns. Mentions that cusps may appear in data as very narrow loops.
• [Kankaanpaa88] Kankaanpaa, A. "FIDS - A Flat-Panel Interactive Display System", Laboratory of Information Processing Science, Helsinki Univ. Technology, 02150 Espoo 15, Finland, February 1987: IEEE CGA, Vol 8 No 3, March 1988, pp 71-82
  Electronic ink paper sent to me for review. Proof-reader's symbols in 1988 paper? simulation of recognition using a keyboard. User interface: electronic ink with gesture/special symbols for editing word-processing text with handwriting. Discusses "orthogonality" of gesture/command handwriting recognition symbols. Resistive tablet Touch-pen from Sun-Flex with two rings (?) as touch switch / tip switch.
• [Kashioka88] Kashioka, S.; Shima, Y.; Miyatake, T. and Ejiri, M. "Method for Producing a Standard Pattern for Pattern Matching", US Patent 4,783,831, November 8, 1988
  Used for machine vision, locating parts.
• [KayA87a] Kay, Alan "Doing With Images Makes Symbols - Communicating with Computers", Video: Distinguished Lecture Series, Apple Computer, 1987
  Video presentation on Dynabook, includes demonstration from 1960's (?) of gesture input in a drawing program using handwriting recognition of capital letters, GRAIL system, Sketchpad.
• [KerrickDD88a] Kerrick, D. D. and Bovik, A. C. "Microprocessor-based Recognition of Handprinted Characters from a Tablet Input", Pattern Recognition, Vol 21 No 5, 1988, pp 525..537
  DCR. system in 32Kbytes of combined RAM/ROM: features are endpoints, corners, joins, angle, curvature, aspect ratio, relative positions. DCR. system: three levels: low-level features and binary decision tree, binary tree for absence of features, high-level evaluation specific to remaining candidate characters. DCR. system: retrace only allowed for certain lower-case characters: a, g, h, m, n, q, r, u, y. Corner extraction using Freeman77. Stroke/character segmentation using possible fitting of strokes into a recognized character (bad idea: Easy to create lots of exception cases). This is NOT a robust system. There are too many ways to fool it -- and the authors don't cite much existing work, either. Uses HPR (Handprint Recognition) instead of DCR. or On-line character recognition. Word segmentation based on overlap of 40% or more.
• [KimJ87a] Kim, J. "Gesture Recognition by Feature Analysis", IBM Res. Rpt. RC 12472 (Log #56035) 1/28/87, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, PO Box 704, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
  It takes more time to write a gesture than a character. Asserts character recognition methods will not work for gestures. Could not deal with "vocabulary explosion" by including rotational, inversion variants for gestures. Recognizing all variants of a letter takes too much time and space (!). Gesture variation effects: non-linear scaling, rotation, mirror-image inversion, reverse direction. Usually, a gesture by itself does not make much sense: compound phrases only. Gesture recognition (at IBM) using twelve-direction chain codes.
• [KimJ88a] Kim, Joonki "On-line gesture recognition by feature analysis", Proc. Vision Interface '88, Edmonton, June 6-10, 1988, pp 51-55
  Gesture recognition "differs from" handwriting recognition. Gesture recognition by direction changes (compare to Buxton SSSP reference), thus less subject to differences in rotational, mirror-image, reverse direction, size orientation for cut, pigtail, circle, other gestures. Gestures not independent of application, separate grammatical module for each application operation. Example application is Lotus spreadsheet. Gesture / direct manipulation interface to a spreadsheet program (Lotus 123), part of PLI paper-link interface projects at IBM. First stage of recognizer uses chain codes, second stage is custom-programmed for the gesture shapes.
• [KinoshitaA88a] Kinoshita, Akiyoshi "Character Input System", US Patent 4,724,423, February 9, 1988
  Simple zone-type handwriting character recognition reading the strokes on the calculator keyboard. compare with Stylator, Casio-8000 in collection?
• [KishiH88a] Kishi, Hajimu and Tanaka, Kunio "Graphic display method for displaying a perspective view of an object on a CRT", US Patent 4,754,269, June 28, 1988
  Matrix algorithm for displaying an image of an object in a 3D projection on a display. Perspective view includes rotation. Compare with CRC Mathematical tables?
• [KobayashiK88] Kobayashi, K.; Sakurai, A. and Sato, G. "Character Recognition Method and System Capable of Recognizing Slant Characters", US Patent 4,757,551, July 12, 1988
  Translating scanner input into direction codes: line-thinning. Recognition by histogram of contour direction/chain codes on OCR handwritten numbers. Asserts that slant/tilt varies among handwriting by different people, but consistent for one user.
• [KobayashiT88a] Kobayashi, Tadashi "Graphical display apparatus having a coordinate correction circuit", US Patent 4,737,773, April 12, 1998
  Tilt correction, but not tilt of stylus, hardware to correct for printed paper being placed on tablet at an angle (quadrilateral correction/calibration). Resistive-sheet tablet (?), refers to x- and y- coordinate voltage.
• [KomataT88a] Komata, Takamitsu "Portable electronic device", Japanese laid-open patent application JPH01271796A, October 30, 1989
  Power management on hand-held tablet device: backlight illumination controlled by ambient light sensor, alternatively button to tap to control light.
• [KramerSM88a] Kramer, Steven M. "On Incorporating Access Control Lists into the UNIX Operating System", Proc. USENIX UNIX Security Workshop, August 23..30, 1988, pp. 38..48
  Report on vendor proposals for ACLs access control lists on UNIX, in response to DoD "Orange Book" (see DoD85). Cautionary essay on rush to implement vs. consideration of impacts on rest of operating systems, especially DAC discretionary access control (permissions/rights set by user) vs. mandatory access control (permissions set by system on user). Multiple ways to combine ACLs with traditional UNIX OGO (Owner, Group, Superusr) definitions. Wildcard syntax in ACLs. Denial of rights ("deny" permission) complicates things more. Extended permissions: examples of ownership (right to set permissions), extend (make file larger), truncate file, delete.
• [KreinPT87a] Krein, Philip T.; Meadows, Robert D.; Murdock, Bruce; and Teichmer, Daniel G. "Touch panel with automatic nulling", US Patent 4,707,845, November 17, 1987
  Capacitive touchpanel. Analog circuitry for touch on make / touch on break / continuous modes (activate on touch / activate on lift). Refers to touchscreens on CRTs as patter of touch sections, resistive membrane touchpanels. Mentions problems of contact resistance in Pepper (light touch bad behavior), pickup of noise. Mentions problems of non-conductive stylus, gloved finger.
• [KreinPT87b] Krein, Philip T.; Meadows, Robert D.; Murdock, Bruce; and Teichmer, Daniel G. "Touch panel system", US Patent 4,698,460, October 6, 1987
  Capacitive touchpanel, single layer. Compensation for changes in impedance touch current e.g. when user has gloves on.
• [KreinPT88a] Krein, Philip T. and Meadows, R. David "The Electroquasistatics of the Capacitive Touch Panel", IEEE Conf. Proc. 1988, Reference 88CH2565-0/88/0000-171
  Seems to be same as KreinPT90a: Indium Tin Oxide ITO resistive film touchscreen errors. Elaborated mathematical treatment of voltage gradients when sinusoidal frequency of stimulus is low (therefore = quasi-static: allows for capacitive stylus?). Derives ratiometric formula for position, after accounting for stylus/wiper/contact resistance (compare with Scriptel?). Mentions that capacitive touchscreen can also sense proximity/Z height as strength of signal: proposes force/pressure sensitive gestures for light touch and firm touch pressure/force threshold levels, or to require firmer touch on delete vs. save "pads" (buttons/icons). Highest voltage is 9 volts RMS so safe for medical use.
• [KruegerMW88a] Krueger, Myron W.; Hinrichsen, Katrin; Gionfridd, Tom; and Sonnanburg, Joan "Videoplace '88", Studio in the Museum of Natural History, Vernon CT. June 10, 1988
  Videoplace: video of exhibit using optical (TV image) detection of multiple fingertips (multi-touch), single-touch and multi-hand gestures for manipulating graphical objects and animations.
• [KuhlmanB88a] Kuhlman, Bruce "Transparent touch panel switch", US Patent 4,786,767, November 22, 1988
  Transparent touch panel membrane switch for CRT display terminal (touchscreen): also functions as shielding, anti-reflective coating. Cites to numerous transparent touch panels for CRT displays. Spacer layer is perforated mesh: compare with spacer dots?
• [KurlanderD88a] Kurlander, David and Bier, Eric A. "Graphical Search and Replace", ACM Computer Graphics, Vol 22 No 4, August 1988, 113-120
  Scriptable/pattern-based technique for bulk editing of graphical images, by specifying a transformation of graphical objects whose properties, color, shape, etc. match a pattern or example. Scripting referred to as mouse-click macros.
• [KurlanderD88b] Kurlander, David and Feiner, Steven "Editable Graphical Histories", IEEE 1988 Workshop on Visual Languages, Pittsburgh, PA, October 1988. pp 127..134
  Undo/redo history lists for graphical input, modified to allow browsing of and re-execution of previous commands, taking into account different spatial state of graphical program. Shows Before/After previous of each operation that can be re-applied.
• [Kurta87a] Kurta Corporation "IS/PenMouse", Kurta Corp., 1987
  Technical specification on Kurta IS/PenMouse digitizer tablet, includes examples of binary format on serial port. Stylus or puck, each with additional buttons (on side of stylus, etc.).
• [Kurta88a] Kurta Corporation "Kurta out-does the competition with Architecture Templates", Kurta Corp., 1988
  On-tablet menus/command templates for VersaCAD, AutoCAD, electrical symbols, other PC/DOS CAD applications. Compare with similar offerings from CIC/ Pencept: this without handwriting recognition or gestures.
• [Kurta88b] Kurta Corporation "Kurta out-smarts the mouse", Kurta Corp., 1988
  On-tablet menus/command strips, described as additional user-programmable Function Keys for use with Apple MacroMaker for keyboard shortcuts. Cordless stylus to 12-button cursor (puck).
• [KurtenbachGP88a] Kurtenbach, Gordon Paul "Hierarchical Encapsulation and Connection in a Graphical User Interface: a Music Case Study", Master's Thesis, U. Toronto, Dept. Comp. Sci., October 1988
  Allow user to expand/collapse parts of a network representation (audio studio signals among devices) for better comprehension. User interfaces uses gestures for editing and manipulation: circle gesture to group, gestures may be combined e.g. circle gesture followed by tail to point in one stroke / no lift: tail terminates on other command. Inverted-T gesture with upwards-going tail. Cites to Konneker (says: continuous gesture scanning "without buttons" -- along stroke? compare de Jardin at Wang), Ward/Blesser 1985.
• [Kurtzberg87] Kurtzberg, J. M. "Feature Analysis for Symbol Recognition by Elastic Matching", IBM Jnl. Research and Development, Vol. 31 (1) (1987) 91--95
  Combines feature analysis with elastic matching to filter out unlikely prototypes: pruning features for preprocessing recognition a number of strokes, points per stroke, relative heights of endpoints / maxima of strokes.
• [KustanovichY87a] Kustanovich, Yosef "Surface-area pressure transducer and line-selection circuit for use therewith", US Patent 4,644,801, February 24, 1987
  Grid of capacitive pressure sensors with compressible material between the plates of the capacitors. Each capacitor can be measured individually. Used for biomedical instrumentation (pressure profile of foot).
