Microsoft¨ MS-DOS¨, WindowsTM, OS/2¨, ¨ and Apple¨ Macintosh¨ Applications Versions: RTF Version 1.3 Product Support Services Subject: Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Application Note 1/94 GC0165 INTRODUCTION The Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification is a method of encoding formatted text and graphics for easy transfer between applications. Currently, users depend on special translation software to move word-processing documents between different MS-DOS, Windows, OS/2, and Apple Macintosh applications. The RTF Specification provides a format for text and graphics interchange that can be used with different output devices, operating environments, and operating systems. RTF uses the ANSI, PC-8, Macintosh, or IBM¨ PC character set to control the representation and formatting of a document, both on the screen and in print. With the RTF Specification, documents created under different operating systems and with different software applications can be transferred between those operating systems and applications. Software that takes a formatted file and turns it into an RTF file is called a writer. An RTF writer separates the application's control information from the actual text and writes a new file containing the text and the RTF groups associated with that text. Software that translates an RTF file into a formatted file is called a reader. RTF SYNTAX An RTF file consists of unformatted text, control words, control symbols, and groups. For ease of transport, a standard RTF file can consist of only 7-bit ASCII characters. (Converters that communicate with Microsoft Word for Windows or Microsoft Word for the Macintosh should expect 8-bit characters.) A control word is a specially formatted command that RTF uses to mark printer control codes and information that applications use to manage documents. A control word takes the following form: \LetterSequence<Delimiter> Note that a backslash begins each control word. The LetterSequence is made up of lowercase alphabetic characters between "a" and "z" inclusive. RTF is case sensitive, and all RTF control words must be in lowercase. The Delimiter marks the end of an RTF control word, and can be one of the following: * A space. In this case, the space is part of the control word. * A digit or a hyphen (-), which indicates that a numeric parameter follows. The subsequent digital sequence is then delimited by a space or any character other than a letter or a digit. The parameter can be a positive or a negative number. The range of the values for the number is -32767 through 32767. However, Microsoft Word for Windows, Word for OS/2, and Word for the Macintosh restrict the range to -31680 through 31680. If a numeric parameter immediately follows the control word, this parameter becomes part of the control word. The control word is then delimited by a space or a nonalphabetic or nonnumeric character in the same manner as any other control word. * Any character other than a letter or a digit. In this case, the delimiting character terminates the control word but is not actually part of the control word. If a space delimits the control word, the space does not appear in the document. Any characters following the delimiter, including spaces, will appear in the document. For this reason, you should use spaces only where necessary; do not use spaces merely to break up RTF code. A control symbol consists of a backslash followed by a single, nonalphabetic character. For example, \~ represents a nonbreaking space. Control symbols take no delimiters. A group consists of text and control words or control symbols enclosed in braces ({ }). The opening brace ({ ) indicates the start of the group and the closing brace ( }) indicates the end of the group. Each group specifies the text affected by the group and the different attributes of that text. The RTF file can also include groups for fonts, styles, screen color, pictures, footnotes, annotations, headers and footers, summary information, fields, and bookmarks, as well as document-, section-, paragraph-, and character-formatting properties. If the font, file, style, screen-color, revision mark, and summary-information groups and document-formatting properties are included, they must precede the first plain-text character in the document. These groups form the RTF file header. If the group for fonts is included, it should precede the group for styles. If any group is not used, it can be omitted. The groups are discussed in the following sections. The control properties of certain control words (such as bold, italic, keep together, and so forth) have only two states. When such a control word has no parameter or has a nonzero parameter, it is assumed that the control word turns on the property. When such a control word has a parameter of 0 (zero), it is assumed that the control word turns off the property. For example, \b turns on bold, whereas \b0 turns off bold. Certain control words, referred to as destinations, mark the beginning of a collection of related text that could appear at another position, or destination, within the document. Destinations may also be text that is used but should not appear within the document at all. An example of a destination is the \footnote group, where the footnote text follows the control word. Destination control words and their following text must be enclosed in braces. Destinations added after the RTF Specification published in the March 1987 Microsoft Systems Journal may be preceded by the control symbol \*. This control symbol identifies destinations whose related text should be ignored if the RTF reader does not recognize the destination. (RTF writers should follow the convention of using this control symbol when adding new destinations or groups.) Destinations whose related text should be inserted into the document even if the RTF reader does not recognize the destination should not use \*. All destinations that were not included in the March 1987 revision of the RTF Specification are shown with \* as part of the control word. Formatting specified within a group affects only the text within that group. Generally, text within a group inherits the formatting of the text in the preceding group. However, Microsoft implementations of RTF assume that the footnote, annotation, header, and footer groups (described later in this chapter) do not inherit the formatting of the preceding text. Therefore, to ensure that these groups are always formatted correctly, you should set the formatting within these groups to the default with the \sectd, \pard, and \plain control words, and then add any desired formatting. The control words, control symbols, and braces constitute control information. All other characters in the file are plain text. Here is an example of plain text that does not exist within a group: {\rtf\ansi\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\froman Tms Rmn;}{\f1\fdecor Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss Helv;}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0; \red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\ blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\ green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;}{\stylesheet{\fs20 \snext0Normal;}}{\info{\author John Doe} {\creatim\yr1990\mo7\dy30\hr10\min48}{\version1}{\edmins0} {\nofpages1}{\nofwords0}{\nofchars0}{\vern8351}}\widoctrl\ftnbj \sectd\linex0\endnhere \pard\plain \fs20 This is plain text.\par} The phrase "This is plain text" is not part of a group and is treated as document text. As previously mentioned, the backslash ( \) and braces ({ }) have special meaning in RTF. To use these characters as text, precede them with a backslash, as in \\, \{, and \}. CONVENTIONS OF AN RTF READER The reader of an RTF stream is concerned with the following: * Separating control information from plain text. * Acting on control information. * Collecting and properly inserting text into the document, as directed by the current group state. Acting on control information is designed to be a relatively simple process. Some control information simply contributes special characters to the plain text stream. Other information serves to change the program state, which includes properties of the document as a whole, or to change any of a collection of group states, which apply to parts of the document. As previously mentioned, a group state can specify the following: * The destination, or part of the document that the plain text is constructing. * Character-formatting properties, such as bold or italic. * Paragraph-formatting properties, such as justified or centered. * Section-formatting properties, such as the number of columns. * Table-formatting properties, which define the number of cells and dimensions of a table row. In practice, an RTF reader will evaluate each character it reads in sequence as follows: * If the character is an opening brace ({), the reader stores its current state on the stack. If the character is a closing brace (}), the reader retrieves the current state from the stack. * If the character is a backslash (\), the reader collects the control word or control symbol and its parameter, if any, and looks up the control word or control symbol in a table that maps control words to actions. It then carries out the action prescribed in the table. (The possible actions are discussed below.) The read pointer is left before or after a control-word delimiter, as appropriate. * If the character is anything other than an opening brace ({), closing brace (}), or backslash (\) , the reader assumes that the character is plain text and writes the character to the current destination using the current formatting properties. If the RTF reader cannot find a particular control word or control symbol in the look-up table described above, the control word or control symbol should be ignored. If a control word or control symbol is preceded by an opening brace ({), it is part of a group. The current state should be saved on the stack, but no state change should occur. When a closing brace (}) is encountered, the current state should be retrieved from the stack, thereby resetting the current state. If the \* control symbol precedes a control word, then it defines a destination group and was itself preceded by an opening brace ({). The RTF reader should discard all text up to and including the closing brace (}) that closes this group. All RTF readers must recognize all destinations defined in the March 1987 RTF Specification. The reader may skip past the group, but it is not allowed to simply discard the control word. Destinations defined since March 1987 are marked with the \* control symbol. Note: All RTF readers must implement the \* control symbol so that they can read RTF files written by newer RTF writers. For control words or control symbols that the RTF reader can find in the look-up table, the possible actions are as follows. Action Description Change Destination The RTF reader changes the destination to the destination described in the table entry. Destination changes are legal only immediately after an opening brace ({ ). (Other restrictions may also apply; for example, footnotes cannot be nested.) Many destination changes imply that the current property settings will be reset to their default settings. Examples of control words that change destination are \footnote, \header, \footer, \pict, \info, \fonttbl, \stylesheet, and \colortbl. This Application Note identifies all destination control words where they appear in control-word tables. Change Formatting Property The RTF reader changes the property as described in the table entry. The entry will specify whether a parameter is required. The "Index of RTF Control " section at the end of this Application Note also specifies which control words require parameters. If a parameter is needed and not specified, then a default value will be used. The default value used depends on the control word. If the control word does not specify a default, then all RTF readers should assume a default of 0. Insert Special Character The reader inserts into the document the character code or codes described in the table entry. Insert Special Character and The reader inserts into the document the character code or codes described Perform Action in the table entry and performs whatever other action the entry specifies. For example, when Microsoft Word interprets \par, a paragraph mark is inserted in the document and special code is run to record the paragraph properties belonging to that paragraph mark. FORMAL SYNTAX This Application Note describes RTF using the following syntax, based on Backus-Naur Form. Syntax Meaning #PCDATA Text (without control words). #SDATA Hexadecimal data. #BDATA Binary data. 