• [KuzunukiS87a] Kuzunuki, Soshiro; Shojima, Hiroshi; Yokoyama, Takanori; Fukunaga, Yashushi; and Hirasawa, Kotaro "Method for Designating a Recognition Mode in a Hand-Written Character/Graphic Recognizer", US Patent 4,680,804, August 14, 1987
  Projections of strokes on to X and Y axes for recognition: mode setting: strokes larger than a certain size are annotation, not characters. Simple size context to distinguish characters and drawing marks/electronic ink: length/size of first stroke sets mode.
• [KwokPCK88a] Kwok, P. C. K. "A Thinning Algorithm by Contour Generation", CACM, Vol 31 No 11, November 1988, pp 1314-1324
  Skeletonization/line-thinning with grey-scale information.
• [LaLondeW88a] LaLonde, Wilf and Pugh, John "Smalltalk: Graphics Through the Looking Glass", JOOP, August 1988, pp. 52-68
  Implementation of a magnifying-glass tool (with transparent window) in Smalltalk: "white hole" (transparent window section) with a border to highlight.
• [LakinF87a] Lakin, Fred "Visual Grammars for Visual Languages", Proc. AAAI-87, pp. 683-688, 1987
  Two-dimensional visual languages using spatial parsing (e.g. mathematical expressions), shows hand-written input using tablet digitizer. Contains additional references back to 1971, for visual parsing of sketches of houses, etc.
• [LandmeierWL87a] Landmeier, Waldo L. "X- Position Sensor", US Patent 4,659,874, April 21, 1987
  Capacitive tablet ("sketch pad" / "sensing pad") with X/Y grid of wires. Position measurement is made ratiometrically to normalize: Measure coupling with all wires to left of stylus and to right of stylus: ratio of X signal measurement to sum of X+Y measurements is X position. This normalized effects of stylus height and variations in signal voltage supply. Compare with Scriptel ratiometric measurement for capacitive/electrostatic sheet tablet?
• [LapeyreJM87a] Lapeyre, James M. "Electro-Optical Position Determining System", US Patent 4,688,833, August 25, 1987
  Optical digitizer/tablet for large area, two optical sensors on the edges of the tablet with triangulate to a light LED on the stylus.
• [LaymanJA87a] Layman, Judith A. and Smith, Mark A. "Mechanical Design of the HP-18C and HP-28C Handheld Calculators", Hewlett-Packard Journal, vol 38 no 8, August 1987, pp. 17..20
  Special issue on HP-18C and HP-28C "graphing" calculators (business calculations, scientific calculations, mathematical equation solving). Dual-axis hinge allows calculator to fold back 360 degrees: 180 degrees open for extended keyboard in two halves. Notes that dual-axis hinge reduces chance of breaking if dropped. Compare with folding smartphone, LiTL? Commercial product.
• [LeggettJJ88a] Leggett, John L. and Williams, Glen "Verifying Identity via Keystroke Characteristics", Intl. Jnl. of Man-Machine Studies vol 28 no 1, January 1988, pp 67..76 (abstract only)
  User authentication using keystroke dynamics: digraph latencies. States used in conjunction with additional security/authentication measures.
• [Leung87] Leung, C. H.; Cheung, Y. S. and Wong, Y. L. "A Knowledge-Based Stroke-Matching Method for Chinese Character Recognition", IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetic, Vol SMC-17 No 6, November 1987, pp 993-1003
  Relaxation method for distance from feature-space template with reduced computational load for Chinese recognition. Minimum-distance template matching in feature space. Trained/adaptive system, but with specific knowledge of writing Chinese characters, too. Tested on 240 Chinese characters only, notes that extension to 4000 will add problematically to compute time. User training sample collection (for only 240 Chinese characters!) is admitted to be tedious.
• [Licklider88] Licklider, J. C. R. "Interview with J. C. R. Licklider, Conducted by William Aspray and Authur Norberg", 28 October, 1988. Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis. Available at www.cs.utexas.edu/users/umair/cs370/interviews/oh150jcl.rtf
  Mentions Herb Teager's early work on a capacitive (?) coupling digitizer tablet, and the alternative project of a mouse: Page 20, with mouse and light-pen.
• [Linus87a] Linus Technologies "LINUS (tm) Write-Top User's Guide", Linus Technologies Inc, 1889 Preston White Dr., Reston, VA 22091, 1987 (hardcopy book)
  Shows writing/editing with handwriting recognition on a single surface display/tablet digitizer. Front-carried portable table computers, shows power/data in backpack. Soft/virtual keyboard, "Just-Write" trainable handwriting recognition / text editor. Command gestures are single lower-case handwritten characters for text editing (e.g. v for insert block, d for delete, m for move, w for pop-up handwriting HSR window): gestures do not leave ink marks (electronic ink).
• [Linus87b] Linus Technologies "Linus Write-Top / TRW Write-Top: Linus 1000", Posting at http://oldcomputers.net, fetched 2014
  Touchscreen laptop computer, show calibration and application screens.
• [Linus88a] Linus Technologies "Linus plans tiered Write-Top channel strategy", Product announcement for Write-Top handwriting recognition product, Computer and Software News, June 13, 1988
  Product announcement, portable handwriting recognition product for Linus Technologies: Write-Top. Additional materials in file: Ralph Sklarew and Robert Nadeau, George Mason University: original name was "Techbook".
• [Linus88b] Linus Technologies "Equipment/Device: Linus Technologies Write-Top, ca. 1988", Linus Technologies 1988 (physical device)
  Early portable pen-computing, predecessor to PenPoint from GO, Microsoft PenWindows and Tablet PC. Touch-screen digitizer connected to display unit. (Stylus missing).
• [Linus88c] Linus Technologies "Linus Just-Write and Just-Write II Software Reference Manual", Linus Technologies, Inc, 1988
  Handwriting recognition text-editing application. Desktop application shows text listing of files (similar to File Commander) on DOS operation system, for executing an opening files. Also has virtual keyboard.
• [Linus88d] Linus Technologies "Portable Computer Runs on Handwriting", Insight Magazine, August 22 1988
  Linus Write-Top portable computer: Handwriting recognition directly on touchscreen, healthcare/nursing applications.
• [LittlePD88a] Little, Paul D. "Audio/telephone communication system for verbally handicapped", US Patent 4,785,420, November 15, 1988
  On-tablet menus as talking UI for verbally handicapped using a touch digitizer: Chalkboard from Powerpad. Note that Powerpad (later models) accepted multi-touch input, resolution 0.1 inches.
• [LiuzzoJG87a] Liuzzo, James G. and Proettea, William J. "Keyboard with arrays of function keys", US Patent 4,698,618, October 6, 1987
  Physical keyboard with function keys near numeric row. Key to adjust display brightness.
• [LuP87] Lu, P. -Y. "professional resume", Lu, P-Y: resume for work in on-line handwriting recognition, 1987
  Resume for former employee of Communications Intelligence Corporation. Device Driver and Mouse Emulator for digitizing tablet.
• [LukisLJ87a] Lukis, Lawrence J. "Method and Apparatus for Correcting X-Y Position Measurements", US Patent 4,679,241, July 7, 1987
  Resistive-sheet digitizer tablet with correction table calibration. Several references to British patents for portable handwriting recognition dynabook: diagrams show Moore Business Forms handwriting product (portable).
• [MaarseFJ87a] Maarse, Franciscus Johannes "The Study of Handwriting Movement: Peripheral models and signal processing techniques", Doctoral Thesis, Catholic University of Neijmegen, February 13, 1987
  Modeling of handwriting motion, especially biophysical / psychomotor movements. Thumb-fingers and hand-writs have specific frequency characteristics, but not significant, both about 5Hz. Speaks of filtering tablet data to remove "quantization" noise (might actually be Gaussian noise?), notes comparison of original specimens (physical ink) with regenerated data (not tablet data?) to check for excessive filtering. Notes (low-pass) filtering affects velocity more than position. Notes problems / bad behaviors of X vs Y distortion because X and Y ordinates not measured simultaneously at same time (anisochroneous): compare with Carau? Separate section on signal processing. Mentions deriving angle of stylus/pen from tablet signals.
• [MaarseFJ88a] Maarse, F. J.; Janssen, H. J. J. and Dexel, F. "A special pen for an XY-tablet", preliminary manuscript, Univ. Nijmegen, Department of Experimental Psychology, Montessorilaan 3, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 1987. Published 1988 in "Human-Computer Interaction: Psychonomic Aspects", Springer Verlag, pp. 353-360
  Measuring pen stylus tilt angle using peak levels of signal picked up in electromagnetic tablet: digitizer which reports stylus angle.
• [MaarseFJ88b] Maarse, F. J.; Schomaker L.R.B.; and Teulings, H-L. "Automatic Identification of Writers", in "Human-Computer Interaction: Psychonomic Aspects", Springer Verlag, 1988 pp. 353-360
  Signature verification using features such as relative writing duration (velocity? speed?), pen velocity in pen-down segments, axial pen pressure, handwriting slant angle.
• [MachartBH88a] Machart, Beverly H. and Wang, John S. "Freehand Drawing Containing Invisible Lines", US Patent 4,757,549, July 12, 1988
  Stroke segmentation in sketch recognition: group strokes together in a signature, or any free-hand writing or scribble, if they are close enough together. Graphical editor for electronic ink / free-hand notes and figures. All marks made while a button is pressed are grouped as a single sketch/graphical object: refers to "invisible lines" motion of stylus while button is pressed, but not marking. Compare with van Raamsdonck? Compares stroke starting and ending positions with previous storage ending to detect termination of a signature.
• [MaedaK87] Maeda, Kenichi, and Nitta, Tsuneo "Pattern Recognition Apparatus and Method for Making Same", US Patent 4,651,289, March 17, 1987
  After training, a speech/handwriting recognition system stores deltas from previously learning patterns on misrecognition, not entire pattern. Reduce memory size for pattern dictionary by storing deltas from originals, not whole patterns.
• [MallicoatSW88a] Mallicoat, Samuel W. "Graphic input system", US Patent 4,777,329, October 11, 1988
  Ultrasonic/acoustic tablet, secondary electronic signal for tip/eraser end of stylus or whiteboard-system marker/eraser, color selected for electronic ink or portion of eraser in contact with whiteboard.
• [Malzbender87] Malzbender, T. "Permuted Trace Ordering Allows Low-Cost, High-Resolution Graphics Input", Hewlett-Packard Journal, June 1987, pp 4-7
  Description of Hewlett-Packard's digitizer electrostatic tablet circuitry. By permuting traces in an X/Y grid, and reporting the numbers of which traces which detected a signal in decreasing strength, able to interpolate very high accuracy without relying on absolute measurements of signal strength. Amplifier built into stylus. HP 45911A digitizing tablet.
• [ManessWL88a] Mannes, William L.; Golden, Robert F.; Benjamin, Michael H.; and Podoloff, Robert M. "Contact Sensor for Measuring Dental Occlusion", US Patent 4,734,034, March 29, 1988
  Thin pressure sensor (like a touchpad), used for checking dental occlusion. X/Y grid of conductors, separation layer between. Separation layer is very thin nylon mesh, or talcum powder. Under pressure, more of grid conductors come into contact: e.g. pseudo-pressure from contact area. Resistance across separation layer goes abruptly to very low at a pressure threshold. No explanation for "ghosting"? Cited in AsherDJ92a for multi-touch / multiple independent touch points.
• [MarksJS88a] Marks, Joel S. "Hand-squeeze Powered Motoroless Driver", US Patent 4,739,838, April 26, 1988
  Hand-held rotary drill with continuous torque profile (instead of two levels), and torque force feedback so that user immediately feels effect of torque being supplied (compare: mechanical tactile feedback). Control amplifies either force of input squeeze or speed of squeezing motion.