'c' A literal. <text> A nonterminal. a The (terminal) control word a, without a parameter. a or aN The (terminal) control word a, with a parameter. a? Item a is optional. a+ One or more repetitions of item a. a* Zero or more repetitions of item a. a b Item a followed by item b. a | b Item a or item b. a & b Item a and/or item b, in any order. CONTENTS OF AN RTF FILE An RTF file has the following syntax: <File> '{' <header> <document>'}' This syntax is the standard RTF syntax; any RTF reader must be able to correctly interpret RTF written to this syntax. It is worth mentioning again that RTF readers do not have to use all control words, but they must be able to harmlessly ignore unknown (or unused) control words, and they must correctly skip over destinations marked with the \* control symbol. There may, however, be RTF writers that generate RTF that does not conform to this syntax, and as such, RTF readers should be robust enough to handle some minor variations. Nonetheless, if an RTF writer generates RTF conforming to this specification, then any correct RTF reader should be able to interpret it. Header The header has the following syntax: <header> \rtf <charset> \deff? <fonttbl> <filetbl>? <colortbl>? <stylesheet>? <revtbl>? RTF Version An entire RTF file is considered a group and must be enclosed in braces. The control word \rtfN must follow the opening brace. The numeric parameter N identifies the major version of the RTF Specification used. The RTF standard described in this Application Note, although titled as version 1.2, continues to correspond syntactically to RTF Specification Version 1. Therefore, the numeric parameter N for the \rtf control word should still be emitted as 1. Character Set After specifying the RTF version, you must declare the character set used in this document. The control word for the character set must precede any plain text or any table control words. The RTF Specification currently supports the following character sets. Control word Character set \ansi ANSI (the default) \mac Apple Macintosh \pc IBM PC code page 437 \pca IBM PC code page 850, used by IBM Personal System/2¨ (not implemented in version 1 of Microsoft Word for OS/2) Font Table The \fonttbl control word introduces the font table group. Unique \fN control words define each font available in the document, and are used to reference that font throughout the document. This group has the following syntax: <fonttbl> '{' \fonttbl (<fontinfo> | ('{' <fontinfo> '}'))+ '}' <fontinfo> <fontnum><fontfamily><fcharset>?<fprq>?<fontemb>?<codepage>? <fontname><fontaltname>? ';' <fontnum> \f <fontfamily> \fnil | \froman | \fswiss | \fmodern | \fscript | \fdecor | \ftech | \fbidi <fcharset> \fcharset <fprq> \fprq <fontname> #PCDATA <fontaltname> '{\*' \falt #PCDATA '}' <fontemb> '{\*' \fontemb <fonttype> <fontfname>? <data>? '}' <fonttype> \ftnil | \fttruetype <fontfname> '{\*' \fontfile <codepage>? #PCDATA '}' <codepage> \c p g Note for <fontemb> that either <fontfname> or <data> must be present, although both may be present. All fonts available to the RTF writer can be included in the font table, even if the document doesn't use all the fonts. RTF also supports font families, so that applications can attempt to intelligently choose fonts if the exact font is not present on the reading system. RTF uses the following control words to describe the various font families. Control word Font family Examples \fnil Unknown or default fonts (the default) \froman Roman, proportionally spaced serif fonts Times New Roman¨, Palatino¨ \fswiss Swiss, proportionally spaced sans serif fonts Arial¨ \fmodern Fixed-pitch serif and sans serif fonts Courier New¨, Pica \fscript Script fonts Cursive \fdecor Decorative fonts Old English, ITC Zapf Chancery¨ \ftech Technical, symbol, and mathematical fonts Symbol \fbidi Arabic, Hebrew, or other bidirectional font Miriam If an RTF file uses a default font, the default font number is specified with the \deffN control word, which must precede the font-table group. The RTF writer supplies the default font number used in the creation of the document as the numeric argument N. The RTF reader then translates this number through the font table into the most similar font available on the reader's system. The following control words specify the character set, alternative font name and pitch of a font in the font table. Control word Definition \fcharsetN Specifies the character set of a font in the font table. \falt Indicates alternate font name to use if the specified font in the font table is not available. '{\*' \falt <Alternate Font Name>'}' \fprqN Specifies the pitch of a font in the font table. If \fcharset is specified, the N argument can be one of the following types. Character set N Value ANSI_CHARSET 0 SYMBOL_CHARSET 2 SHIFTJIS_CHARSET 128 GREEK_CHARSET 161 TURKISH_CHARSET 162 HEBREW_CHARSET 177 ARABICSIMPLIFIED_CHARSET 178 ARABICTRADITIONAL_CHARSET 179 ARABICUSER_CHARSET 180 HEBREWUSER_CHARSET 181 CYRILLIC_CHARSET 204 EASTERNEUROPE_CHARSET 238 PC437_CHARSET 254 OEM_CHARSET 255 If \fprq is specified, the N argument can be one of the following values. Pitch Value Default pitch 0 Fixed pitch 1 Variable pitch 2 Font Embedding RTF supports embedded fonts with the \fontemb group located inside a font definition. An embedded font can be specified by a filename, or the actual font data may be located inside the group. If a filename is specified, it is contained in the \fontfile group. The \cpg control word can be used to specify the character set for the filename. RTF supports TrueType and other embedded fonts. The type of the embedded font is described by the following control words. Control word Embedded font type \ftnil Unknown or default font type (the default) \fttruetype TrueType font Code Page Support A font may have a different character set from the character set of the document. For example, the Symbol font has the same characters in the same positions both on the Macintosh and in Windows. RTF describes this with the \cpg control word, which names the character set used by the font. In addition, filenames (used in field instructions and in embedded fonts) may not necessarily be the same as the character set of the document; the \cpg control word can change the character set for these filenames as well. However, all RTF documents must still declare a character set (that is, \ansi, \mac, \pc, or \pca) to maintain backwards compatibility with earlier RTF readers. The table below describes valid values for \cpg. Value Description 437 United States IBM 708 Arabic (ASMO 708) 709 Arabic (ASMO 449+, BCON V4) 710 Arabic (transparent Arabic) 711 Arabic (Nafitha Enhanced) 720 Arabic (transparent ASMO) 819 Windows 3.1 (United States and Western Europe) 850 IBM multilingual 852 Eastern European 860 Portuguese 862 Hebrew 863 French Canadian 864 Arabic 865 Norwegian 866 Soviet Union 932 Japanese 1250 Windows 3.1 (Eastern European) 1251 Windows 3.1 (Cyrillic) File Table The \filetbl control word introduces the file table destination. This group defines the files referenced in the document and has the following syntax: <filetbl> '{\*' \filetbl ('{' <fileinfo> '}')+ '}' <fileinfo> \file <filenum><relpath>?<osnum>? <filesource>+ <filename> <filenum> \fid <relpath> \frelative <osnum> \fosnum <filesource> \fvalidmac | \fvaliddos | \fvalidntfs | \fvalidhpfs | \fnetwork <filename> #PCDATA Note that the filename can be any valid alphanumeric string for the named file system, indicating the complete path and filename. Control word Definition \filetbl A list of documents referenced by the current document. The file table has a structure analogous to the style or font table. This is a destination control word output as part of the document header. \file Marks the beginning of a file group, which lists relevant information about the referenced file. This is a destination control word. \fidN File ID number. Files are referenced later in the document using this number. \frelativeN The character position within the path (starting at 0 [zero]) where the referenced file's path starts to be relative to the path of the owning document. For example, a document is saved to the path C:\PRIVATE\RESUME\FILE1.DOC and its file table contains the path C:\PRIVATE\RESUME\EDU\FILE2.DOC, then that entry in the file table will be \frelative18, to point at the character "e" in "edu". This allows preservation of relative paths. \fosnumN Currently only filled in for paths from the Macintosh file system. It is an operating-system- specific number for identifying the file, which may be used to speed up access to the file, or find it if the file has been moved to another folder or disk. The Macintosh operating system name for this number is the "file id." Additional meanings of the \fosnumN control word may be defined for other file systems in the future. \fvalidmac Macintosh file system. \fvaliddos MS-DOS file system. \fvalidntfs NTFS file system. \fvalidhpfs HPFS file system. \fnetwork Network file system. This control word may be used in conjunction with any of the previous file source control words. Color Table The \colortbl control word introduces the color table group, which defines screen colors, character colors, and other color information. This group has the following syntax: <colortbl> '{' \colortbl <colordef>+ '}' <colordef> \red ? & \green ? & \blue ? ';' The following are valid control words for this group. Control word Meaning \redN Red index \greenN Green index \blueN Blue index Each definition must be delimited by a semicolon, even if the definition is omitted. If a color definition is omitted, the RTF reader uses its default color. In the example below, three colors are defined. The first color is omitted, as shown by the semicolon following the \colortbl control word. {\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;} The foreground and background colors use indexes into the color table to define a color. For more information on color setup, see your Windows documentation. The following example defines a block of text in color (where supported). Note that the cf/cb index is the index of an entry in the color table, which represents a red/green/blue color combination. {\f1\cb1\cf2 This is colored text. The background is color 1 and the foreground is color 2.} If the file is translated for software that does not display color, the reader ignores the color-table group. Style Sheet The \stylesheet control word introduces the style sheet group, which contains definitions and descriptions of the various styles used in the document. All styles in the document's style sheet can be included, even if not all the styles are used. In RTF, a style is a form of shorthand used to specify a set of character, paragraph, or section formatting. The style-sheet group has the following syntax: <stylesheet> '{' \stylesheet <style>+ '}' <style> '{' <styledef>?<keycode>? <formatting> <additive>? <based>? <next>? <stylename>? ';' '}' <styledef> \s | \cs | \ds <keycode> '{' \keycode <keys> '}' <additive> \additive <based> \sbasedon <next> \snext <formatting> (<brdrdef> | <parfmt> | <apoctl> | <tabdef> | <shading> | <chrfmt>)+ <stylename> #PCDATA <keys> ( \shift? & \ctrl? & \alt?) <key> <key> \fn | #PCDATA For <style>, both <styledef> and <stylename> are optional; the default is paragraph style 0. Note for <stylename> that Microsoft Word for the Macintosh interprets commas in #PCDATA as separating style synonyms. Also, for <key>, the data must be exactly one character. Control word Meaning \csN Designates character style. \sN Designates paragraph style. \dsN Designates section style. \additive Used in a character style definition ('{\*'\cs...'}'). Indicates that style attributes are to be applied in addition to current attributes, rather than setting the character attributes to only the style definition. \sbasedonN Defines the number of the style on which the current style is based (the default is 222-no style). \snextN Defines the next style associated with the current style; if omitted, the next style is the current style. \keycode This group is specified within the description of a style in the style sheet in the RTF header. The syntax for this group is '{\*'\keycode <keys>'}' where <keys> are the characters used in the key code. For example, a style, Normal, may be defined {\s0 {\*\keycode \shift\ctrl n}Normal;} within the RTF style sheet. See the Special Character control words for the characters outside the alphanumeric range that may be used. \alt The ALT modifier key. Used to describe shortcut-key codes for styles. \shift The SHIFT modifier key. Used to describe shortcut-key codes for styles. \ctrl The CTRL modifier key. Used to describe shortcut-key codes for styles. \fnN Specifies a function key where N is the function key number. Used to describe shortcut- key codes for styles. The following is an example of an RTF style sheet {\stylesheet{\fs20 \sbasedon222\snext0{\*\keycode \shift\ctrl n} Normal;}{\s1\qr \fs20 \sbasedon0\snext1 FLUSHRIGHT;}{\s2\fi- 720\li720\fs20\ri2880\sbasedon0\snext2 IND;}} and RTF paragraphs to which the styles are applied: \widowctrl\ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd \linex0\endnhere \pard\plain \fs20 This is Normal style. \par \pard\plain \s1\qr\fs20 This is right justified. I call this style FLUSHRIGHT. \par \pard\plain \s2\fi-720\li720\fs20\ri2880 This is an indented paragraph. I call this style IND. It produces a hanging indent. \par} Some of the control words in this example are discussed in later sections. In the example, note that the properties of the style were emitted following the application of the style. This was done for two reasons: 1) to allow RTF readers that don't support styles to still retain all formatting, and 2) to allow the additive model for styles, where additional property changes are "added" on top of the defined style. Some RTF readers may not "apply" a style upon only encountering the style number without the accompanying formatting information because of this. Revision Marks This table allows tracking of multiple authors and reviewers of a document, and is used in conjunction with the character properties for revision marks. Control word Definition \revtbl This group consists of subgroups that each identify the author of a revision in the document, as in {Author1;}. This is a destination control word. Revision conflicts, such as one author deleting another's additions, are stored as one group, in the following form: CurrentAuthor\'00\'<length of previous author's name>PreviousAuthor\'00 PreviousRevisionTime The 4 bytes of the Date/Time (DTTM) structure are emitted as ASCII characters, so values greater than 127 should be emitted as quoted hexadecimal values. All time references for revision marks use the following bit field structure, DTTM. Bit numbers Information Range 0-5 Minute 0-59 6-10 Hour 0-23 11-15 Day of month 1-31 16-19 Month 1-12 20-28 Year = Year - 1900 29-31 Day of week 0 (Sun)-6 (Sat) Document Area Once the RTF header is defined, the RTF reader has enough information to correctly read the actual document text. The document area has the following syntax. <document> <info>? <docfmt>* <section>+ Information Group The \info control word introduces the information group, which contains information about the document. This can include the title, author, keywords, comments, and other information specific to the file. This information is for use by a document-management utility, if available. This group has the following syntax. <info> '{' <title>? & <subject>? & <author>? & <operator>? & <keywords>? & <comment>? & \version? & <doccomm>? & \vern? & <creatim>? & <revtim>? & <printim>? & <buptim>? & \edmins? & \nofpages? & \nofwords? \nofchars? & \id? '}' <title> '{' \title #PCDATA '}' <subject> '{' \subject #PCDATA '}' <author> '{' \author #PCDATA '}' <operator> '{' \operator #PCDATA '}' <keywords> '{' \keywords #PCDATA '}' <comment> '{' \comment #PCDATA '}' <doccomm> '{' \doccomm #PCDATA '}' <creatim> '{' \creatim <time> '}' <revtim> '{' \revtim <time> '}' <printim> '{' \printim <time> '}' <buptim> '{' \buptim <time> '}' <time> \yr? \mo? \dy? \hr? \min? \sec? Some applications, such as Word, ask the user to type this information when saving the document in its native format. If the document is then saved as an RTF file or translated into RTF, the RTF writer specifies this information using the following control words. These control words are destinations and both the control words and the text should be enclosed in braces ({ }). Control word Meaning \title Title of the document. This is a destination control word. \subject Subject of the document. This is a destination control word. \author Author of the document. This is a destination control word. \operator Person who last made changes to the document. This is a destination control word. \keywords Selected keywords for the document. This is a destination control word. \comment Comments; text is ignored. This is a destination control word. \versionN Version number of the document. \doccomm Comments displayed in Word's Edit Summary Info dialog box. This is a destination control word. The RTF writer may automatically enter other control words, including the following. Control word Meaning \vernN Internal version number \creatim Creation time \revtim Revision time \printim Last print time \buptim Backup time \edminsN Total editing time (in minutes) \yrN Year \moN Month \dyN Day \hrN Hour \minN Minute \secN Seconds \nofpagesN Number of pages \nofwordsN Number of words \nofcharsN Number of characters \idN Internal ID number Any control word described in the previous table that does not have a numeric parameter specifies a date; all dates are specified with the \yr \mo \dy \hr \min \sec controls. An example of an information group follows: {\info{\title The Panda's Thumb}{\author Stephen J Gould}{\keywords science natural history }} Document Formatting Properties After the information group (if any), there may be some document formatting control words (described as <docfmt> in the document area syntax description). These control words specify the attributes of the document, such as margins and footnote placement. These attributes must precede the first plain-text character in the document. The control words that specify document formatting are listed in the following table (measurements are in twips; a twip is one-twentieth of a point). For omitted control words, RTF uses the default values. Control word Meaning \deftabN Default tab width in twips (the default is 720). \hyphhotzN Hyphenation hot zone in twips (the amount of space at the right margin in which words are hyphenated). \hyphconsecN N is the maximum number of consecutive lines that will be allowed to end in a hyphen. 0 means no limit. \hyphcaps Toggles hyphenation of capitalized words (the default is on). Append 1 or leave control word by itself to toggle property on; append 0 (zero) to turn it off. \hyphauto Toggles automatic hyphenation (the default is off). Append 1 or leave control word by itself to toggle property on; append 0 (zero) to turn it off. \linestartN Beginning line number (the default is 1). \fracwidth Uses fractional character widths when printing (QuickDrawTM only). \*\nextfile Destination; the argument is the name of the file to print or index next; it must be enclosed in braces. This is a destination control word. \*\template Destination; the argument is the name of a related template file; it must be enclosed in braces. This is a destination control word. \makebackup Backup copy is made automatically when the document is saved. \defformat Tells the RTF reader that the document should be saved in RTF format. \psover Prints PostScript¨ over the text. \doctemp Document is a boilerplate document. For Word for Windows, this is a template; for Word for the Macintosh, this is a stationery file. \deflangN Defines the default language used in the document used with a \plain control word. See the section "Character-Formatting Properties" on page 32 of this Application Note for a list of possible values for N. Footnotes and Endnotes \fetN Footnote/endnote type. This indicates what type of notes are present in the document. 0 Footnotes only or nothing at all (the default). 1 Endnotes only. 2 Footnotes and endnotes both. For backward compatibility, if \fet1 is emitted, \endnotes or \enddoc will be emitted along with \aendnotes or \aenddoc. RTF readers that understand \fet will need to ignore the footnote-positioning control words, and use the endnote control words instead. \ftnsep Text argument separates footnotes from the document. This is a destination control word. \ftnsepc Text argument separates continued footnotes from the document. This is a destination control word. \ftncn Text argument is a notice for continued footnotes. This is a destination control word. \aftnsep Text argument separates endnotes from the document. This is a destination control word. \aftnsepc Text argument separates continued endnotes from the document. This is a destination control word. \aftncn Text argument is a notice for continued endnotes. This is a destination control word. \endnotes Footnotes at the end of the section (the default). \enddoc Footnotes at the end of the document. \ftntj Footnotes beneath text (top justified). \ftnbj Footnotes at the bottom of the page (bottom justified). \aendnotes Endnotes at end of section (the default). \aenddoc Endnotes at end of document. \aftnbj Endnotes at bottom of page (bottom justified). \aftntj Endnotes beneath text (top justified). \ftnstartN Beginning footnote number (the default is 1). \aftnstartN Beginning endnote number (the default is 1). \ftnrstpg Restart footnote numbering each page. \ftnrestart Footnote numbers restart at each section. Microsoft Word for the Macintosh uses this control to restart footnote numbering at each page. \ftnrstcont Continuous footnote numbering (the default). \aftnrestart Restart endnote numbering each section. \aftnrstcont Continuous endnote numbering (the default). \ftnnar Footnote numbering-Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3, ...) \ftnnalc Footnote numbering-Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c, ...) \ftnnauc Footnote numbering-Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C, ...) \ftnnrlc Footnote numbering-Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii, ...) \ftnnruc Footnote numbering-Roman uppercase (I, II, III, ...) \ftnnchi Footnote numbering-Chicago Manual of Style (*, , , ¤) \aftnnar Endnote numbering-Arabic numbering (1, 2, 3, ...) \aftnnalc Endnote numbering-Alphabetic lowercase (a, b, c, ...) \aftnnauc Endnote numbering-Alphabetic uppercase (A, B, C, ...) \aftnnrlc Endnote numbering-Roman lowercase (i, ii, iii, ...) \aftnnruc Endnote numbering-Roman uppercase (I, II, III, ...) \aftnnchi Endnote numbering-Chicago Manual of Style (*, , ¤) Page Information \paperwN Paper width in twips (the default is 12,240). \paperhN Paper height in twips (the default is 15,840). \pszN Used to differentiate between paper sizes with identical dimensions under Windows NTTM. Values 1-41 correspond to paper sizes defined in DRIVINI.H in the Windows 3.1 SDK (DMPAPER_ values). Values greater than or equal to 42 correspond to user-defined forms under Windows NT. \marglN Left margin in twips (the default is 1800). \margrN Right margin in twips (the default is 1800). \margtN Top margin in twips (the default is 1440). \margbN Bottom margin in twips (the default is 1440). \facingp Facing pages (activates odd/even headers and gutters). \gutterN Gutter width in twips (the default is 0). \margmirror Switches margin definitions on left and right pages. Used in conjunction with \facingp. \landscape Landscape format. \pgnstartN Beginning page number (the default is 1). \widowctrl Enable widow and orphan control. Linked Styles \linkstyles Update document styles automatically based on template. Compatibility Options \notabind Don't add automatic tab stop for hanging indent. \wraptrsp Wrap trailing spaces onto the next line. \prcolbl Print all colors as black. \noextrasprl Don't add extra space to line height for showing raised/lowered characters. \nocolbal Don't balance columns. \cvmme Treat old-style escaped quotation marks (\") as current style ("") in mail merge data documents. \sprstsp Suppress extra line spacing at top of page. Basically, this means to ignore any line spacing larger than Auto at the top of a page. \sprsspbf Suppress space before paragraph property after hard page or column break. \otblrul Combine table borders as done in Word 5.x for the Macintosh. Contradictory table border information is resolved in favor of the first cell. \transmf Metafiles are considered transparent; don't blank the area behind metafiles. \swpbdr If a paragraph has a left border (not a box) and the Different Odd And Even or Mirror Margins check box is selected, Word will print the border on the right for odd-numbered pages. \brkfrm Show hard (manual) page breaks and column breaks in frames. Forms \formprot This document is protected for forms. \allprot This document has no unprotected areas. \formshade This document has form field shading on. \formdisp This document currently has a forms drop down or check box selected. \printdata This document has print form data only on. Revision Marks \revprot This document is protected for revisions. The user can edit the document, but revision marking cannot be disabled. \revisions Turns on revision marking. \revpropN Argument indicates how revised text will be displayed: 0 for no properties shown; 1 for bold; 2 for italic; 3 for underline (the default); 4 for double underline. \revbarN Vertical lines mark altered text, based on the argument: 0 for no marking; 1 for left margin; 2 for right margin; 3 for outside (the default: left on left pages, right on right pages). Annotations \annotprot This document is protected for annotations. The user cannot edit the document but can insert annotations. Bidirectional Controls \rtldoc This document will be formatted to have Arabic-style pagination. \ltrdoc This document will have English-style pagination (the default). Note that the three document-protection control words (\formprot, \revprot, and \annotprot) are mutually exclusive; only one of the three can apply to any given document. Also, there is currently no method for storing passwords in RTF, so any document that associates a password with a protection level will lose the password protection in RTF. For more information about bidirectional controls, see "Bidirectional Language Support" on page 53 of this Application Note. Section Text Each section in the RTF file has the following syntax: <section> <secfmt>* <hdrftr>? <para>+ ( \sect <section>)? Section Formatting Properties At the beginning of each section, there may be some section-formatting control words (described as <secfmt> in the section text syntax description). These control words specify section-formatting properties, which apply to the text following the control word, with the exception of the section-break control words (those beginning with \sbk). Section-break control words describe the break preceding the text. These control words can appear anywhere in the section, not just at the start. Note that if the \sectd control word is not present, the current section inherits all section properties defined in the previous section. The section-formatting control words are listed in the