• [MashimoS88a] Mashimo, Satoshi et al "Pressure-responsive variable electrical resistive rubber material", US Patent 4,765,930, August 23, 1988
  Pressure-response (pressure sensitive) resistive rubber sheet material, intended as pressure/force sensor material.
• [MathewsMV88a] Mathews, M.V. and Barr, D.L. "The Conductor Program and Mechanical Baton", Report STAN-M-47, Dept. of Music, Stanford University, May 1988. Also in "Current Directions in Computer Music Research", MIT Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1989, pp. 263..282
  Automated electronic baton/"daton" striking on sensor plate with X/Y position sensing as well as force/pressure ("how hard it was hit"), determined by strain gauges at the four corners: 5% of full scale accuracy. MIDI software application that follows the beat of the conductor automatically: required millisecond system clock. Volume controlled by joystick in other hand.
• [MatthewsHG88] Matthews, Henry G.; Zalenski, Thomas; Barbetti, Jamie L.; and Mletzko, Al "Menu for a Charge Ratio Digitizer", US Patent 4,788,386, November 29, 1988
  Summagraphics charge-ratio tablet, with tapered traces and varying-width traces on a PC board. On-tablet fixed menu.
• [MatthewsHG88a] Matthews, Henry G.; Zalenski, Thomas; Barbetti, Jamie L.; and Mletzko, Al "Method and apparatus for calibration of a charge ratio digitizer", European Patent Application EP0283249A2, September 21, 1988
  Summagraphics charge-ratio tablet, with tapered traces and varying-width traces on a PC board. Counterpart to US Patent 4831566. Compare with Neodron?
• [MatzkeKE88a] Matzke, Karl E. and Schick, Paul W. "Touch Activated Control Method and Apparatus", US Patent 4,736,191, April 8, 1988
  Circular capacitive touchpad (for keyboard), radial plates: which plate touch controls direction of movement of cursor, pressure (as inferred from change in capacitance / contact area) determines velocity of cursor. Tap and dwell input on touchpad for control functions. Dwell/press-and-hold. Touch pad may be operated by thumb without removing fingers from keyboard. Refers to angular position on X/Y touchpad. Compare with simulated/virtual scroll wheel? Z/pressure values have to be filtered to remove noise when checking dwell time.
• [McArthurD87a] McArthur, David; Stasz, Cathleen; and Hotta, John Y. "Learning Problem-Solving Skills in Algebra", RAND Note N-2595-NSF, Prepared for The National Science Foundation, May 1987
  see 1990 publication by same authors.
• [McAvinneyP88a] McAvinney, Paul "Method and apparatus for isolating and manipulating graphic objects", US Patent 4,746,770, May 24, 1988
  Optical beam touchscreen device, multiple fingers (multi-touch). See McAvinney bio reference: states was first optical multi-touch device. Marketed later as Sensor Frame.
• [McCaskillRA88a] McCaskill, R. A.; Wang, J. S. and Repass, J. T. "Printed document processing", US Patent 4,739,314, April 19, 1988
  User-interface: specifying measurements of printed document objects by pointing to them.
• [McDanielJR87a] MicDanile, Joseph R. and Fein, Alvin E. "Design and Development of an Interactive Chemical Structure Editor", Proc. American Chemical Society ACS, Symp. Washington D.C., 1987
  Graphical editor for entering chemical structures: uses typewriter graphics, show atomic element names (e.g. C, Cl, H). Initial user interface used TouchPen light pen (or tablet), switched to mouse for reasons of cost.
• [MeesM88a] Mees, Martine and Valkenhoff, Andries Herman "Inputting device with tactile feedback", European Patent Application EP0265011A1, April 27, 1988
  Tactile feedback on mouse with a small activating pin (solenoid/electromagnetic/piezoelectric) when mouse is pointing precisely on target: lift or vibrate, lowering during transition between objects/command in a menu, etc. Compare with detent?
• [MelBW88a] Mel, Barlett W.; Omohundro, Stephen M.; Robison, Arch D.; Skiena, Steven S.; Thearling, Kurt H.; Wolfram, Stephen; and Luke, Young T. "Tablet: The Personal computer of the Year 2000", Communications of the ACM, June 1988, pp 638-646; also Report No UIUCDCS-R-88-1406/UILU-ENG-88-1711, U. Ill. at Urbana-Champaign, February 1988
  Forerunner proposal to iPhone/iPad? Winning proposal in Apple-sponsored competition to envision the computer of the future. Touchscreen / tablet (stylus for high resolution input) used as a mouse. Gesture for turning on is to touch two corners. Voice input/output (multi-touch? or just didn't know tablet technology?): no other gestures?. Built-in camera for scanning/digitizing documents, video camera e-mail, videoconferencing, GPS with complete internal map storage. Social apps for finding interesting people nearby. Interactive group gaming.
• [MelBW88b] Mel, Barlett W.; Omohundro, Stephen M.; Robison, Arch D.; Skiena, Steven S.; Thearling, Kurt H.; Wolfram, Stephen; and Luke, Young T. "Tablet: The Personal computer of the Year 2000", NASA Report No UILU-ENG-88-2214/CSG-5, , U. Ill. at Urbana-Champaign, February 1988
  First Place Winner of Apple Computer's Project 2000 Competition: iPhone/iPad? Winning proposal in Apple-sponsored competition to envision the computer of the future. I/O surface: Touchscreen / tablet (stylus for high resolution input) used as a mouse. Gesture for turning on is to touch two corners. Voice input/output (multi-touch? or just didn't know tablet technology?): no other gestures?. Built-in camera for scanning/digitizing documents, video camera e-mail, videoconferencing, GPS with complete internal map storage. Social apps for finding interesting people nearby. Interactive group gaming.
• [Microsoft87a] Microsoft Corporation "Microsoft Excel Arrays, functions and Macros", Microsoft Corp., 1987 (hardcopy book)
  Description of Microsoft Excel spreadsheet program for Windows.
• [Microsoft87b] Microsoft Corporation "Reference to Microsoft Word Word Processing Program Version 3.0 for the Apple Macintosh", Microsoft Corp., 1987 (hardcopy manual)
  Word 3.0 Word processing for the Apple Macintosh - shows integration with Apple menus. Contains update for version 3.01 describing differences from Word 1.0 for the Macintosh.
• [Microsoft87c] Microsoft Corporation "Learning Microsoft Word: Word Processing Program Version 3.0 for the Apple Macintosh", Microsoft Corp., 1987 (hardcopy book)
  Word 3.0 Word processing for the Apple Macintosh - shows integration with Apple menus. Contains update for version 3.01 describing differences from Word 1.0 for the Macintosh.
• [Microsoft88a] Microsoft Corporation "Descriptions of Expert and Standard Mouse Menus", http://support.microsoft.com, article 23837 / Q23837, approximate date 1988
  Description of MENU.COM, *.MNU files, MENUMAKE.DOC, MENUREAD.ME. Mouse menus allow for support of mouse in DOS applications that are not "mouse-aware". MENU.COM uses static menu definitions, expert menus are *.COM files with specific knowledge of application. Compare with keyboard macros, and with recognition macros by PenCept and CIC for handwritten gestures. File contains additional references concerning mouse menus for Application That Do Not Use the Mouse, standard keyboard layouts Keyboard Styles from IBM and IBM Compatibles, Using Microsoft Mouse Menu Software with MS-DOS 4.x-6.0 (MenuMaker for mouse menus not compatible with extended key codes) etc.
• [MiletzkiU87a] Miletzki, U.; Doster, W.; Fogaroli, G.; Lobl, H.; and Moulds, P. "Paper Interfaces for Office Systems", ESPIRIT '86, pp. 373-397, 1987
  Cited in FordDM91a: regarding gestures.
• [Mishima88] Mishima, T.; Kanasaki, M.; Takatoo, M. and Ota, H. "Half-tone image recognition / Method and apparatus for recognizing pattern of halftone image", European Patent 287995, October 26, 1988
  Image processing: recognize halftone texture in a scanned image, to do OCR character recognition without binarization, so that contrast/brightness does not affect recognition.
• [MochinagaN88a] Mochinaga, Noboyuki; Moto, Takashi and Ogata, Yoshio "Pen-type Character Recognition Apparatus", US Patent 4,751,741, June 14, 1988
  Pen stylus which measures lateral pressure/force using strain gauges for handwriting recognition, instead of an X/Y digitizer: used for handwriting recognition / character recognition. Compare with Crane accelerometer pen/stylus?
• [Morishita87] Morishita, T.; Ooura, M. and Ishii, Y. "A Kanji Recognition Method Detecting Incorrectness in Writing", Proc. 1987 Intl. Conf. on Computer Processing of Chinese and Oriental Languages, pp 67-74
  Claims 99.7% recognition of Kanji characters "with errors", 99.9% for "correctly written" Chinese characters, used to check for correct writing style in Japanese, "Standard Writing" by the Japanese Council on the National Language.
• [MullerMJU88a] Muller, Michael J. "Multifunctional Cursor for Direct Manipulation User Interfaces", Proc. CHI '88, pp. 89-94
  Cursor showing state of current selected tool: suggests first selecting tool and then selecting object to apply it to (in the meantime, cursor indicates which tool is "active"), rather then first select object and then select operation/command to apply to it. Update (pop-up?) menus/icons on mouse input? Mentions implementation for 1/2/3-button mouse, with single- and double-click actions.
• [MurdockB87a] Murdock, Bruce and Teichmer, Danile G. "Touch panel", US Patent 4,680,429, July 14, 1987
  Capacitive-sheet touchscreen. Mentions electrically conductive (or sufficiently thin) gloves on finger, or conductive stylus. Also discusses measuring impedance current (compare: contact resistance) to determine how hard a user is pressing (force/pressure sensing), harder than a threshold or level.
• [MurphyAS87a] Murphy, Alan S. "Stylus or pen with tactile response to user", US Patent 4,667,182, May 19, 1987
  Haptic/tactile actuator on tablet stylus, activates with different outputs when stylus enters/leaves proximity sensing ("in-presence boundary sensing of the tablet") to confirm/indicate stylus is in proximity and reporting position: haptic feedback. Force/pressure sensor in stylus tip.
• [MurphyAS88a] Murphy, Alan S. "Automatic highlighting in a raster graphics display system", US Patent 4,725,829, February 16, 1988
  Highlight graphical element/line cursor points at. Equivalence of locator devices: tablet, mouse, trackball, joystick, touchscreen, etc.
• [MyersBA87a] Myers, Brad A. "Creating Interaction Techniques by Demonstration", IEEE CGA, September 1987, pp. 51-60
  Peridot: GUI generator for direct-manipulation interfaces, action of user interface can be defined by defining default/initial parameter values (internal values) and running an example -- and then editing code. Supports two-handed bimanual (multi-touch) input by supporting multiple locator input devices.
• [MyersBA87b] Myers, Brad A. "Creating Dynamic Interaction Techniques by Demonstration", Proc. ACM CHI + GI, 1987, pp. 271..278
  Peridot: GUI design tool for generating direct-manipulation interfaces. System infers/guesses at general constraints, then asks designer to confirm while immediately generating UI to be tried out. Intent is for non-programmers (sic) to be able to design user interface. Refers to button-down/button-up (activate-on-lift) aspects of mouse input. Mentions problems of what part of an object to "attach" to the mouse cursor for dragging. Multiple-mouse-clicks inferred when user double-clicks in example, etc. Cites to automatic programming for programming by example / programming by demonstration.
• [MyersBA88a] Myers, Brad A. "The Garnet User Interface Development Environment: A Proposal", Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Tech. Rpt. CMU-CS-88-153, September 1988
  In Garnet system papers: set of UIMS/UI design tools for direct manipulation GUIs. Common Lisp IDE, but objects use prototype inheritance, not classes. Any change in property of an object immediately updates display of object (e.g. color management, color properties, or uncovering a window).
• [NCSC87a] National Computer Security Center "Trusted Network Interpretation", NCSC-TG-005 Version 1, Library No. S228,526, 31 July 1987, Gallagher, Patrick R. Jr. Director. Available at http://csrc.nist.gov (2015)
  Extension of NCSC Trust System Evalution Criteria (Dod85) to trusted network systems and components. Communications integrity, physical security: specifics of encryption outside of scope.
• [NYTimes88a] Lewis, Peter "The Executive Computer -- Exotic Gizmos for Aiding Workers", November 20, 1988, New York Times
  ComDex: Private Eye head-mounted single eye display monitor, Reflection Technology Ink: Wang Freestyle combining text, handwriting (electronic ink notes), voice recording, electronic mail (via FAX) and filing. Mentions Scriptel tablets.
• [Nadler87] Nadler, Morton "private communication with Morton Nadler", August, 1987
  This fellow was in handwriting character recognition in the 1960's, on ANSI handprint-standard committee as GE representative. NADLer Inc., Blacksburg VA (circa 1986).
• [Nakamura87a] Nakamura, Shoichiru, and Kable, Robert "Electrographic System and Method", US Patent 4,650,926, March 17, 1987
  Correction grid matrix for digitizer: divide into small correction rectangles, quadrilateral correction in each.
• [NationalPhysicalLaboratory87] National Physical Laboratory NPL "Electronic Paper: The Electronic Paper Collaboration", National Physical Laboratory NPL, Division of Information Technology and computing, Tedding, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom, 1987
  Scriptel digitizer and plasma display, with handwriting/cursive recognition. Commercial development by DataSystems UK. Says "Electronic Paper is nearly here" (sic).
• [Nestor87] Nestor Inc. "NestorWriter Product Description", available from Nestor Inc., One Richmond Square, Providence RI 02906. Cited in "Computing with Neural Networks", High Technology, Vol 7 No 5, May 1987, pp 28-29
  References to Nestor's work on handwriting recognition product.
• [Nestor88] Nestor, Inc "Press/correspondence file on Nestor, Inc.", (personal correspondence), 1988
  References to Nestor's work on handwriting recognition products and technology using neural nets. Mike Buffer, Leon Cooper.
• [NielsenJ87a] Nielsen, Jakob "CHI+GI '87 Trip Report", www.useit.com/papers/tripreports/chi87.html, 1987
  Mentions demonstration of DataGlove, with a hand-gesture of opening the fingers of the hand to clear a graphic screen (swipe gesture?). Demo of Alternate Reality Kit with direct manipulation of simulated objects using a mouse. (See Alternate Reality Video).
• [NielsenJ88a] Nielsen, Jakob "CHI '88 Trip Report", www.useit.com/papers/tripreports/chi88.html, 1988
  Refers to "two-cursor" problem, but this has nothing to do with multi-touch multiple touch inputs on a digitizer or tablet, it is a cognitive problem of needing to point simultaneously to a command (e.g. "paste" icon) and a target (position in text).
• [NormanDA88a] Norman, Donald A. "The Design of Everyday Things", Basic Books (1st edition, 1988), revised with new preface 2002
  Human factors of device, usability, user-interface design. Usage errors are caused by poor usability design. 2002 edition in electronic files.
• [Numonics88a] Numonics Incorporated "#2200 Digitizer Pad Technical Information", Numonics Inc., 1988
• [Numonics88b] Numonics Incorporated "CADCommand product information", Numonics Inc., Montgomeryville PA, 1988
  Pencept PenCAD and PenPad 320 sold under Numonics name: recognition macros / gestures, handwriting recognition. Includes example of CADlab non-Pencept tablet template, 1986.
• [Numonics88c] Numonics Incorporated/Terminal Display Systems Limited "MAX - Multi-Axis Input Digitizer", "ZedPEN product literature", Terminal Display Systems, Lower Philips Road, Blackburn England BB1 5TH, 1988
  5-axis digitizer (X/Y, theta/phi/rho), plus force/pressure sensor, plus "flick" accelerometer sensor.
• [Numonics88d] Numonics Incorporated "Numonics Corporation covers computer graphics from architecture to zoology", Numonics Corp., 1988
  Numonics product line (pre-Pencept), shows electromagnetic and electromechanical 2D digitizer tablets. Models 1210, 1220, 1240, 1250 1224, 1224CF electromechanical digitizers, Models 200, 2300, 2400 tablets, with 16-button cursor/puck, stylus. Electromechanical include firmware for computing areas.
• [OehmanCG87a] Öhman, Carl Gustaf "A touch indicating device", European Patent Application EP0229601A1, July 22, 1987
  Touch sensor (contact sensor) for robot: resistive ring on outside edge pushed into contact with sensor ring on side where robot bumps into something.
• [OlsonLT88a] Olson, Lynn T. "Inertial Mouse System", US Patent 4,787,051, November 22, 1988
  Inertial mouse (in form of stylus) using pairs of internal accelerometers to determine change in position and rotational orientation of the mouse. Sum of pairs for X and Y integrated to get relative motion, difference within pairs used to get relative change in rotation angle. Refers to touching tip directly on screen (stylus?) detecting touch by sudden deceleration: compare with SRI accelerometer stylus?
• [OoiK87a] Ooi, K.; Hidai, K.; Kurosawa, Y. and Nakamura, Y. "Method and Device for Handwritten Letter Recognition", US Patent 4,685,142, August 4, 1987
  Kanji/Japanese recognition using standard strokes, in a standard stroke order. Attempt to remove stroke-order properties from Kanji recognition using a hierarchical dictionary of standard strokes, and matching as you go.
• [OritaM87a] Orita, M.; Kobayashi, Y. and Kuboo, Y. "Tree-structure recognition dictionary preparation system", US Patent 4,658,429, April 14, 1987
  Order tree nodes in a recognition dictionary of templates, so features with the most power are highest in the tree.
• [OritaM87b] Orita, M.; Mishima, T. and Kobayashi, Y. "System and Method for Preparing a Recognition Dictionary", US Patent 4,682,365, July 21, 1987
  Hierarchical tree-structure for pattern recognition decision tree: method to minimize search time by organizing tree (for Kanji recognition). Cites prior art (1975) on tree-structured pattern recognition dictionaries for Kanji/Japanese recognition.
• [OttHW88a] Ott, Henry W. "Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, 2nd ed.", John Wiley and Sons, 1988
  General reference and text on noise reduction, include grounding and shielding techniques for electronic systems. e.g. twisted pairs, capacitive and inductive coupling: clock line should always be run next to ground. See in particular digital circuit noise. All unused inputs / unused electrodes should be connected somewhere: supply voltage through a resistor, or grounded.
• [Ovonics88] Ovonic Imaging Systems OIS Inc. "E-Z image and "OIS Telepad" product literature, 1988", 1896 Barrett Street, Troy, MI 48084, 313-362-3140, 1988
  EZ-Image is a clear digitizer tablet, resistive sheet: electronic ink with integrated LCD display. Telepad is an integrated digitizer/display unit. Uses the term "electronic paper" (similar to "electronic ink").
• [PadulaMJ88a] Padula, Michael J. and Matthews, Henry G. "Digitizer Stylus with Pressure Transducer", US Patent 4,786,764, November 22, 1988
  Force/pressure-sensing stylus for tablet, sensor uses conductive ink layers on two sides of plastic film as FSR force-sensing resistor sensor. Minimum pressure threshold to detect touch, less than pressure to leave ink for signature verification. Tactile feedback (haptic) using deformation of mechanical/physical dome.
• [PalayAJ88a] Palay, Andrew J.; Hansen, Wilfred J.; Kazar, Michael L.; Sherman, Mark; Wadlow, Maria G.; Neuendorffer, Thomas P.; Stern, Zalman; Bader, Mils; Peters, Thom "The Andrew Toolkit - An Overview", Usenix Conf., Dallas, Texas January 1988. Also Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Tech. Rpt. CMU-ITC-88-06
  Overview of Andrew GUI development, works with multiple windowing system on Unix.
• [PearsonG87a] Pearson, G. and Weiser, M. "Exploratory Evaluations of Two Versions of a Foot-Operated Cursor-Positioning Device in a Target-Selection Task", poster paper, CHI+GI 87 Conf., Boston, Massachusetts, April 1987. Authors' address: Heterogeneous Systems Lab, Univ. Maryland, College Park, Maryland
  Foot-operated pointing device for accessibility, similar to mouse.
• [PeltzCL87a] Peltz, Curtis L.; Martin George F.; and Blake, Peter H. "Method and apparatus for single source entry of analog and digital data into a computer", US Patent 4,716,542, December 29, 1987
  Acoustic/sonic tablet/digitizer, L-shaped microphones at two sides. On-tablet "menus" for virtual keyboards (menuboard). Cites to transparent touch pads (touchscreens). Notes that acoustic digitizer/tablet sensitive to air temperature, compensated. Alignment/calibration of menuboards: assumes menuboard parallel to one of microphone sensor arrays, but also mentions four-point (quadrilateral?) correction.
• [PenMouse88a] PenMouse Technologies "Equipment/Device: PenMouse device, ca. 1988", PenMouse, PenMouse Technologies 1988 (physical device)
  Roller-ball mouse in a pen-shaped housing, does not report absolute position. Not the same as the IS/PenMouse digitizer tablet from Kurta.
• [Pencept88a] Pencept "PenPad Digitizer and Intelligent Tablets -- Using Artificial Intelligence to Make Your Computer Faster and Easier to Use", Pencept division of Numonics, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1988
  Pencept PenPad 300, 310, 320 electromagnetic tablets, handwriting recognition, command macros (gestures).
• [PersonalWriter88a] Personal Writer Inc. "Personal Writer PW15 SL User Manual", Personal Writer Inc., 1801 Avenue of the Starts Suite 507, Los Agneles CA 90067 1988 (hardcopy book)
  Handwriting recognition tablet for MacIntosh, unconnected/discrete letters -- no boxes, but characters must be widely spaced. Trainable recognition. On-tablet menus and tablets with drawing, recognition, command, and menu areas, macro definitions, mouse areas. Recognition makes use of personally defined text dictionaries. Keyboard emulation, mouse emulation with tablet. Remarkably similar functionality to PenCept PenPad and CIC HandWriter. Includes sheets for user to write 5 examples of each character/symbol shape to be recognized.
• [Phillips87] Phillips, M. "Several simple tests can help you choose the correct digitizer", Computer Technology Review, Vol VII No 1, January 1987
  Mark Phillips / Ted Kuklinski tablet tests from Pencept: includes tilt measurements.
• [PierK88a] Pierk, Ken; Bier, Eric; and Stone, Maureen "An Introduction to Gargoyle: An Interactive Illustration Tool", Proc. Intl. Conf. on Electronic Publishing, Document Manipulation and Typography, Nice France, April 1988, p. 223-238
  Gargoyle graphical drawing editor: uses snap-dragging instead of snapping to alignment grid for precise positioning. Snap-dragging: objects may have "gravity", causing snap to a control point or to a surface/line if the cursor comes close enough. Refers to Cedar context-sensitive pop-up menus: compare to marking menus -- user can hold cursor over object, and long-press on any mouse button to get the menu -- press-and-hold?