following table. Control word Meaning \sect New section. \sectd Reset to default section properties. \endnhere Endnotes included in the section. \binfsxnN N is the printer bin used for the first page of the section. If this control is not defined then the first page uses the same printer bin as defined by the \binsxnN control. \binsxnN N is the printer bin used for the pages of the section. \dsN Designates section style; if a section style is specified, style properties must be specified with the section. \pnseclvlN Used for multilevel lists. This property sets the default numbering style for each corresponding \pnlvlN control word (bullets and numbering property for paragraphs) within that section. This is a destination control word. \sectunlocked This section is unlocked for forms. Section Break \sbknone No section break. \sbkcol Section break starts a new column. \sbkpage Section break starts a new page (the default). \sbkeven Section break starts at an even page. \sbkodd Section break starts at an odd page. Columns \colsN Number of columns for "snaking" (the default is 1). \colsxN Space between columns in twips (the default is 720). \colnoN Column number to be formatted; used to specify formatting for variable-width columns. \colsrN Space to right of column in twips; used to specify formatting for variable-width columns. \colwN Width of column in twips; used to override the default constant width setting for variable- width columns. \linebetcol Line between columns. Line Numbering \linemodN Line-number modulus amount to increase each line number (the default is 1). \linexN Distance from the line number to the left text margin in twips (the default is 360). The automatic distance is 0. \linestartsN Beginning line number (the default is 1). \linerestart Line numbers restart at \linestarts value. \lineppage Line numbers restart on each page. \linecont Line numbers continue from the preceding section. Page Information \pgwsxnN N is the page width in twips. A \sectd resets the value to that specified by \paperwN in the document properties. \pghsxnN N is the page height in twips. A \sectd resets the value to that specified by \paperhN in the document properties. \marglsxnN N is the left margin of the page in twips. A \sectd resets the value to that specified by \marglN in the document properties. \margrsxnN N is the right margin of the page in twips. A \sectd resets the value to that specified by \margrN in the document properties. \margtsxnN N is the top margin of the page in twips. A \sectd resets the value to that specified by \margtN in the document properties. \margbsxnN N is the bottom margin of the page in twips. A \sectd resets the value to that specified by \margbN in the document properties. \guttersxnN N is the width of the gutter margin for the section in twips. A \sectd resets the value to that specified by \gutterN from the document properties. If Facing Pages is turned off, the gutter will be added to the left margin of all pages. If Facing Pages is turned on, the gutter will be added to the left side of odd-numbered pages and the right side of even- numbered pages. \lndscpsxn Page orientation is in landscape format. To mix portrait and landscape sections within a document, the \landscape control should not be used so that the default for a section is portrait, which may be overridden by the \lndscpsxn control. \titlepg First page has a special format. \headeryN Header is N twips from the top of the page (the default is 720). \footeryN Footer is N twips from the bottom of the page (the default is 720). Page Numbers \pgnstartsN Beginning page number (the default is 1). \pgncont Continuous page numbering (the default). \pgnrestart Page numbers restart at \pgnstarts value. \pgnxN Page number is N twips from the right margin (the default is 720). \pgnyN Page number is N twips from the top margin (the default is 720). \pgndec Page-number format is decimal. \pgnucrm Page-number format is uppercase roman numeral. \pgnlcrm Page-number format is lowercase roman numeral. \pgnucltr Page-number format is uppercase letter. \pgnlcltr Page-number format is lowercase letter. \pgnhnN Indicates which heading level is used to prefix a heading number to the page number. This control word can only be used in conjunction with numbered heading styles. 0 specifies to not show heading level (the default). Values 1-9 correspond to heading levels 1 through 9. \pgnhnsh Hyphen separator character. This separator and the successive ones appear between the heading level number and the page number. \pgnhnsp Period separator character. \pgnhnsc Colon separator character. \pgnhnsm Em-dash (-) separator character. \pgnhnsn En-dash (-) separator character. Vertical Alignment \vertalt Text is top-aligned (the default). \vertalb Text is bottom-aligned. \vertalc Text is centered vertically. \vertalj Text is justified vertically. Bidirectional Controls \rtlsect This section will snake (newspaper style) columns from right to left. \ltrsect This section will snake (newspaper style) columns from left to right (the default). Headers and Footers Headers and footers are RTF destinations. Each section in the document can have its own set of headers and footers. If no headers or footers are defined for a given section, the headers and footers from the previous section (if any) are used. Headers and footers have the following syntax: <hdrftr> '{' <hdrctl> <para>+ '}' <hdrftr>? <hdrctl> \header | \footer | \headerl | \headerr | \headerf | \footerl | \footerr | \footerf Note that each separate <hdrftr> group must have a distinct <hdrctl> introducing it. Control word Meaning \header Header on all pages. This is a destination control word. \footer Footer on all pages. This is a destination control word. \headerl Header on left pages only. This is a destination control word. \headerr Header on right pages only. This is a destination control word. \headerf Header on first page only. This is a destination control word. \footerl Footer on left pages only. This is a destination control word. \footerr Footer on right pages only. This is a destination control word. \footerf Footer on first page only. This is a destination control word. The \headerl, \headerr, \footerl, and \footerr control words are used in conjunction with the \facingp control word, and the \headerf and \footerf control words are used in conjunction with the \titlepg control word. Many RTF readers will not function correctly if the appropriate document properties are not set. In particular, if \facingp is not set, then only \header and \footer should be used; if \facingp is set, then only \headerl, \headerr, \footerl, and \footerr should be used. Combining both \facingp and \titlepg is allowed. You should not use \header to set the headers for both pages when \facingp is set. You can use \headerf if \titlepg is not set, but no header will appear. For more information, see "Document Formatting Properties" on page 15 and "Section Formatting Properties" on page 19 of this Application Note. If the previous section had a first page header or footer and had \titlepg set, and the current section does not, then the previous section's first page header or footer is disabled. However, it is not destroyed; if subsequent sections have \titlepg set, then the first page header or footer is restored. Paragraph Text There are two kinds of paragraphs: plain and table. A table is a collection of paragraphs, and a table row is a continuous sequence of paragraphs partitioned into cells. The \intbl paragraph-formatting control word identifies the paragraph as part of a table. For more information, see "Table Definitions" on page 30 of this Application Note. This control is inherited between paragraphs that do not have paragraph properties reset with \pard. <para> <textpar> | <row> <textpar> <pn>? <brdrdef>? <parfmt>* <apoctl>* <tabdef>? <shading>? (\subdocument | <char>+) ( \par <para>)? <row> <tbldef> <cell>+ \row <cell> <textpar>+ \cell Paragraph Formatting Properties These control words (described as <parfmt> in the paragraph-text syntax description) specify generic paragraph formatting properties. These control words can appear anywhere in the body of the paragraph, not just at the beginning. Note that if the \pard control word is not present, the current paragraph inherits all paragraph properties defined in the previous paragraph. The paragraph-formatting control words are listed in the following table. Control word Meaning \par New paragraph. \pard Resets to default paragraph properties. \sN Designates paragraph style; if a paragraph style is specified, style properties must be specified with the paragraph. N references an entry in the stylesheet. \hyphpar Toggles automatic hyphenation for the paragraph. Append 1 or nothing to toggle property on; append 0 (zero) to turn it off. \intbl Paragraph is part of a table. \keep Keep paragraph intact. \nowidctlpar No widow/orphan control. This is a paragraph-level property and is used to override the document-level \widowctrl. \keepn Keep paragraph with the next paragraph. \levelN N is the outline level of the paragraph. \noline No line numbering. \pagebb Break page before the paragraph. \sbys Side-by-side paragraphs. Alignment \ql Left-aligned (the default). \qr Right-aligned. \qj Justified. \qc Centered. Indentation \fiN First-line indent (the default is 0). \liN Left indent (the default is 0). \riN Right indent (the default is 0). Spacing \sbN Space before (the default is 0). \saN Space after (the default is 0). \slN Space between lines: if this control word is missing or if \sl1000 is used, the line spacing is automatically determined by the tallest character in the line; if N is a positive value, this size is used only if it is taller than the tallest character (otherwise the tallest character is used); if N is a negative value, the absolute value of N is used, even if it is shorter than the tallest character. \slmultN Line spacing multiple; indicates that the current line spacing is a multiple of "Single" line spacing. This control word can follow only the \sl control word and works in conjunction with it. 0 "At Least" or "Exactly" line spacing. 1 Multiple line spacing, relative to "Single." Subdocuments \subdocument This indicates that a subdocument in a master document/subdocument relationship N should occur here. N represents an index into the file table. This control word must be the only item in a paragraph. Bidirectional Controls \rtlpar Text in this paragraph will be displayed with right-to-left precedence. \ltrpar Text in this paragraph will be displayed with left-to-right precedence (the default). Tabs Any paragraph may have its own set of tabs. Tabs must follow this syntax: <tabdef> (<tab> | <bartab>) + <tab> <tabkind>? <tablead>? \tx <bartab> <tablead>? \tb <tabkind> \tqr | \tqc | \tqdec <tablead> \tldot | \tlhyph | \tlul | \tlth | \tleq Control word Meaning \txN Tab position in twips from the left margin. \tqr Flush-right tab. \tqc Centered tab. \tqdec Decimal tab. \tbN Bar tab position in twips from the left margin. \tldot Leader dots. \tlhyph Leader hyphens. \tlul Leader underline. \tlth Leader thick line. \tleq Leader equal sign. Bullets and Numbering To provide compatibility with existing RTF readers, all applications that can automatically bullet or number paragraphs will also emit the generated text as plain text in the \pntext group. This will allow existing RTF readers to capture the plain text and safely ignore the autonumber instructions. This group precedes all bulleted or numbered paragraphs, and will contain all the text and formatting that would be auto-generated. It should precede the '{'\*\pn ... '}' destination, and it is the responsibility of RTF readers that understand the '{'\*\pn ... '}' destination to ignore the \pntext group. <pn> <pnseclvl> | <pnpara> <pnseclvl> '{\*' \pnseclvl <pndesc>'}' <pnpara> <pntext> <pnprops> <pntext> '{' \pntext <char> '}' <pnprops> '{\*' \pn <pnlevel> <pndesc>'}' <pnlevel> \pnlvl | \pnlvlblt | \pnlvlbody | \pnlvlcont <pndesc> <pnnstyle> & <pnchrfmt> & <pntxtb> & <pntxta> & <pnfmt> <pnnstyle> \pncard | \pndec | \pnucltr | \pnucrm | \pnlcltr | \pnlcrm | \pnord | \pnordt <pnchrfmt> \pnf? & \pnfs? & \pnb? & \pni? & \pncaps? & \pnscaps? & <pnul>? & \pnstrike? & \pncf? <pnul> \pnul | \pnuld | \pnuldb | \pnulnone | \pnulw <pnfmt> \pnnumonce? & \pnacross? & \pnindent? & \pnsp? & \pnprev? & <pnjust>? & \pnstart? & \pnhang? & \pnrestart? <pnjust> \pnqc | \pnql | \pnqr <pntxtb> '{' \pntxtb #PCDATA'}' <pntxta> '{' \pntxta #PCDATA'}' Settings below marked with an asterisk can be turned off by appending 0 (zero) to the control word. Control word Definition \pntext This group precedes all numbered/bulleted paragraphs, and contains all auto-generated text and formatting. It should precede the '{\*'\pn ... '}' destination, and it is the responsibility of RTF readers that understand the '{\*'\pn ... '}' destination to ignore this preceding group. This is a destination control word. \pn Turns on paragraph numbering. This is a destination control word. \pnlvlN Paragraph level, where N is a level from 1 to 9. Default set by \pnseclvlN section formatting property. \pnlvlblt Bulleted paragraph (corresponds to level 11). The actual character used for the bullet is stored in the \pntxtb group. \pnlvlbody Simple paragraph numbering (corresponds to level 10). \pnlvlcont Continue numbering but do not display number ("skip numbering"). \pnnumonce Number each cell only once in a table (the default is to number each paragraph in a table). \pnacross Number across rows (the default is to number down columns). \pnhang Paragraph uses a hanging indent. \pnrestart Restart numbering after each section break. Note that this control word is used only in conjunction with the Heading Numbering feature (applying multilevel numbering to Heading style definitions). \pncard Cardinal numbering (One, Two, Three). \pndec Decimal numbering (1, 2, 3). \pnucltr Uppercase alphabetic numbering (A, B, C). \pnucrm Uppercase roman numbering (I, II, III). \pnlcltr Lowercase alphabetic numbering (a, b, c). \pnlcrm Lowercase roman numbering. (i, ii, iii). \pnord Ordinal numbering (1st, 2nd, 3rd). \pnordt Ordinal text numbering (First, Second, Third). \pnb Bold numbering.* \pni Italic numbering.* \pncaps All Caps numbering.* \pnscaps Small Caps numbering.* \pnul Continuous underline.* \pnuld Dotted underline. \pnuldb Double underline. \pnulnone Turns off underlining. \pnulw Word underline. \pnstrike Strikethrough numbering.* \pncfN Foreground color-index into color table (the default is 0). \pnfN Font number. \pnfsN Font size (in half-points). \pnindentN Minimum distance from margin to body text. \pnspN Distance from number text to body text. \pnprev Used for multilevel lists. Include information from previous level in this level; for example, 1, 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.1.1.1 \pnqc Centered numbering. \pnql Left-justified numbering. \pnqr Right-justified numbering. \pnstartN Start At number. \pntxta Text after. This group contains the text that succeeds the number. This is a destination control word. \pntxtb Text before. This group contains the text that precedes the number. This is a destination control word. Note that there is a limit of 32 characters total for the sum of text before and text after for simple numbering. Multilevel numbering has a limit of 64 characters total for the sum of all levels. Paragraph Borders Paragraph borders have the following syntax: <brdrdef> (<brdrseg> <brdr> )+ <brdrseg> \brdrt | \brdrb | \brdrl | \brdrr | \brdrbtw | \brdrbar | \box <brdr> <brdrk> \brdrw? \brsp? \brdrcf? <brdrk> \brdrs | \brdrth | \brdrsh | \brdrdb | \brdrdot | \brdrdash | \brdrhair Control word Meaning \brdrt Border top. \brdrb Border bottom. \brdrl Border left. \brdrr Border right. \brdrbtw Consecutive paragraphs with identical border formatting are considered part of a single group with the border information applying to the entire group. To have borders around individual paragraphs within the group, the \brdrbtw control must be specified for that paragraph. \brdrbar Border outside (right side of odd-numbered pages, left side of even-numbered pages). \box Border around the paragraph (box paragraph). \brdrs Single-thickness border. \brdrth Double-thickness border. \brdrsh Shadowed border. \brdrdb Double border. \brdrdot Dotted border. \brdrdash Dashed border. \brdrhair Hairline border. \brdrwN N is the width in twips of the pen used to draw the paragraph border line. \brdrcfN N is the color of the paragraph border; specified as an index into the color table in the RTF header. \brspN Space in twips between borders and the paragraph. Paragraph Shading Paragraph shading has the following syntax: <shading> ( \shading | <pat>) \cfpat? \cbpat? <pat> \bghoriz | \bgvert | \bgfdiag | \bgbdiag | \bgcross | \bgdcross | \bgdkhoriz | \bgdkvert | \bgdkfdiag | \bgdkbdiag | \bgdkcross | \bgdkdcross Control word Meaning \shadingN N is the shading of the paragraph in hundredths of a percent. \bghoriz Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the paragraph. \bgvert Specifies a vertical background pattern for the paragraph. \bgfdiag Specifies a forward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph ( \\\\). \bgbdiag Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph (//// ). \bgcross Specifies a cross background pattern for the paragraph. \bgdcross Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the paragraph. \bgdkhoriz Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the paragraph. \bgdkvert Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the paragraph. \bgdkfdiag Specifies a dark forward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph ( \\\\). \bgdkbdiag Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the paragraph (//// ). \bgdkcross Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the paragraph. \bgdkdcross Specifies a dark diagonal cross background pattern for the paragraph. \cfpatN N is the line color of the background pattern, specified as an index into the document's color table. \cbpatN N is the background color of the background pattern, specified as an index into the document's color table. Positioned Objects and Frames The following paragraph-formatting control words specify the location of a paragraph on the page. Consecutive paragraphs with the same frame formatting are considered to be part of the same frame. For two framed paragraphs to appear at the same position on a page, they must be separated by a paragraph with different or no frame information. Note that if any paragraph in a table row has any of these control words specified, then all paragraphs in the table row must have the same control words specified, either by inheriting the properties from the previous paragraph or by respecifying the controls. Paragraph positioning has the following syntax: <apoctl> <framesize> & <horzpos> & <vertpos> & <txtwrap> & <dropcap> <framesize> \absw? & \absh? <horzpos> <hframe> & <hdist> <vertpos> <vframe> & <vdist> <txtwrap> \nowrap? & \dxfrtext? & \dfrmtxtx? &\dfrmtxty? <dropcap> \dropcapli? & \dropcapt? <hframe> \phmrg? | \phpg? | \phcol? <hdist> \posx? | \posnegx? | \posxc? | \posxi? | \posxo? | \posxl? | \posxr? <vframe> \pvmrg? | \pvpg? | \pvpara? <vdist> \posy? | \posnegy? | \posyt? | \posyil? | \posyb? | \posyc? Control word Meaning \abswN N is the width of the frame in twips. \abshN N is the height of the frame in twips. A positive number indicates the minimum height of the frame and a negative number indicates the exact height of the frame. A value of zero indicates that the height of the frame adjusts to the contents of the frame. This is the default for frames where no height is given. Horizontal Position \phmrg Use the margin as the horizontal reference frame. \phpg Use the page as the horizontal reference frame. \phcol Use the column as the horizontal reference frame. This is the default if no horizontal reference frame is given. \posxN Positions the frame N twips from the left edge of the reference frame. \posnegxN Same as \posx but allows arbitrary negative values. \posxc Centers the frame horizontally within the reference frame. \posxi Positions the paragraph horizontally inside the reference frame. \posxo Positions the paragraph horizontally outside the reference frame. \posxr Positions the paragraph to the right within the reference frame. \posxl Positions the paragraph to the left within the reference frame. This is the default if no horizontal positioning information is given. Vertical Position \pvmrg Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the margin. This is the default if no vertical frame positioning information is given. \pvpg Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the page. \pvpara Positions the reference frame vertically relative to the top of the top left corner of the next unframed paragraph in the RTF stream. \posyN Positions the paragraph N twips from the top edge of the reference frame. \posnegyN Same as \posy but allows arbitrary negative values. \posyil Positions the paragraph vertically to be in-line. \posyt Positions the paragraph at the top of the reference frame. \posyc Centers the paragraph vertically within the reference frame. \posyb Positions the paragraph at the bottom of the reference frame. Text Wrapping \nowrap Prevents text from flowing around the positioned object. \dxfrtextN Distance in twips of a positioned paragraph from text in the main text flow in all directions. \dfrmtxtxN N is the horizontal distance in twips from text on both sides of the frame. \dfrmtxtyN N is the vertical distance in twips from text on both sides of the frame. Drop Caps \dropcapliN Number of lines drop cap is to occupy. The range is 1 through 10. \dropcaptN Type of drop cap: 1 In-text drop cap 2 Margin drop cap The following is an example of absolute-positioned text in a document: \par \pard \pvpg\phpg\posxc\posyt\absw5040\dxfrtest173 First APO para \par \pard \phmrg\posxo\posyc\dxfrtext1152 Second APO para Table Definitions There is no RTF table group; instead, tables are specified as paragraph properties. A table is represented as a sequence of table rows. A table row is a continuous sequence of paragraphs partitioned into cells. The table row begins with the \trowd control word and ends with the \row control word. Every paragraph that is contained in a table row must have the \intbl control word specified or inherited from the previous paragraph. A cell may have more than one paragraph in it; the cell is terminated by a cell mark (the \cell control word), and the row is terminated by a row mark (the \row control word). Table rows can also be positioned. In this case, every paragraph in a table row must have the same positioning controls (see the <apoctl> controls on page 28 of this Application Note). Table properties may be inherited from the previous row; therefore, a series of table rows may be introduced by a single <tbldef>. An RTF table row has the following syntax, as shown in the general paragraph-text syntax shown on page 22 of this Application Note. <row> <tbldef> <cell>+ \row <cell> <textpar>+ \cell A table definition has the following syntax: <tbldef> \trowd \trgaph <rowjust>? & <rowwrite>? <rowtop>? & <rowbot>? & <rowleft>? & <rowright>? & <rowhor>? & <rowvert>? & \trleft? & \trrh? \trhdr? & \trkeep? <celldef>+ <rowjust> \trql | \trqr | \trqc <rowwrite> \ltrrow | \rtlrow <rowtop> \ <brdr> <rowbot> \trbrdrl <brdr> <rowleft> \trbrdrb <brdr> <rowright> \trbrdrr <brdr> <rowhor> \trbrdrh <brdr> <rowvert> \trbrdrv <brdr> <celldef> (\clmgf? & \clmrg? <celltop>? & <cellleft>? & <cellbot>? & <cellright>? & <cellshad>?) \cellx <celltop> \clbrdrt <brdr> <cellleft> \clbrdrl <brdr> <cellbot> \clbrdrb <brdr> <cellright> \clbrdrr <brdr> <cellshad> <cellpat>? \clcfpat? & \clcbpat? & \clshdng <cellpat> \clbghoriz | \clbgvert | \clbgfdiag | \clbgbdiag | \clbgcross | \clbgdcross | \clbgdkhor | \clbgdkvert | \clbgdkfdiag | \clbgdkbdiag | \clbgdkcross | \clbgdkdcross Note for <tbldef> that the number of \cellxs must match the number of \cells in the \row. The following control words further define options for each row of the table. \trowd Sets table row defaults. \trgaphN Half the space between the cells of a table row in twips. \cellxN Defines the right boundary of a table cell, including its half of the space between cells. \clmgf The first cell in a range of table cells to be merged. \clmrg Contents of the table cell are merged with those of the preceding cell. Row Formatting \trql Left-justifies a table row with respect to its containing column. \trqr Right-justifies a table row with respect to its containing column. \trqc Centers a table row with respect to its containing column. \trleftN Position of the leftmost edge of the table with respect to the left edge of its column. \trrhN Height of a table row in twips; when 0 (zero), the height is sufficient for all the text in the line; when positive, the height is guaranteed to be at least the specified height; when negative, the absolute value of the height is used, regardless of the height of the text in the line. \trhdr Table row header; this row should appear at the top of every page the current table appears on. \trkeep Table row keep together; this row cannot be split by a page break. This property is assumed off unless the control word is present. Bidirectional Controls \rtlrow Cells in this table row will have right-to-left precedence. \ltrrow Cells in this table row will have left-to-right precedence (the default). Row Borders \trbrdrt Table row border top. \trbrdrl Table row border left. \trbrdrb Table row border bottom. \trbrdrr Table row border right. \trbrdrh Table row border horizontal (inside). \trbrdrv Table row border vertical (inside). Cell Borders \clbrdrb Bottom table cell border. \clbrdrt Top table cell border. \clbrdrl Left table cell border. \clbrdrr Right table cell border. Cell Shading and Background Pattern \clshdngN N is the shading of a table cell in hundredths of a percent. This control should be included in RTF along with cell border information. \clbghoriz Specifies a horizontal background pattern for the cell. \clbgvert Specifies a vertical background pattern for the cell. \clbgfdiag Specifies a forward diagonal background pattern for the cell ( \\\\). \clbgbdiag Specifies a backward diagonal background pattern for the cell (//// ). \clbgcross Specifies a cross background pattern for the cell. \clbgdcross Specifies a diagonal cross background pattern for the cell. \clbgdkhor Specifies a dark horizontal background pattern for the cell. \clbgdkvert Specifies a dark vertical background pattern for the cell. \clbgdkfdiag Specifies a dark forward diagonal background pattern for the cell ( \\\\). \clbgdkbdiag Specifies a dark backward diagonal background