• [Platshon88] Platshon, Mark "Acoustic touch technology adds a new input dimension", Computer Design, March 15, 1988, pp 89-93
  Technical description of Elographics digitizer technology, surface acoustic wave (SAW). SAW technology for force/pressure-sensitive "Z" on touch tablet digitizer. Refers to finger as a "pliable pointer", system can infer force from effect of increasing contact area (amount of energy absorbed, actually): pressure/force gestures e.g. light touch for drag, firm/heavy touch for click/activate. Z-axis (pressure) on acoustic touch screen varying color according to pressure, speed of scrolling. 16 levels of pressure, but many application may need only two or three. Mentions lack of (passive) tactile feedback on infra-red touchscreen for confirming touches. Adjustable/dynamic baseline for pressure because foreign matter on screen attenuates SAW signal like a touch: also maximum time threshold for select (e.g. tap). Large number of touch zones on touch screen to approximate high resolution. Grease/water spots or debris on SAW acoustic touchscreen can register as false touch (bad behavior).
• [Pobgee88a] Pobgee, P. J. "Prototype System for Interactive Input of Cursive Information", National Physical Laboratory, Teddington (England), Division of Information Technology and Computing, Report No NPL-DITC-125/88, 1988 (abstract only)
  Mentioned in NTIS citation index: refers to pointing and handwriting recognition combined in a GUI application. User interface and editing and graphics manipulation for handwriting recognition. Includes marks (gestures) for actions to edit text. Digitizer over flat panel display.
• [Pobgee88b] Pobgee, P. J. "EPT, a Dynamic Tutorial for Introducing New Users to Electronic Paper", National Physical Laboratory, Teddington (England), Division of Information Technology and Computing, Report No NPL-DITC-134/88, 1988 (abstract only)
  Cited in NTIS citation index. Integrated tablet and display with sample handwriting applications.
• [PotosnakKM88a] Potosnak, Kathleen M. "Keys and Keyboards", Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Elsevier, 1988, Ch. 21
  Review of keyboards, including Dvorak, ergonomic, split keyboards. Section on chord keyboards (esp. Microwriter product). Describes "wipe" action keyboard using touchpad/touchscreen with capacitive sensing, flat surface with no key travel: fingers may be dragged/swiped over keyboard (compare with keyboard gestures?) for multiple characters similar to keyboard rollover. Virtual/variable keyboard displays keyboard legends on display.
• [PotterR88a] Potter, R.; Weldon, L. and Shneiderman, B. "Improving the accuracy of touch screens: An experimental evaluation of three strategies", Proc. CHI Conf., Washington, DC, May 15-19, 1988. Published by the Assoc. for Computing Machinery, New York, 1988, pp 27..32
  Touch screens advantageous/desirable because do not consume workspace, no moving parts. Accuracy limitations due to visual parallax: target on touch-down, target on drag-to-touch; target on lift (to be patented) -- does not note that target-on-lift typically employed in mouse systems, albeit for different reasons. Mentions highlighting before lift, so that user can tell what would be selected if user lifted pen then. Mack89 digitizer user-interface hacks. Touchscreen targeting accuracy (fat-thumb/fat-finger problem), arm fatigue (gorilla-arm problem).
• [RabinMO88a] Rabin, Michael O. and Tygar, J. D. "An Integrated Toolkit for Operating System Security", Harvard Univ. Aiken Computation Laboratory, Tech. Rpt. TR-05-87R, August, 1988
  Model for secure/trusted computer systems: indelible protections (attached access rights) as passive protections, sentinel (active program) protection. Fingerprinting (invariant condition checks?)_ at stages of kernel execution to detect race-condition insecurities in system calls. Cites to DOD85.
• [RamageWW88a] Ramage, William W. "Method and apparatus for generating variably scaled displays", US Patent 4,790,028, December 6, 1988
  Localized zoom on touchscreen image by bubble/pincushion magnification of local area. Compare with magnifying glass / ToolGlass? User interface is press-and-hold gesture, magnification level determined by length of time of touch.
• [RaymondDR87a] Raymond, Darrell R. "Using Dispatchers to Control Process Structures", Univ. Waterloo CompSci Res. Rpt. CS-87-37, 1987
  Blocking send/receive (read/write) system extended with "courier" intermediate process to permit non-blocking process control, without full buffering. Creating and management of courier by central dispatcher. Does not mention rights or protection enforcement by intercepted/mediated messages.
• [ReaganJJ88a] Reagan, John J.; Parks, Peggy J.; Miller, Nancy L.; and Beckman, Robert L. "Fabrication of a multilayer conductive pattern on a dielectric substrate", US Patent 4,774,127, September 27, 1988
  Multilayer conductor pattern (e.g. hybrid integrated circuit) on dielectric substrate.
• [Reilly87] Reilly, Douglas, L.; Scofield, Christopher; Elbaum, Charles and Cooper, Leon, N. "Learning System Architectures Composed of Multiple Learning Modules", Proc. IEEE First Annual Intl. Conf. on Neural Networks, June, 1987, Vol II, pp 495-503
  Recognition training time is shorter if you train one module to each shape class, rather than many modules to share training, in a Nestor neural network.
• [Reilly88] Reilly, Douglas L.; Scofield, Christopher; Gouin, Philip R.; Rimey, Raymond; Collins, Edward A. and Ghosh, Sushmito "An Application of a Multiple Neural Network Learning System to Industrial Part Inspection", to be presented at ISA/88, Houston, Texas
  Nestor recognition paper on industrial vision parts inspection. Compare with CogNex?
• [RevankarS87a] Revankar, Shriram "Computer Drafting of Hand-Drawn Line Sketches", Master's Thesis, Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, August 1987. PR-MS-87-821
  Sketch recognition system using video / OCR / camera input, not tablet.
• [Rhyne87] Rhyne, J. "Dialogue Management for Gestural Interfaces", Computer Graphics, Vol 21 No 2, April 1987, pp 137-142. Also IBM Res. Rpt. RC 12244, 1986
  Temporal grouping/segmentation of written gestures more important than the temporal sequence.
• [RodgersJL87a] Rodgers, James L. and Waterbury, Charles A. "Low power high resolution digitizing system with cordless pen-mouse", US Patent 4,672,154, June 9, 1987
  Capacitive/electrostatic digitizer with X/Y grid. Stylus is battery powered. Interpolation between grid lines. Stylus buttons sensed by changing transmitting frequency of pen slightly.
• [RosenbergD87a] Rosenberg, D. "Internal and external visual metaphor in the design of a smart product user-interface", Proc. Interface '87, pp. 149..156
  Cited in Wilson 1988 for touchscreen user interface design for RPT1 photocopier.
• [RosenbergJM87a] Rosenberg, Jerry M. "Dictionary of Computers, Information Processing and Telecommunications, Second Edition", Wiley, 1987 (hardcopy book)
  Technical dictionary of computer terms.
• [RossD88a] Ross, Doug "A Personal View of the Personal Work Station - Some Firsts in the Fifties", "A history of personal workstations", ACM Press, 1988, pp. 51..114
  Historical review of early work on M.I.T. Whirlwind computer: includes photographs of first Whirlwind "light gun", circa 1953. From ACM Conf. on the History of Personal Workstations, Xerox PARC, January 9, 1986.
• [RubinT88a] Rubin, Tony "User Interface Design for Computer systems", Ellis Horwood Books in Computer Science, U. of London, 1988 (hardcopy book)
  User interface guidelines concerning keyboard commands, error messages, text menus. Section on WIMP Interfaces: keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, touch sensitive screens, light pen, speech input / speech recognition. Oldest touchscreen stated as touch wire touch sensitive screens / TSS -- also mentions conductive grid: same thing? WIMP interface/ GUI examples taken from MacIntosh.
• [RubineD88a] Rubine, Dean and McAvinney, Paul "The Videoharp", Proc. ICMC 88, pp. 49-55
  Electronic VideoHarp musical instrument using optical sensing of multiple fingers (multi-touch) and gestures: either harp-like (strum) or piano-like (projected keyboard). Optical sensing on two sides (either side) of transparent instrument, such that instrument can be played with both hands like a harp, or mounted horizontally like a piano. MIDI output. to a synthesizer. Position of finger along a ray detected by shadowing. File contains additional materials showing Video harp construction, frame, and use. See also McAvinneyP90a.
• [Rympalski87] Rympalski, William P.; Herstein, James S.; Ritenour, Roger L. "Electronic Sketch Pad", US Patent 4,639,720, January 27, 1987
  Capacitive digitizer integrated with an LCD display: patent on "writing" directly on a display. conformable stylus tip allows for indirect pressure sensing. Mutual capacitance, forms image of objects on display, therefore also multi-touch? Capacitive coupling changes with area of contact by finger or simulated finger.
• [SAC87a] Science Accessories Corporation "GP-7 Grafbar Mark II Operator's Manual", Science Accessories Corp., 1987, 970 King's Highway West, Southport, Connecticut 06490
  Sonic/acoustic digitizer tablet, notes that has slant range correction, resetable coordinate origin, physical diagrams of stylus/pen and cursor/puck. Notes that drafts affect performance, wind changes speed of sound (?). Spark gap as acoustic source.
• [SAC87b] Science Accessories Corporation "QUESTOR III Model GP-9 two-dimensional sonic digitizer -- large areas -- projected images", Science Accessories Corp., 1987, 970 King's Highway West, Southport, Connecticut 06490
  Sonic/acoustic digitizer tablet, 2D, multi-button puck or stylus, large format. Has single large transducer/sensor bar. Mentions 3D models with up to 9x9x9 foot volume. Special requirements can be addressed.
• [SAC88a] Science Accessories Corporation "Capture / Create / Analyze / Direct with sonic digitizers", Science Accessories Corp., 1988, 970 King's Highway West, Southport, Connecticut 06490
  Sonic/acoustic digitizer tablet, 3D, up to 9x9x9 foot volume.
• [SIGSOFT87a] SIGSOFT "Anti-Skid Brakes", quoted from October 1986 issue of Road and Track, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 12 No 1, page 10, January, 1987
  Unanticipated/intermittent input/event causes software system error.
• [SIGSOFT87b] SIGSOFT "Cause of the Mysterious Bay Area Rapid Transit Power Outage Identified", quoted from July 8, 1987 San Francisco Chronicle, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 12 No 4, page 4, January, 1987
  Unanticipated/intermittent input/event causes software system error.
• [SIGSOFT87c] SIGSOFT "Actual Stock Price Fails Sanity Check", contributed by Mark Brader, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 12 No 4, page 4, October 1987
  Unanticipated/intermittent input/event causes software system error.
• [SIGSOFT87d] SIGSOFT "BBC Documentary Filming Causes Library of Congress Computer Crashes", contributed by Howard C. Berkowitz, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 12 No 4, page 15, October 1987
  Unanticipated/intermittent user input/event causes software system error.
• [SIGSOFT88a] SIGSOFT "Runaway mouse problem in popular commercial WP program", contributed by Steven Jones, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, Vol 13 No 4, page 9, October 1988
  Press report of mouse/driver (?) but in Word 4.0, Microsoft mouse on PS/2 port generates runaway input (buffer bug?).
• [Saba87] SABA "Handscan product literature", Saba Technologies, Inc., 9300 S. W. Gemini Driver, Beaverton, Oregon, 97005, June 1987
  Product literature on hand-held OCR input scanner and Acoustic/sonic 2-D tablet.
• [SakamotoR88a] Sakamoto, Ryuji "Key-touch sensor and method of manufacture", US Patent 4,794,366, December 27, 1988
  Pressure-sensitive button or key. Uses pressure-sensitive electroconductive layer (pressure-sensitive rubber sheet). Mentions prior use as pressure-sensitive resistor (FSR): silicone rubber with nickel powder. Mentions controlling volume, tone or pitch of audio sound by pressure level. Cites to Eventoff.
• [SasakiH88a] Sasaki, Hiroaki; Hasegawa, Kazuo; and Ouchi, Junichi "Touch panel coordinate input device having light filter", US Patent 4,751,379, June 14, 1988
  Infrared optical touchscreen with light emitters and detectors, mentions rectangular filters over emitters and detectors, both to keep out dust, and as optical filters for ambient light. Small barrier/groove in optical plate to prevent both FTRI light and reflected light from getting across to the receiver. Protective transparent cover overlay on front.
• [SatoI87a] Sato, Ichiya; Yoneyama, Takao; Tanabe, Masnori; Kawakami, Kanji; Okada, Hisao; Sasaki, Soji; Inose, Shigeru; Suto, Mareo; and Uzuhashi, Hideo "Tablet type coordinate input apparatus using elastic wave", US Patent 4,665,282, May 12, 1987
  "elastic" acoustic wave tablet: pulse generated in stylus/pen, transducer receiver/detectors at four corners of tablet, position determined by propagation time. Tilt angle of stylus affects symmetry of pulse shape, longitudinal and transverse components of wave, which have different propagation velocities.
• [Satoh88] Satoh, Koji "Method of Character Recognition", US Patent 4,783,835, November 8, 1988
  Typed character recognition in a hand-held scanner using right-side and left-side profiles/chain codes, in addition to line features.
• [Schoonard87] Schoonard, James W.; Gould, John D.; Bieber, Miriam; and Fusca, Angie "A Behavioral Study of a Computer Hand Print Recognition System", IBM Res. Rpt. RC 12484 (Log #56157) 2/6/87, 1987, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, PO Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598
  Compared human recognition accuracy, both by original writer and by another subject, with IBM's machine recognition. In adaptive system, adding poorly-formed (atypical) prototypes from handwriting to system is a problem, as accuracy goes down. In adaptive system, accuracy goes down as prototypes are added beyond a certain point (so why add them? when to add them?). Handwriting interaction tested for four tasks: copy, compose, spreadsheet, delayed copy/transcription. Human recognition accuracy measured as 88.5% to 96.1%, average 93.2%. Writing speed for hand-printing is 0.99 characters/second. 90 to 111.2 prototypes in adaptive system for individual subject's handwriting. Subjects consistently tended to underestimate recognition accuracy of IBM system, because errors in words and inability to correct were so annoying. 96% recognition accuracy "not good enough" for commercial use of on-line character recognition.
• [ScottWC87a] Scott, Walter C. "Signature Verification", US Patent 4,701,960, October 20, 1987
  Signature verification using matches at local extrema points(?) and something like elastic matching. Also uses motion in proximity / hover data in signature verification.
• [Sejnowski87] Sejnowski, Terrance and Rosenberg, Charles "Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English Text", Complex Systems, 1:145-168, (1987)
  Hinton diagrams; training input consisted of phonetic transcriptions of English text, not actual spoken recording. Cited by Marlin Eller, Microsoft Pen Computing group.
• [SemioticsDesigners87a] Semiotics Designers "Handwriting recognition product outline: Correspondence file", 2980 Salem Drive, Santa Clara, California 95051, 1987
  Carol Anne Ogdin, formerly Mr. Ogdin. Lists of sentences using all 26 letters of alphabet in various combinations, for collecting writing samples. Sample list of sentences using all 26 letters of the alphabet -- source unknown.
• [SherrS88a] Sherr, Sol (Ed.) "Input Devices", Academic Press Inc., 1988, ISBN 0-12-639970-0 (electronic book)
  Chapter 1, "Introduction to Input Devices", Caswell, N. S. Chapter 2, "Human Factors Considerations in the Design and Selection of Computer Input Devices", Arnaut, Lynn Y. and Greenstein, Joel S. Chapter 3, "Keyboards", Greenstein, Joel S. and Muto, William H. Chapter 4, "Digitizer and Input Tablets", Davies, Thomas E., Mathews, H. Gerard, and Smith, Paul D. Chapter 5, "Mice", Goy, Carl. Chapter 6, "Trackballs and Joysticks", Doran, David. Chapter 7, "Voice Input Systems", Viglione, Sam S. See also citations for each chapter. Windows input managers / window management, virtual devices.
• [Shojima87] Shojima, H.; Kuzunuki, J. S.; and Hirasawa, K. "On-line pattern recognition for hand-written shapes", US Patent 4,653,107, March 24, 1987
  Re-order strokes, feature is quantized curvature, try deleting endsegments or combining sequential strokes. On-line handwriting recognition using a dictionary of templates: used in a document preparation user-interface?
• [ShojimaH88a] Shojima, H.; Mifune, T.; Mori, J. and Kuzunuki, S. "Method and Apparatus for On-line Recognizing Handwritten Patterns", US Patent 4,718,103, January 5, 1988
  Cites DP Matching Process to Character Recognition of Nikkei Electronics, 1983. Angular vector chain code sequences: matching successive angle differences for line segments in handwriting character recognition; Unanticipated/intermittent input/event causes software system error.
• [SilversteinA88a] Silverstein, Alan; McMahon, Bill; and Nuss, Greg "Adding Access Control Lists to Unix; or, How to Stop Worrying About All that Other Security Stuff and Love UNIX DACLMs", Hewlett-Packard Company, March 12, 1988 (submitted to /usr/group?)
  Discussion of practical aspects of different ways of implementing Access Control Lists ACLs in Unix, combining with traditional access bits. Cites to earlier work at HP since January 1987, an to the National Computer Security Center. Trusted computer base TCB of computer system. Discretionary Access control DAC is right to pass access rights/permission to others. Unix chmod bits as a form of DAC. Cited in various patents.
• [Sinha88] Sinha, R. M. K. and Prasada, B. "Visual Text Recognition Through Contextual Processing", Pattern Recognition, Vol 21 No 5, 1988, pp 463-479
  Spelling context dictionary where words outside the dictionary are handled with a Viterbi algorithm. A priori context (i.e. statistical values for letter pair digrams) vs a posteriori context (checking results against a spelling dictionary). Contains quick overview of everybody's work on spelling or statistical probability context correction. Transient dictionary for context: words not in regular. Uses weighted confusion matrix of touching/rejected characters for context correction (segmentation). Refers to ambiguous upper/lower-case confusion pairs, other than the obvious. In OCR, attempt to fix touching characters by a separate segmentation algorithm on rejected characters common "omitted" words can be used to correct the rest dictionary may occur frequently in document, so most.
• [SklarewR88a] Sklarew, Ralph "Handwritten keyboard-less entry computer system", European Patent 254561A1, January 27, 1988
  Broad patent on Linus' keyboardless computer product, using handwriting recognition. Gives many example screens for Linus/Grid's user interface, showing pop-up windows/rectangles for handwriting entry. Gives figures for handwriting digitizer tablet performance: 0.015/0.005-inch, 150 points/second. Linus/Grid user-interface on editing functions/symbols, appear similar to gesture-based user interface.
• [Skylight88] Skylight Software, Incorporated "Handprints 2.0 product information", 323 Andover Street, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, 1988
  Yuri Litvin's small on-line handwriting recognition software product: runs in 13Kbytes (!).
• [SmithMJ88a] Smith, Megan Joan "Tactile interface for three-dimensional computer-simulated environments--experimentation and the design of a brake-motor device", Master's thesis, M.I.T. Dept. of Mech. Eng., June 1988
  3D tactile/haptic feedback system (pantographic + software control): simulation of texture, boundary information, springiness.
• [SmithR87a] Smith, Randall "Experiences with the Alternate Reality Kit: An Example of the Tension between Literalism and Magic", IEEE Computer Graphics, Sep. 1987 vol 7 no 9, pp. 42-50
  See also video of Alternate Reality Kit ARK: mouse-hand can manipulate literal ("realistic" but 2-D) objects with momentum, bouncing, etc. Other "magical" features such as buttons, changes to simulated gravity, etc. Suggests that multiple mouse buttons (by extension, mouse gestures?) are hard to learn because they are unnatural.
• [SmithRW87] Smith, R. W. "Computer processing of line images: A survey", Pattern Recognition, Vol 20, 1987, pp 7-15
  Cited in Taxt90.
• [SpeechSystems87] Speech Systems, Incorporated "Phonetic Engine (R) product description", 18356 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, California 91356, 1987
  Product literature on phonetic speech recognition system with large dictionary. Phonetic Decoder (TM), Phonetic Profiler (TM), DS100 application development system,
• [Srihari87a] Srihari, Sagur N. and Hull, Jonathan J. "System to Achieve Automatic Recognition of Linguistic Strings", US Patent 4,654,875, March 31, 1987
  Automatic language (actually, character) recognition by converting words to bit strings, and comparing resulting strings to the best match of similar bit strings: stated as applicable to OCR.
• [Srihari87b] Srihari, Sagur N. and Bozinovic, Radmilo M. "A Multi-Level Perception Approach to Reading Cursive Script", Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 33 No 2, p. 217-255, 1987
  Cursive script recognition.
• [StefikM87a] Stefik, Mark; Foster, Gregg; Bobrow, Daniel G.; Kahn, Kenneth; Lanning, Stan; and Suchman, Lucy "Beyond the chalkboard Computer: Support for collaboration and problem solving in meetings", CACM, Vol 30 No 1, January 1987, pp. 32-47
  Cognoter/Colab: Xerox/PARC whiteboard/teleconferencing system supporting WYSIWIS what you see is what I see, users operated concurrently/in parallel on shared objects. Mouse or pen graphical input. Cites to Wang Freestyle.
• [StevensMJ88a] Stevens, M. J. "A Text Editor Driven by Hand-Drawn Symbols", NPL Report DITC 124/88, 1988
  Cited in FordDM91a regarding gestures. See Brockhurst "The NPL electronic paper project" for details on gestures: British standard proofreading marks.
• [StollC88a] Stoll, Clifford "The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking a Spy Through the Maze of Computer Espionage", Pocket Books, ISBM 0743411463, 1988
  Discrepancy of 75 cents in a billing program for internet usage led SysAdmin to first public uncovering of an attacker/hacker group is fraudulent. Relates to computer security, virus detection.
• [StrachanJS87a] Strachan, John S. "Touch sensitive cathode ray tube", US Patent 4,689,614, August 25, 1987
  CRT touchscreen using piezoelectric material to replace aluminized ground plane in display screen: pressure/force on material causes local negative charge/voltage, changes/reduces beam current of CRT when scanned.
• [Suen88] Suen, C. Y. (chair) "Future Challenges in Handwriting and Computer Applications", panel discussion, 3rd Intl. Symp. on Handwriting and Computer Applications, Montreal, May 29, 1987. Panelists: R. Plamondon, C. Tappert, A. J. W. M. Thomassen, J. R. Ward, K. Yamamoto. Summary published January 18, 1988, Prof. Ching Y Suen, Concordia Univ., Montreal, Canada
  Comments included why most handwriting character recognition accuracy reports are "inaccurate".