pattern for the cell (//// ). \clbgdkcross Specifies a dark cross background pattern for the cell. \clbgdkdcross Specifies a dark diagonal cross background pattern for the cell. \clcfpatN N is the line color of the background pattern. \clcbpatN N is the background color of the background pattern. The following is an example of table text: \par \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trrh280\trleft36 \clbrdrt\brdrth \clbrdrl\brdrth \clbrdrb\brdrdb \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx3636\clbrdrt\brdrth \clbrdrl\brdrdb \clbrdrb\brdrdb \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx7236\clbrdrt\brdrth \clbrdrl\brdrdb \clbrdrb\brdrdb \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx10836\pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \row \trowd \trqc\trgaph108\trrh280\trleft36 \clbrdrt\brdrdb \clbrdrl\brdrth \clbrdrb \brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx3636\clbrdrt\brdrdb \clbrdr \brdrdb \clbrdrb\brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx7236\clbrdrt\brdrdb \clbrdr \brdrdb \clbrdrb\brdrsh\brdrs \clbrdrr\brdrdb \cellx10836\pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \cell \pard \intbl \row \pard Character Text Character text has the following syntax: <char> <ptext> | <atext> | '{' <char> '}' <ptext> (<chrfmt>* <data>+ )+ <data> #PCDATA | <spec> | <pict> | <obj> | <do> | <foot> | <annot> | <field> | <idx> | <toc> | <book> Character Formatting Properties These control words (described as <chrfmt> in the syntax description) change character formatting properties. A control word preceding plain text turns on the specified attribute. Some control words (indicated in the following table by an asterisk following the description) can be turned off by the control word followed by 0 (zero). For example, \b turns on bold, while \b0 turns off bold. The character-formatting control words are listed in the following table. Control word Meaning \plain Reset character formatting properties to a default value defined by the application. The associated character formatting properties (described in the section "Associated Character Properties" on page 35 of this Application Note) are also reset. \b Bold.* \caps All capitals.* \deleted Marks the text as deletion revision marked.* \dnN Subscript position in half-points (the default is 6). \sub Subscripts text and shrinks point size according to font information. \nosupersub Turns off superscripting or subscripting. \expndN Expansion or compression of the space between characters in quarter-points; a negative value compresses (the default is 0). \expndtwN Expansion or compression of the space between characters in twips; a negative value compresses. For backward compatibility, both \expndtw and \expnd should be emitted. \kerningN Point size (in half-points) above which to kern character pairs. \kerning0 turns off kerning. \fN Font number. N refers to an entry in the font table. \fsN Font size in half-points (the default is 24). \i Italic.* \outl Outline.* \revised Text has been added since revision marking was turned on. \revauthN Index into the revision table. The content of the Nth group in the revision table is considered to be the author of that revision. \revdttmN Time of the revision. The 32-bit DTTM structure is emitted as a long integer. \scaps Small capitals.* \shad Shadow.* \strike Strikethrough.* \ul Continuous underline. \ul0 turns off all underlining. \uld Dotted underline. \uldb Double underline. \ulnone Stops all underlining. \ulw Word underline. \upN Superscript position in half-points (the default is 6). \super Superscripts text and shrinks point size according to font information. \v Hidden text.* \cfN Foreground color (the default is 0). \cbN Background color (the default is 0). \rtlch The character data following this control word will be treated as a right-to-left run. \ltrch The character data following this control word will be treated as a left-to-right run (the default). \csN Designates character style; if a character style is specified, style properties must be specified with the character run. N refers to an entry in the style table. \cchsN Indicates any characters not belonging to the default document character set and tells which character set they do belong to. Macintosh character sets are represented by values greater than 255. The values for N correspond to the values for the \fcharset control word. \langN Applies a language to a character. N is a number corresponding to a language. The \plain control word resets the language property to the language defined by \deflangN in the document properties. The following table defines the standard languages used by Microsoft. This table was generated by the UnicodeTM group for use with TrueType and Unicode. Language name Language ID No language 0x0400 Albanian 0x041c Arabic 0x0401 Bahasa 0x0421 Belgian Dutch 0x0813 Belgian French 0x080c Brazilian Portuguese 0x0416 Bulgarian 0x0402 Catalan 0x0403 Croato-Serbian (Latin) 0x041a Czech 0x0405 Danish 0x0406 Dutch 0x0413 English (Australian) 0x0c09 English (U.K.) 0x0809 English (U.S.) 0x0409 Finnish 0x040b French 0x040c French (Canadian) 0x0c0c German 0x0407 Greek 0x0408 Hebrew 0x040d Hungarian 0x040e Icelandic 0x040f Italian 0x0410 Japanese 0x0411 Korean 0x0412 Norwegian (Bokmal) 0x0414 Norwegian (Nynorsk) 0x0814 Polish 0x0415 Portuguese 0x0816 Rhaeto-Romanic 0x0417 Romanian 0x0418 Russian 0x0419 Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic) 0x081a Simplified Chinese 0x0804 Slovak 0x041b Spanish (Castilian) 0x040a Spanish (Mexican) 0x080a Swedish 0x041d Swiss French 0x100c Swiss German 0x0807 Swiss Italian 0x0810 Thai 0x041e Traditional Chinese 0x0404 Turkish 0x041f Urdu 0x0420 To read negative \expnd values from Word for the Macintosh, an RTF reader should use only the low-order 6 bits of the value read. Word for the Macintosh does not emit negative values for \expnd. Instead, it treats values from 57 through 63 as -7 through -1, respectively (the low-order 6 bits of 57 through 63 are the same as -7 through -1). Associated Character Properties Bidirectional-aware text processors often need to associate a Latin (or other left-to-right) font with an Arabic or Hebrew (or other right-to-left) font. The association is needed to match commonly used pairs of fonts in name, size, and other attributes. While RTF defines a broad variety of associated character properties, any implementation may choose to not implement a particular associated character property and share the property between the Latin and Arabic fonts. Property association uses the following syntax: <atext> <ltrrun> | <rtlrun> <ltrrun> \rtlch \af & <aprops>* \ltrch <ptext> <rtlrun> \ltrch \af & <aprops>* \rtlch <ptext> Here are some examples of property association: \ltrch\af2\ab\au\rtlch\u Sample Text This is a right-to-left run. Text will use the default bidirectional font, and will be underlined. The left-to-right font associated with this run is font 2 (in the font table) with bolding and underlining. \plain\rtlch\ltrch Sample Text This is a left-to-right run. The right-to-left font and the left-to-right font use the default font (specified by \deff). \rtlch\af5\ab\ai\ltrch\u Sample Text This is a left-to-right run. The right-to-left font is font 5, bold and italicized. The left-to-right font is the default font, underlined. If the reader does not support underlining in the associated font, both fonts will be underlined. The property association control words (described as <aprops> in the syntax description) are listed in the following table. Some control words (indicated in the following table by an asterisk following the description) can be turned off by the control word followed by 0 (zero). Control word Meaning \ab Associated font is bold.* \acaps Associated font is all capitals.* \acfN Associated foreground color (the default is 0). \adnN Associated font is subscript position in half-points (the default is 6). \aexpndN Expansion or compression of the space between characters in quarter-points; a negative value compresses (the default is 0). \afN Associated font number (the default is 0). \afsN Associated font size in half-points (the default is 24). \ai Associated font is italic.* \alangN Language ID for the associated font. (This uses the same language ID codes describedon page 34 of this Application Note.) \aoutl Associated font is outline.* \ascaps Associated font is small capitals.* \ashad Associated font is shadow.* \astrike Associated font is strikethrough.* \aul Associated font is continuous underline. \aul0 turns off all underlining for the alternate font. \auld Associated font is dotted underline. \auldb Associated font is double underline. \aulnone Associated font is no longer underlined. \aulw Associated font is word underline. \aupN Superscript position in half-points (the default is 6). Special Characters The RTF Specification includes control words for special characters (described as <spec> in the character-text syntax description). If a special-character control word is not recognized by the RTF reader, it is ignored, and the text following it is considered plain text. The RTF Specification is flexible enough to allow new special characters to be added for interchange with other software. The special RTF characters are listed in the following table. Control word Meaning \chdate Current date (as in headers). \chdpl Current date in long format (for example, Thursday, October 28, 1993). \chdpa Current date in abbreviated format (for example, Thu, Oct 28, 1993). \chtime Current time (as in headers). \chpgn Current page number (as in headers). \sectnum Current section number (as in headers). \chftn Automatic footnote reference (footnotes follow in a group). \chatn Annotation reference (annotation text follows in a group). \chftnsep Anchoring character for footnote separator. \chftnsepc Anchoring character for footnote continuation. \cell End of table cell. \row End of table row. \par End of paragraph. \sect End of section and paragraph. \page Required page break. \column Required column break. \line Required line break (no paragraph break). \softpage Nonrequired page break. Emitted as it appears in galley view. \softcol Nonrequired column break. Emitted as it appears in galley view. \softline Nonrequired line break. Emitted as it appears in galley view. \softlheightN Nonrequired line height. This is emitted as a prefix to each line. \tab Tab character; same as ASCII 9. \emdash Em-dash (-). \endash En-dash (-). \emspace Nonbreaking space equal to width of character "m" in current font. \enspace Nonbreaking space equal to width of character "n" in current font. \bullet Bullet character. \lquote Left single quotation mark. \rquote Right single quotation mark. \ldblquote Left double quotation mark. \rdblquote Right double quotation mark. \| Formula character. \~ Nonbreaking space. \- Optional hyphen. \_ Nonbreaking hyphen. \: Specifies a subentry in an index entry. \* Marks a destination whose text should be ignored if not understood by the RTF reader. \'hh A hexadecimal value, based on the specified character set (may be used to identify 8-bit values). \ltrmark The following characters should be displayed from left to right; usually found at the start of \ltrch runs. \rtlmark The following characters should be displayed from right to left; usually found at the start of \rtlch runs. \zwj Zero-width joiner. This is used to ligate (join) characters. \zwnj Zero-width nonjoiner. This is used for unligating a characters. Note that an ASCII 9 is accepted as a tab character. A carriage return (character value 13) or linefeed (character value 10) will be treated as a \par control if the character is preceded by a backslash. You must include the backslash, or RTF ignores the control word. (You may also want to insert a carriage-return/linefeed pair without backslashes at least every 255 characters for better text transmission over communication lines.) The following are the code values for the special characters listed. Control word Windows & Macintosh OS/2 \bullet 149 0xA5 \endash 150 0xD1 \emdash 151 0xD0 \lquote 145 0xD4 \rquote 146 0xD5 \ldblquote 147 0xD2 \rdblquote 148 0xD3 Bookmarks This destination may specify one of two control words: \*\bkmkstart, which indicates the start of the specified bookmark, and \*\bkmkend, which indicates the end of the specified bookmark. Bookmarks have the following syntax: <book> <bookstart> | <bookend> <bookstart> '{\*' \bkmkstart ( \bkmkcolf? & \bkmkcoll?) #PCDATA '}' <bookend> '{\*' \bkmkend #PCDATA '}' A bookmark is shown in the following example: \pard\plain \fs20 Kuhn believes that science, rather than discovering in experience certain structured relationships, actually creates (or already participates in) a presupposed structure to which it fits the data. {\bkmkstart paradigm} Kuhn calls such a presupposed structure a paradigm.