• [SullivanTM87a] Sullivan, Thomas M.; Pleva, Roert M.; and Matthews, Thomas P. "Audiographics Communication System", US Patent 4,659,876, April 21, 1987
  Transmit voice and whiteboard / lightpen (tablet, touchscreen) system over audio telephone lines. Cites to Teleboard, Scribophone. Touchscreen replaces phone keypad for dialing. Bidirectional/ interactive whiteboard but half-duplex graphics, but shared whiteboard space. Users must explicitly "take" and "give"/yield control of graphics. Cites to 1984 Lemelson patent.
• [Summagraphics87] Summagraphics "Digitizer technology paves the way for portable systems", Computer Design, vol 26 no 7, April 1, 1987, page 9
  Summagraphics' low-cost charge-ratio digitizer tablet.
• [TaguchiY87a] Taguchi, Yoshinori and Yamanami, Tsuguya "Position Detecting Device", US Patent 4,704,501, November 3, 1987
  Electromagnetic grid digitizer, active stylus.
• [TalmageJE87a] Talmae, John E. and Gibson, William A. "Electrographic Touch Sensor with Z-Axis Capability", US Patent 4,687,886, August 18, 1987
  Resistive sheet touchscreen/digitizer with Z axis force/pressure: contact resistance between two sheets varies with force.
• [Tamura88] Tamura, S. and Kawasaki, S. "Recognition of Sign Language Motion Images", Pattern Recognition, Vol 21 No 4, 1988, pp 343-353
  Cheremes - like phonemes or graphemes, but for (hand) sign language, like American Standard sign language.
• [TannerPP87a] Tanner, Peter P. "Multi-Thread Input", Computer Graphics, Vol 21 No 2, April 1987, pp 142-145
  User interface discussion of having multiple input devices / multiple streams of input: relates to problem of handwriting combining both position AND command/text input, as in gesture recognition?
• [TappertCC87a] Tappert, C. C.; Suen, C. Y.; Wakahara, T. "Research Report: On-Line Handwriting Recognition - a Survey", Res. Rpt. RC 14045 (#59748) 12/8/87, IBM Research Division, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York
  Report on state-of-the-art in handwriting recognition, pen-computing, gestures, curve-matching, elastic matching, etc. as of about 1986. Compare with 1990 publication: Tappert90c.
• [TappertCC87b] Tappert, C. C.; Fox, A. S.; Kim, J.; Levy, S. E. and Zimmerman, L. L. "Handwriting recognition on transparent tablet over Flat Display", Proc. SID, Vol 28 No 1, 1987, pp 67-73. Also Society for Information Display Digest of Technical Papers, Vol XVII, pp 308-312, May 1986
  Rhyne86 cites other version on visual parallax for Scriptel digitizer and for electronic ink: 0.06-inch lateral shift causes subject's discomfort. Tappert describes also slippery surface. Cites internal Pencept report by Phillips and Prentice.
• [TappertCC88a] Tappert, Charles C. "Recognition System for Run-on Handwritten Characters", US Patent 4,731,857, March 15, 1988
  Character stroke segmentation/parsing using an iterative approach to find the best aggregate recognition score for the whole line, or for whole word. Recognition method for run-on handwriting repeating receiving, examining and gradings steps until all strokes have been processed and recognized.
• [TappertCC88b] Tappert, C. C. "A Divide-and-Conquer Cursive Script Recognizer", IBM Res. Rep. RC14070, Oct. 1988
  Cited by Marlin Eller, Microsoft Pen Computing group.
• [TappertCC88c] Tappert, Charles C. and Wakahara, Toru "On-line Handwriting Recognition - a Survey", Proc. 9th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, November 14-17, 1988, pp. 1123-1132 vol 2
  Overview of handwriting recognition, including wild point correction, dot reduction, stroke connection (extraneous pen lifts), etc. Gesture as hand markings, pairwise comparison of functional attributes. Long list of commercial system circa 1988 (Pencept, Quest, CIC, DES, etc.). See also 1990 journal paper.
• [Tektronix87a] Tektronix "Tektronix Smalltalk Users Manual", Tektronix, Part No. 061-3440-00 1987
  Smalltalk language and graphical user interface: describes draw-through or drag gesture for selecting text, in addition to single/double/triple click to select words, sentences, etc. Selection for click also depends on where you click: in middle of word or at start of line.
• [TerryJA88a] Terry, J. A. and Hsiao, H. "Tactile feedback in a computer mouse", Proc. 14th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conf., March 10..11, 1988, pp 145..149
  Mouse with piezoelectric transducer producing vibrotactile feedback / haptic vibrations to tip of index finger when cursor arrives at target.
• [TeulingsHL88a] Teulings, Hans-Leo "Handwriting-Movement Control: Research into Different Levels of the Motor System", PhD dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 1988
  study of handwriting motor control. Instrumentation used Vector General Data Tablet DT1, "RMS error less than 0.2 mm, 200Hz". Review of handwriting angle/tilt, grasp of pen. Long stroke dominated by finger-joint movements, short strokes by wrist joint movements. Compare with Kuklinski/Ward variability model?
• [TexasInstruments87a] Texas Instruments "Texas Instruments Business Edge Guidebook", Texas Instruments, 1987
  Hand-held calculator with PowerTouch display, five touchpad buttons whose labels and functions change to set different functions when user hits SCROLL key. File contains additional materials. Also sold as Radio Shack EC-5500.
• [TexasInstruments88a] Datamath Calculator Museum "Texas Instruments Business Edge Guidebook", Texas Instruments, 1988. http://datamath.org/Sci/Modern/BusinessEdge.htm
  Hand-held calculator with touchscreen display, shows labels of functions under function key spots on display. Feature also found in TI-81 (variable function keys), Texas Instruments Personal Banker.
• [TransImage87] TransImage Corporation "Transimage 1000", hand-held OCR data-entry system for IBM PC XT/AT product announcement, 910 Benicia Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94086, 1987
  Hand-held optical scanner for OCR: M 68000 processor board for IBM PC XT/AT (compare Pencept and CIC).
• [TsaiRY87a] Tsai, Roger Y. "A Versatile Camera Calibration Technique for High-Accuracy 3D Machine Vision Metrology Using Off-the-shelf TV Cameras and Lenses", IEEE Jnl. Robotics and Automation, Vol RA-3, No 4, August 1987, pp. 323-344
  Mathematical method for calibrating a camera (estimating distance to object, location of object, pincushion or other well-behaved distortion of lens) in 3D space using views from a single camera. Uses known 2D target pattern with known points. Contrast with structure-through-motion.
• [TsudaI88a] Tsuda, I.; Shimizu, H. and Hibino, K. "Method and Apparatus of Recognition", US Patent 4,760,603, July 26, 1988
  Strange patent on recognition by looking at oscillation frequencies of hypothetical components stretched between segments of the outline image.
• [TsugeiS87a] Tsugei, Shinji and Iguchi, Shigeki "Handwritten Character Input Device", US Patent 4,656,317, April 7, 1987
  Handwriting tablet with fields defined for particular data input, different formatting in different fields. Handwriting recognition for processing billing receipts on-line: patent on any kind of forms input? compare with Pencept/CIC forms packages?
• [UngarD87] Ungar, David and Smith, Randall B. "Self: The Power of Simplicity", OOPSLA '87, pp. 227-242
  Description of SELF programming language: prototype-based object-oriented language: prototypes, slots, and behavior. Prototypes combine inheritance and instantiation. Walter Smith said this was the base for NewtonScript. Cites to Smalltalk. No discussion of SDK.
• [VanLiereR87a] van Liere, R. and ten Hagen, P. J. W. "Logical Input Devices and Interaction", Computer Graphics Forum, 1987 vol. 6 no. 4, pp. 349..356
  Limitations of GKS model of logical input (locator input, etc.), because some interaction techniques are awkward when expressed as separate logical input, forcing input behavior of actual devices to restricted logical outputs into the event queue: loss of state information about the input device, problems with haptic or other feedback to the physical input device, dynamic behavior of input device affecting display (tilt?). (Gestures?).
• [Viglione88] Viglione, Sam S. "Voice input systems", Computer graphics: technology and applications, Academic Press, Boston, 1988 ISBN 0126399700
  trainable voice recognition circa 1980s, using frequency content. Cited in LCS/Telegraphics case vs. Schumer for input devices like virtual tablets.
• [Wacom88a] Wacom Inc. "User Manual for SD-510 A5 Type Digitizer -- Provisional", Wacom, July 1988
  Wacom small-format tablet digitizer, Summagraphics Bit Map Two emulation. Full list of Bit Pad Two commands (Summagraphics). Proximity is maximum Z height at which coordinates are not correct. Batteryless / no-battery stylus and cursor (puck).
• [WadaY87a] Wada, Y.; Kobayashi, Y. and Mitsuta, T. "Graphic data design method", European Patent 218246, April 15, 1984
  User interface patent on design rule checking (?) drawing constraints on CAD input (?).
• [WangA87] Wang, A.; Ho S.; and Mainemer, C. I. "Writing Pad", US Patent 4,638,118, January 20, 1987
  Dr. An Wang's digitizer: force/pressure-sensitive digitizer using very thin grid of contact lines, as for LCD's. Force/pressure-sensitive digitizer using coarse, then fine position sensing of X/Y grid. Touch surface has special zones for special computer codes (commands).
• [WangLaboratories88a] Wang Laboratories "Video: Wang Freestyle Demonstration", YouTube: video link to SIGGRAPH videos from www.billbuxton.com, 1988
  Want Freestyle desktop stylus/handwriting system, documents may be annotated with dynamic electronic ink and real-time voice recording. No handwriting recognition, extensive use of direct manipulation gestures. Dwell/press-and-hold.
• [WangPSP88] Wang, P. S. P. "Knowledge Pattern Representation of Chinese Characters", Intl. Jnl. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Vol 2 No 1, 1988, pp 161-179
  Not really about a Chinese/Kanji recognition system, but that Chinese characters are complicated (lots of strokes) because they are like English words (lots of strokes from lots of characters), yet are superior in many ways to Roman/Latin alphabets, and keyboard input technologies for Chinese ideograms have been worked out.
• [Ward87a] Ward, J. "Design Criteria for an Electronic Tablet Technology with Acceptable Performance for Handwriting Capture and Analysis", Proc. Third Intl. Symp. on Handwriting and Computer Applications, Montreal, Canada, July 20-23, 1987, pp 178-180
• [Ward87b] Ward, J. "Issues in the validity of testing protocols and criteria for on-line recognition of handwritten text", Proc. Third Intl. Symp. on Handwriting and Computer Applications, Montreal, Canada, July 20-23, 1987, pp 67-70
• [Ward87c] Ward, J. and Phillips, M. "Digitizer Technology: Performance Characteristics and the Effects on the User Interface", IEEE CGA, April 1987, pp 31-44
  Basic tutorial on tablet digitizer / touchscreen performance and errors: Gaussian noise, wild data, slew rate errors. Mutability of tablet performance and "specsmanship" on specifications. Overview of touchscreens and tablets: grid/sheet, electromagnetic/EMR, electrostatic/capacitive, resistive, sonic. Missing coordinates. Tilt error. Mechanical slop. Cites by examiner on US Patent 7,646,380.
• [Ward87d] Ward, J. (organizer); Sibert John (Moderator); Buffa, Michael G.; Crane, Hewitt D.; Doster, Wolfgang; and Rhyne, James "Issues Limiting the Acceptance of User Interfaces Using Gesture Input and Handwriting Character Recognition", panel discussion, Proc. CHI+GI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface, Toronto, April 5-9, 1987, pp 155-158
  Much work on handwriting character recognition is very over-stated. Participants from Nestor, SRI International, CIC, AEG Research Institute, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Pencept.
• [Ward87e] Ward, J. "Combinatorial Aspects of Variability in Handprinted Text", Proc. Third Intl. Symp. on Handwriting and Computer Applications, Montreal, Canada, July 20-23, 1987, pp 60-63
• [Ward88] Ward, J. and Kuklinski, T. "A Model for Variability Effects in Hand-printing, with Implications for the Design of On-line Character Recognition Systems", IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol 18 No 3, May 1988, pp 438-450
  Generative model for shape variations in handprinted and handwritten characters, based on stroke order, angle, hooks, retracing, and a modification of chain codes using local extrema, for on-line handwriting character recognition.
• [WareC87a] Ware, Colin and Mikaelian, Haratune H. "An Evaluation of an Eye Tracker as a Device for Computer Input", Proc. CHI + GI 98, pp. 183..188
  Eye tracker better than mouse or tablet as pointing device, because do not need to find location on screen, then move eyes to mouse, then back. (Not sure about that!) Mentions dwell time for selection / mouse click: compare with press-and-hold. Gulf and Western series 1900 eye view monitoring system, determines boundary of pupil.
• [WareC88a] Ware, Colin and Jessome, D. "Using the Bat: A Six-Dimensional Mouse for Object Placement", Graphics Interface '88, 1988, pp. 119..124
  Bat: Using Polhemus Isotrack 6 DOF three-dimensional electromagnetic digitizer as input device for 3D placement: uses relative motion / relative displacement (like a mouse) instead of absolute position, so distortions from nearby metallic objects etc. no a factor.
• [WatanabeY88a] Watanabe, Yasuhiro "Position Control Apparatus", US Patent 4,734,685, March 28, 1988
  Scrolling a viewport on a larger image with a mouse, touchscreen, or other pointing device. Viewport continues sliding. Has minimum delta threshold distance check: press-and-hold?
• [WeingartSH87a] Weingart, Steve H. "Physical Security for the µABYSS System", Proc. 1987 IEEE Symp. on Security and Privacy, April 27..29, 1987, Oakland, CA, pp. 52..58
  Physical security of processors: sealed processor and memory, basically booby-trapped (embedded wires, short out if package drilled, break if opened etc.) if tampered with physically. Notes that it does not address freezing of CMOS memory.
• [WelbournLK88a] Welbourn, L. K. and Whitrow, R. J. "A gesture based text editor", Proc. Fourth Conf. of British Computer Society, Human-Computer Specialist Group, pp 363-371, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988
  Cited in Goodisman91, FordDM91a.
• [WhiteRM87a] White, Richard M. "Tactile sensor employing a light conducting element and a resiliently deformable sheet", US Patent 4,668,861, May 26, 1987
  Optical touch sensor for robotic skin. Works by frustrated internal reflection where a resilient surface (or bumps) press against transparent sheet or film. Array of optical sensors detect areas (with shapes) of contacts. With bumps, can detect sheer forces by displacement of contact point of bumps. Multi-touch (multiple points). Further embodiment uses light guide fibers, optical sensor at same end as light source to detect light reflected from far end. Cites to L. D. Harmon.
• [WhiteSR87a] White, Steve R. and Comerford, Liam "ABYSS: A Trusted Architecture for Software Protection", Proc. 1987 Symp. Security and Privacy, Oakland, CA, April 27-29, 1987, p. 38..51
  Software copy protection / rights authorization based on passing rights-to-execute vi a token. Enforcement by protected/secure (logically, physically, procedurally secure) processors, encrypted/secure communications between secure processors. Rights-to-execute can be time-limited, dependent on callers, etc. Use count enforced by limited number of use-once rights-to-execute.
• [WikerSF88a] Wiker, S.F. "Tactile-Sensing Techniques Applicable to Telerobots", Technical Document 1249, AD-A208 313, January, 1988, Naval Ocean Systems Ceneter, Sandiego, California
  Review of tactile sensors for robotic sensing and human prosthetics. Need is resolution 1 to 2 mm, 50 to 200 taxel/forcel array. Technologies: small/micro contact-switch arrays, piezo-resistive strain gages, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, capacitive touch sensing array in elastomeric/flexible sandwich, magnetoresistive (in elastomer/rubber material), photomodulation - optical fibers. Mentions that functionality is tactile imaging (multi-touch?).
• [WikerSF88b] Wiker, Steven F. "Teletouch Display Development: Phase 1 Report", Technical Document 1230 , AD-A206 919, July, 1988, Naval Ocean Systems Ceneter, Sandiego, California
  Review of tactile display for human prosthetics. "tactors" are tactile display pixels? Both displacement/pressure/force and vibratory stimuli output. Literature and research review of tactile sensitivity of human skin: e.g. absolute pressure/force sensing thresholds on human skin /nose/lips 5 mg, on great toes 355 mg.
• [WillifordJD88a] Williford, John D. "Automatic Reference Adaptation During Dynamic Signature Verification", US Patent 4,724,542, February 9, 1988
  Continuous adaptive signature verification recognition: samples are updated automatically over time.
• [WilsonJ88a] Wilson, James and Rosenberg, Daniel "Rapid Prototyping for User Interface Design", Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, Elsevier 1988, Chapter 39
  Prototyping of user interfaces / GUIs a.k.a. dialog designers. Sections on slide show techniques, Wizard-of-Oz, animated prototypes, graphical and logical specifications, formal grammars, took kits. Cites to touchscreens in dedicated devices (e.g. RPT1 photocopier, not Xerox Star). Cites to UIMS systems, Dan Bricklin's Demo Program.
• [WilsonTJ88a] Wilson, Timothy J. "A Visual Programming Language for Data Flow Systems", Master's Thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, October 14, 1988
  Visual/graphical language for data-flow programming notation. Uses mouse, snap-to grid, icon menu. Visual cursor = "pointer". Cites to Alternate Reality Kit, ThinkPad (Rubin), Sutherland, Konneker gestures.
• [Wolf87a] Wolf, Catherine G. and Morrel-Samuels, Palmer "The Use of Hand-drawn Gestures for Text-editing", Intl. Jnl. Man-Machine Studies, Vol 27 No 1, July 1987, pp 91-102, also available as IBM Report RC 12523
  Paper and pencil study of gesture user-interface for editing (proofreader's marks) for user consistency, choice of symbols.
• [Wolf87b] Wolf, Cathy G. "A comparative Evaluation of Gesture and Conventional Interfaces", IBM Research Division Human Factors Res. Rpt. RC13187 (#58999), October 9, 1987
  Cited in Blatt88. gesture user interface, single stroke gesture for spreadsheets, with text and pointing recognition.
• [WolfCG88a] Wolf, Catherine G. "A Comparative Study of Gestural and Keyboard Interfaces", Proc. Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting, 1988, pp 273-276
  Gesture user interface on spreadsheets: 72% faster than keyboard alone, preferred by users, using electronic ink integrated tablet/display: shows "preferred" gesture symbols.
• [WrightP87a] Wright, Philip "Dynamic Handwritten Script Recognition -- ESPRIT Project 295 "The Paper Interface"", ESPRIT '87 Achievements and Impact, Commission of the European Community Directorate-General Telecommunications, Information Industries, and Innovation, pp. 1341..1357
  Cursive handwriting recognition using eight-direction chain codes. Speculation about integrated transparent tablet and flat screen display (touchscreen), speculation about editing marks (gestures). No citations to commercial products, nor to van Raamsdonk, etc. Refers to problems of tablet accuracy/performance, which can produce individual points well removed from the character path (wild point bad behavior?). Cites to Freeman encoding vectors (chain codes).
• [Xerox87a] Xerox Corporation, Vista Laboratory "Analyst V1.2t Reference Manual", Xerox Special Information Systems, Vista Laboratory, 1987
  popup/pop-up menus on three-button mouse for various functions on single-click/double-click. Pop-up menu is context sensitive, depending on what is clicked on and whether there is a current selection. Implemented in Smalltalk-80. Draw-through for drag selection of text.
• [YamakawaT87a] Yamakawa, Tadashi "Character and Figure Processing Apparatus", US Patent 4,672,677, June 9, 1987
  User-interface combination of handwriting recognition, and simulated touch-button areas on tablet for Chinese/Kanji word processing. Shows a menu of multiple candidate character to select from when the on-line recognizer for handwritten character isn't sure. Compare with Pencept PenPad tablet control area definitions?
• [YoshidaK88a] Yoshida, Kazunaga; Shimizu, Hiroshi and Watari, Massao "Continuous Characters Recognition System", US Patent 4,764,972, August 16, 1988
  On-line character recognition using inter-stroke handwriting strokes. Refers to changes in separate handwritten character variations depending on inter-stroke motion (hooks, continuation marks, etc.). Refers to partially-connected (script-like) writing as continuous writing (don't stop between characters).
• [YoungLT88a] Young, Luke T.; Thearling, Kurt H.; Skiena, Steven S.; Robison, Arch D.; Omohundro, Stephen M.; Mel, Bartlett W.; and Wolfram, Stephen "Academic Computing in the Year 2000", Academic Computing, May/June, 1988, pp. 8..ff
  See also "Tablet: The Personal computer of the Year 2000". Essay on likely academic use of Tablet (sic) computer: winner of university student competition held by Apple for imagining personal computer in year 2000. Touchscreen can "emulated" mouse or keyboard (virtual mouse, virtual keyboard). Infers that LCD display are inherently pressure sensitive (compare with in-cell touchscreen sensor?), cursive character recognition and spelling correction (dictionary) achieve nearly 100% accuracy recognition rate. Majority of students will attend classes remotely: tele-university / remote learning. Compare with whiteboard systems? Computers will make automatic machine translations.
• [YoungLT88b] Young, Luke T. and Thearling, Kurt H. "How We Designed the Personal Computer of the Year 2000", https://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~skiena/tablet/soul.ps, published on-line 2010, fetched 2022
  Personal recollection on winning essay "Tablet: The Personal Computer of the Year 2000". Front "The I/O Surface": high-resolution slightly yielding (haptic?) touchscreen. Emulation of mouse, or soft keyboard customized to user's finger size (compare with Wang "The Guide"? Compare "fat-finger"?), voice recognition.
• [ZieglerJE88a] Ziegler, J.E. and Faehnrich, K-P. "Direct Manipulation", Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction, 1988, Chapter 6, pp. 123..133
  Model of direct manipulation (GUI) user interfaces, design suggestions on GUI user interface design, focus on document editing (Xerox STAR, etc.). comparison of pop-up menus, pull-down menus etc. Cites to ThingLab / artificial reality, constraint-based graphical user interfaces. Describes Direct Manipulation not as a unitary concept or quantifiable technique, rather as orienting notion.
• [ZimmermanTG87a] Zimmerman, T. G. et al "A hand gesture interface device", Proc. ACM CHI + GI '87 Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems and Graphics Interface, Toronto, Canada, April 5-9, 1987. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, 1987, pp 189-196
  Z-glove, Date-Glove, Data-Glove using ultrasonic/acoustic position sensors for three-dimensional digitizing. Alternative input was magnetic sensing of small magnets on a glove. Cites in Krueger 1993 essay on art in virtual reality as inspiration for data globe. Cited in Nielsen90.
• [ZingherO87a] Zingher, Oded "Data Input Unit and Method for Printing Machines", US Patent 4,639,881, January 27, 1987
  Transparent matrix switch / touch screen, using transparent ink (gold, etc.) on two sheets of mylar in row/column geometry.

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