{\bkmkend paradigm} The bookmark start and the bookmark end are matched with the bookmark tag. In the example, the bookmark tag was "paradigm." Each bookmark start should have a matching bookmark end; however, the bookmark start and the bookmark end may be in any order. \bkmkcolfN is used to denote the first column of a table covered by a bookmark. If it is not included, the first column is assumed. \bkmkcollN is used to denote the last column. If it is not used, the last column is assumed. These controls are used within the \*\bkmkstart destination following the \bkmkstart control. For example, {\*\bkmkstart\bkmkcolf2\bkmkcoll5 Table1} places the bookmark "Table1" on columns 2 through 5 of a table. Pictures An RTF file can include pictures created with other applications. These pictures can be in hexadecimal (the default) or binary format. Pictures are destinations, and begin with the \pict control word. A picture destination has the following syntax: <pict> '{' \pict (<brdr>? & <shading>? & <picttype> & <pictsize> & <metafileinfo>?) <data> '}' <picttype> \macpict | \pmmetafile | \wmetafile | \dibitmap <bitmapinfo> | \wbitmap <bitmapinfo> <bitmapinfo> \wbmbitspixel & \wbmplanes & \wbmwidthbytes <pictsize> ( \picw & \pich) \picwgoal? & \pichgoal? \picscalex? & \picscaley? & \picscaled? & \piccropt? & \piccropb? & \piccropr? & \piccropl? <metafileinfo> \picbmp & \picbpp <data> ( \bin #BDATA) | #SDATA These control words are described in the following table (some measurements in this table are in twips; a twip is one-twentieth of a point). Control word Meaning \macpict Source of the picture is QuickDraw. \pmmetafileN Source of the picture is an OS/2 metafile; the N argument identifies the metafile type. The N values are descibed on page 41 of this Application Note. \wmetafileN Source of the picture is a Windows metafile; the N argument identifies the metafile type (the default is 1). \dibitmapN Source of the picture is a Windows device-independent bitmap; the N argument identifies the bitmap type (must equal 0). The information to be included in RTF from a Windows device-independent bitmap is the concatenation of the BITMAPINFO structure followed by the actual pixel data. \wbitmapN Source of the picture is a Windows device-dependent bitmap; the N argument identifies the bitmap type (must equal 0). The information to be included in RTF from a Windows device-dependent bitmap is the result of the GetBitmapBits function. For more information on the GetDIBits and GetBitmapBits functions and the structure of Windows device- independent and device-dependent bitmaps, see Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the Programmer's Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 Software Development Kit. For best device-independence and interoperability with Microsoft products, however, use of the \wbitmap and \dibitmap control words is discouraged. Rather, bitmaps should be embedded within Windows metafiles and the \wmetafile control word used. For more information on embedding bitmaps within metafiles, see Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the Programmer's Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 Software Development Kit. Bitmap Information \wbmbitspixelN Number of adjacent color bits on each plane needed to define a pixel (the default is 1). Possible values are 1 (monochrome), 4 (16 colors), 8 (256 colors) and 24 (RGB). \wbmplanesN Number of bitmap color planes (must equal 1). \wbmwidthbytesN Specifies the number of bytes in each raster line. This value must be an even number since the Windows graphics device interface (GDI) assumes that the bit values of a bitmap form an array of integer (two-byte) values. In other words, \wbmwidthbytes times 8 must be the next multiple of 16 greater than or equal to the \picw (bitmap width in pixels) value. Picture Size, Scaling, and Cropping \picwN xExt field if the picture is a Windows metafile; picture width in pixels if the picture is a bitmap or from QuickDraw. \pichN yExt field if the picture is a Windows metafile; picture height in pixels if the picture is a bitmap or from QuickDraw. \picwgoalN Desired width of the picture in twips. \pichgoalN Desired height of the picture in twips. \picscalexN Horizontal scaling value; the N argument is a value representing a percentage (the default is 100). \picscaleyN Vertical scaling value; the N argument is a value representing a percentage (the default is 100). \picscaled Scales the picture to fit within the specified frame; used only with \macpict pictures. \piccroptN Top cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0). \piccropbN Bottom cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0). \piccroplN Left cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0). \piccroprN Right cropping value in twips; a positive value crops toward the center of the picture; a negative value crops away from the center, adding a space border around picture (the default is 0). Metafile Information \picbmp Specifies whether a metafile contains a bitmap. \picbppN Specifies the bits per pixel in a metafile bitmap. The valid range is 1-32, with 1, 4, 8, and 24 being recognized. Picture Data \binN The picture is in binary format; the numeric parameter N is the number of bytes that follow. Unlike all other controls, this control word takes a 32-bit parameter. The \wbitmap control word is optional; if no other picture type is specified, the picture is assumed to be a Windows bitmap. If \wmetafile is specified, the N argument can be one of the following types. Type N argument MM_TEXT 1 MM_LOMETRIC 2 MM_HIMETRIC 3 MM_LOENGLISH 4 MM_HIENGLISH 5 MM_TWIPS 6 MM_ISOTROPIC 7 MM_ANISOTROPIC 8 For more information about these types, see volume 1 of the Programmer's Reference in the Microsoft Windows 3.1 Software Development Kit. If \pmmetafile is specified, the N argument can be one of the following types. Type N argument PU_ARBITRARY 0x0004 PU_PELS 0x0008 PU_LOMETRIC 0x000C PU_HIMETRIC 0x0010 PU_LOENGLISH 0x0014 PU_HIENGLISH 0x0018 PU_TWIPS 0x001C For more information about these types, see volume 2 of the OS/2 Programmer's Reference. Be careful with spaces following control words when dealing with pictures in binary format. When reading files, RTF considers the first space after a control word the delimiter and subsequent spaces part of the document text. Therefore, any extra spaces are attached to the picture, with unpredictable results. RTF writers should not use the carriage-return/linefeed (CR/LF) combination to break up pictures in binary format. If they do, the CR/LF combination is treated as literal text and considered part of the picture data. The picture in hexadecimal or binary format follows the picture-destination control words. The following example illustrates the destination format: {\pict\wbitmap0\picw170\pich77\wbmbitspixel1\wbmplanes1\wbmwidthbytes22 \picwgoal505 \pichgoal221 \picscalex172 \picscaley172 49f2000000000273023d1101a030 3901000a000000000273023d98 0048000200000275 02040000200010275023e000000000 273023d000002b90002b90002 b90002b90002b9 0002b90002b90002b90002b90002b90002 b92222b90002b90002b90 002b90002b9 0002b90002b90002b90002b9000 Objects Microsoft OLE links, Microsoft OLE embedded objects, and Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber objects are represented in RTF as objects. Objects are destinations that contain a data part and a result part. The data part is generally hidden to the application that produced the document. A separate application uses the data and supplies the appearance of the data. This appearance is the result part of the object. The representation of objects in RTF is designed to allow RTF readers that don't understand objects or don't use a particular type of object to use the current result in place of the object. This allows the appearance of the object to be maintained through the conversion even though the object functionality is lost. Each object comes with optional information about the object, a required destination that contains the object data, and an optional result that contains the current appearance of the object. This result contains standard RTF. It is an important responsibility of the RTF writer to provide the result so that existing RTF readers that either do not support objects or that do not support the particular type of object will be able to display the object. When the object is an OLE embedded or linked object, the data part of the object is the structure produced by the OLESaveToStream function. Some OLE clients rely on the OLE system to render the object and a copy of the result is not available to the RTF writer for that application. For these cases, the object result can be extracted from the structure produced by the OLESaveToStream function. For information about the OLESaveToStream function, see the Microsoft Object Linking and Embedding Software Development Kit. The syntax for this destination is: <obj> ( '{' \object (<objtype> & <objmod>? & <objclass>? & <objname>? & <objtime>? & <objsize>? & <rsltmod>?) <objdata> <result> '}' ) | <pubobject> <objtype> \objemb | \objlink | \objautlink | \objsub | \objpub | \objicemb <objmod> \linkself? & \objlock? | \objupdate? <objclass> '{\*' \objclass #PCDATA '}' <objname> '{\*' \objname #PCDATA '}' <objtime> '{\*' \objtime <time> '}' <rsltmod> \rsltmerge? & <rslttype>? <rslttype> \rsltrtf | \rslttxt | \rsltpict | \rsltbmp <objsize> \objsetsize? & \objalign? & \objtransy? & <objhw>? & \objcropt? & \objcropb? & \objcropl? & \objcropr? & \objscalex? & \objscaley? <objhw> \objh & \objw <objdata> '{\*' \objdata (<objalias>? & <objsect>?) <data> '}' <objalias> '{\*' \objalias <data> '}' <objsect> '{\*' \objsect <data> '}' <result> '{' \result <para>+ '}' Object Type \objemb An object type of OLE embedded object. If no type is given for the object, the object is assumed to be of type \objemb. \objlink An object type of OLE link. \objautlink An object type of OLE autolink. \objsub An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager subscriber. \objpub An object type of Macintosh Edition Manager publisher. \objicemb An object type of MS¨ Word for the Macintosh Installable Command (IC) Embedder. Object Information \linkself The object is a link to another part of the same document. \objlock Locks the object from any updates. \objupdate Forces an update to the object before displaying it. Note that this will override any values in the <objsize> control words, but reasonable values should always be provided for these to maintain backwards compatibility. \objclass The text argument is the object class to use for this object; ignore the class specified in the object data. This is a destination control word. \objname The text argument is the name of this object. This is a destination control word. \objtime Describes the time that the object was last updated. Object Size, Position, Cropping, and Scaling \objhN N is the original object height in twips, assuming the object has a graphical representation. \objwN N is the original object width in twips, assuming the object has a graphical representation. \objsetsize Forces the object server to set the object's dimensions to that specified by the client. \objalignN N is the distance in twips from the left edge of the objects that should be aligned on a tab stop. This is needed to place Equation Editor equations correctly in line. \objtransyN N is the distance in twips the objects should be moved vertically with respect to the baseline. This is needed to place Math Type equations correctly in line. \objcroptN N is the top cropping distance in twips. \objcropbN N is the bottom cropping distance in twips. \objcroplN N is the left cropping distance in twips. \objcroprN N is the right cropping distance in twips. \objscalexN N is the horizontal scaling percentage. \objscaleyN N is the vertical scaling percentage. Object Data \objdata This subdestination contains the data for the object in the appropriate format; OLE objects are in OLESaveToStream format. This is a destination control word. \objalias This subdestination contains the Alias Record for the publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This is a destination control word. \objsect This subdestination contains the Section Record for the publisher object for the Macintosh Edition Manager. This is a destination control word. Object Result \rsltrtf Forces the result to be rich-text format, if possible. \rsltpict Forces the result to be a Windows metafile or MacPict image format, if possible. \rsltbmp Forces the result to be a bitmap, if possible. \rslttxt Forces the result to be plain text, if possible. \rsltmerge Uses the formatting of the current result whenever a new result is obtained. \result The result destination is optional in the \object destination. It contains the last update of the result of the object. The data of the result destination should be standard RTF so that RTF readers that don't understand objects or the type of object represented can use the current result in the object's place to maintain appearance. This is a destination control word. Macintosh Edition Manager Publisher Objects Word for the Macintosh writes publisher objects for the Macintosh Edition Manager in terms of bookmarks (see "Bookmarks" on page 38 of this Application Note). The range of publisher objects are marked as bookmarks, so these controls are all used within the \bkmkstart destination. The RTF syntax for a publisher object is: <pubobject> '{\*' \bkmkstart \bkmkpub \pubauto? (<objalias>? & <objsect>) #PCDATA '}' Control word Meaning \bkmkpub The bookmark marks a Macintosh Edition Manager publisher object. \pubauto The publisher object updates all Macintosh Edition Manager subscribers of this object automatically whenever it is edited. Drawing Objects Drawing objects and the drawing primitives enumerated within drawing object groups use the syntax described by the following tables. <do> '{\*' \do <dohead> <dpinfo>'}' <dohead> <dobx> <doby> <dodhgt> <dolock>? <dobx> \dobxpage | \dobxcolumn | \dobxmargin <doby> \dobypage | \dobypara | \dobymargin <dodhgt> \dodhgt <dolock> \dolock <dpinfo> <dpgroup> | <dpcallout> | <dpsimple> <dpgroup> \dpgroup \dpcount <dphead> <dpinfo>+ \dpendgroup <dphead> <dpcallout> \dpcallout <cotype> <coangle>? <coaccent>? <cosmartattach>? <cobestfit>? <cominusx>? <cominusy>? <coborder>? <codescent>? \dpcooffset \dpcolength <dphead> <dppolyline> <dphead> <dpprops> <dptextbox> <dphead> <dpprops> <dpsimple> <dpsimpledpk> <dphead> <dpprops> <dpsimpledpk> <dpline> | <dprect> | <dptextbox> | <dpellipse> | <dppolyline> | <dparc> <dpline> \dpline <dppt> <dppt> <dprect> \dprect (\dproundr)? <dptextbox> \dptxbx \dptxbxmar '{' \dptxbxtext <para>+'}' <dpellipse> \dpellipse <dparc> \dparc \dparcflipx? \dparcflipy? <dppolyline> \dppolyline (\dppolygon)? \dppolycount <dppt>+ <dppt> \dpptx \dppty <dphead> \dpx \dpy \dpxsize \dpysize Note that in <dpgroup> the number of <dpinfo>s is equal to the argument of \dpcount, while in <dppolyline> the number of <dppt>s is equal to the argument of \dppolycount. The following elements of the drawing-object syntax pertain specifically to callout objects: <cotype> \dpcotright | \dpcotsingle | \dpcotdouble | \dpcottriple <coangle> \dpcoa <coaccent> \dpcoaccent <cosmartattach> \dpcosmarta <cobestfit> \dpcobestfit <cominusx> \dpcominusx <cominusy> \dpcominusy <coborder> \dpcoborder <codescent> \dpcodtop | \dpcodcenter | \dpcodbottom | \dpcodabs The remaining elements of the drawing object syntax are properties applied to individual drawn primitives: <dpprops> <lineprops>? <fillprops>? <endstylestart>? <endstyleend>? <shadow>? <lineprops> <linestyle> <linecolor> \dplinew <linestyle> \dplinesolid | \dplinehollow | \dplinedash | \dplinedot | \dplinedado | \dplinedadodo <linecolor> <linegray> | <linergb> <linegray> \dplinegray <linergb> \dplinecor \dplinecog \dplinecob<linepal>? <linepal> \dplinepal <fillprops> <fillcolorfg> <fillcolorbg> \dpfillpat <fillcolorfg> <fillfggray> | <fillfgrgb> <fillfggray> \dpfillfggray <fillfgrgb> \dpfillfgcr \dpfillfgcg \dpfillfgcb<fillfgpal>? <fillfgpal> \dpfillfgpal <fillcolorbg> <fillbggray> | <fillbgrgb> <fillbggray> \dpfillbggray <fillbgrgb> \dpfillbgcr \dpfillbgcg \dpfillbgcb<fillbgpal>? <fillbgpal> \dpfillbgpal <endstylestart> <arrowstartfill> \dpastartl \dpastartw <arrowstartfill> \dpastartsol | \dpastarthol <endstyleend> <arrowendfill> \dpaendl \dpaendw <arrowendfill> \dpaendsol | \dpaendhol <shadow> \dpshadow \dpshadx \dpshady The following table describes the control words for the drawing object group in detail. All color values are RGB values between 0-255. All distances are in twips. All other values are as indicated. Control word Definition \d o Indicates a drawing object is to be inserted at this point in the character stream. This is a destination control word. \dolock The drawing object's anchor is locked and cannot be moved. \dobxpage The drawing object is page relative in the x-direction. \dobxcolumn The drawing object is column relative in the x-direction. \dobxmargin The drawing object is margin relative in the x-direction. \dobypage The drawing object is page relative in the y-direction. \dobypara The drawing object is paragraph relative in the y-direction. \dobymargin The drawing object is margin relative in the y-direction. \dodhgtN The drawing object is positioned at the following numeric address in the z-ordering. Drawing Primitives \dpgroup Begin group of drawing primitives. \dpcountN Number of drawing primitives in the current group. \dpendgroup End group of drawing primitives. \dparc Arc drawing primitive. \dpcallout Callout drawing primitive, which consists of both a polyline and a text box. \dpellipse Ellipse drawing primitive. \dpline Line drawing primitive. \dppolygon Polygon drawing primitive (closed polyline). \dppolyline Polyline drawing primitive. \dprect Rectangle drawing primitive. \dptxbx Text box drawing primitive. Position and Size \dpxN X-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor. \dpxsizeN X-size of the drawing primitive. \dpyN Y-offset of the drawing primitive from its anchor. \dpysizeN Y-size of the drawing primitive. Callouts \dpcoaN Angle of callout's diagonal line is restricted to one of the following: 0, 30, 45, 60, or 90. If this control word is absent, the callout has an arbitrary angle, indicated by the coordinates of its primitives. \dpcoaccent Accent bar on callout (vertical bar between polyline and text box). \dpcobestfit Best fit callout (x-length of each line in callout is similar). \dpcoborder Visible border on callout text box. \dpcodabsN Absolute distance-attached polyline. N is the offset in twips from the corner that an auto- attached callout would attach to. \dpcodbottom Bottom-attached polyline. \dpcodcenter Center-attached polyline. \dpcodtop Top-attached callout. \dpcolengthN Length of callout. \dpcominusx Text box falls in quadrants II or III relative to polyline origin. \dpcominusy Text box falls in quadrants III or IV relative to polyline origin. \dpcooffsetN Offset of callout. This is the distance between the end of the polyline and the edge of the text box. \dpcosmarta Auto-attached callout. Polyline will attach to either the top or bottom of the text box depending on the relative quadrant. \dpcotdouble Double line callout. \dpcotright Right angle callout. \dpcotsingle Single line callout. \dpcottriple Triple line callout. Text Boxes and Rectangles \dptxbxmarN Internal margin of the text box. \dptxbxtext Group that contains the text of the text box. \dproundr Rectangle is a round rectangle. Lines and Polylines \dpptxN X-coordinate of the current vertex (only for lines and polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y. \dpptyN Y-coordinate of the current vertex (only for lines and polylines). The coordinate order for a point must be x, y. \dppolycountN Number of vertices in polyline drawing primitive. Arcs \dparcflipx This indicates that the end point of the arc is to the right of the start point. Arcs are drawn counter-clockwise. \dparcflipy This indicates that the end point of the arc is below the start point. Arcs are drawn counter-clockwise. Line Style \dplinecobN Blue value for line color. \dplinecogN Green value for line color. \dplinecorN Red value for line color. \dplinepal Render line color using the PALETTERGB macro instead of the RGB macro in Windows. \dplinedado Dashed-dotted line style. \dplinedadodo Dashed-dotted-dotted line style. \dplinedash Dashed line style. \dplinedot Dotted line style. \dplinegrayN Grayscale value for line color (in half-percentages). \dplinehollow Hollow line style (no line color). \dplinesolid Solid line style. \dplinewN Thickness of line (in twips). Arrow Style \dpaendhol Hollow end arrow (lines only). \dpaendlN Length of end arrow, relative to pen width: 1 Small 2 Medium 3 Large \dpaendsol Solid end arrow (lines only). \dpaendwN Width of end arrow, relative to pen width: 1 Small 2 Medium 3 Large \dpastarthol Hollow start arrow (lines only). \dpastartlN Length of start arrow, relative to pen width: 1 Small 2 Medium 3 Large \dpastartsol Solid start arrow (lines only). \dpastartwN Width of start arrow, relative to pen width: 1 Small 2 Medium 3 Large Fill Pattern \dpfillbgcbN Blue value for background fill color. \dpfillbgcgN Green value for background fill color. \dpfillbgcrN Red value for background fill color. \dpfillbgpal Render fill background color using the PALETTERGB macro instead of the RGB macro in Windows. \dpfillbggrayN Grayscale value for background fill (in half-percentages). \dpfillfgcbN Blue value for foreground fill color. \dpfillfgcgN Green value for foreground fill color. \dpfillfgcrN Red value for foreground fill color. \dpfillfgpal Render fill foreground color using the PALETTERGB macro instead of the RGB macro in Windows. \dpfillfggrayN Grayscale value for foreground fill (in half-percentages). \dpfillpatN Index into a list of fill patterns. See below for list. Shadow \dpshadow Current drawing primitive has a shadow. \dpshadxN X-offset of the shadow. \dpshadyN Y-offset of the shadow. The following values are available for specifying fill patterns in drawing objects with the \dpfillpat control word. Value Fill pattern 0 (zero) Clear (no pattern) 1 Solid (100%) 2 5% 3 10% 4 20% 5 25% 6 30% 7 40% 8 50% 9 60% 10 70% 11 75% 12 80% 13 90% 14 Dark horizontal lines 15 Dark vertical lines 16 Dark left-diagonal lines (\\\) 17 Dark right-diagonal lines (///) 18 Dark grid lines 19 Dark trellis lines 20 Light horizontal lines 21 Light vertical lines 22 Light left-diagonal lines (\\\) 23 Light right-diagonal lines (///) 24 Light grid lines 25 Light trellis lines Footnotes The \footnote control word introduces a footnote. Footnotes are destinations in RTF. A footnote is anchored to the character that immediately precedes the footnote destination (that is, the footnote moves with the character to which it is anchored). If automatic footnote numbering is defined, the destination can be preceded by a footnote reference character, identified by the control word \chftn. No Microsoft product supports footnotes within headers, footers, or annotations. Placing a footnote within headers, footers, or annotations will often result in a corrupt document. Footnotes have the following syntax. <foot> '{\*' \footnote <para>+ '}' Here is an example of a destination containing footnotes: \ftnbj\ftnrestart \sectd \linemod0\linex0\endnhere \pard\plain \ri1170 \fs20 {\pu6 Mead's landmark study has been amply annotated.\chftn {\*\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn }See Sahlins, Bateson, and Geertz for a complete bibliography.} It was her work in America during the Second World War, however, that forms the basis for the paper. As others have noted, \chftn {\*\footnote \pard\plain \s246 \fs20 {\up6\chftn} A complete bibliography will be found at the end of this chapter.} this period was a turning point for Margaret Mead.} \par To indicate endnotes, the following combination is emitted: \footnote\ftnalt. Existing readers will ignore the \ftnalt control word and treat everything as a footnote. For other control words relating to footnotes, see the sections titled "Document Formatting Properties" (page 15), "Section Formatting Properties" (page 19), and "Special Characters" (page 37) in this Application Note. Annotations RTF annotations have two parts; the author ID (introduced by the control word \atnid) and the annotation text (introduced by the control word \annotation); there is no group enclosing both parts. No Microsoft product supports annotations within headers, footers, or footnotes. Placing an annotation within headers, footers, or footnotes will often result in a corrupt document. Each part of the annotation is an RTF destination. Annotations are anchored to the character that immediately precedes the annotation. If an annotation is associated with an annotation bookmark, the following two destination control words precede and follow the bookmark. The alphanumeric string N, such as a long integer, represents the bookmark name. <atrfstart> '{\*' \atrfstart N '}' <atrfend> '{\*' \atrfend N '}' Annotations have the following syntax: <annot> <annotid> <atnauthor> <atntime>? \chatn <atnicn>? <annotdef> <annotid> '{\*' \atnid #PCDATA '}' <atnauthor> '{\*' \atnauthor #PCDATA '}' <annotdef> '{\*' \annotation <atnref> <para>+ '}' <atnref> '{\*' \atnref N '}' <atntime> '{\*' \atntime <time> '}' <atnicn> '{\*' \atnicn <pict> '}' An example of annotation text follows: An example of a paradigm might be Newtonian physics or Darwinian biology.{\v\fs16 {\atnid bz}\chatn{\*\annotation \pard\plain \s224 \fs20 {\field{\fldinst page \\#'"Page: '#'\line'"}{\fldrslt}}{\fs16 \chatn } How about some examples that deal with social science? That's what this paper is about.}} Annotations may have optional time stamps (contained in the \atntime destination) or icons (contained in the \atnicn destination). Fields The \field control word introduces a field destination, which contains the text of Word for Windows fields. Fields have the following syntax: <field> '{' \field <fieldmod>? <fieldinst> <fieldrslt> '}' <fieldmod> \flddirty? & \fldedit? & \fldlock? & \fldpriv? <fieldinst> '{\*' \fldinst <char>+ <fldalt>? '}' <fldalt> \fldalt <fieldrslt> '{\*' \fldrslt <para>+ '}' There are several control words that alter the interpretation of the field. These control words are listed in the following table. Control word Meaning \flddirty A formatting change has been made to the field result since the field was last updated. \fldedit Text has been added to, or removed from, the field result since the field was last updated. \fldlock Field is locked and cannot be updated. \fldpriv Result is not in a form suitable for display (for example, binary data used by fields whose result is a picture). Two subdestinations are required within the \field destination. They must be enclosed in braces ({ }) and begin with the following control words. Control word Meaning \fldinst Field instructions. This is a destination control word. \fldrslt Most recent calculated result of the field. This is a destination control word. If the instruction for a field contains a filename, then the \cpg control can be used to define the character set of the filename. See "Code Page Support" on page 9 of this Application Note for details. The \fldrslt control word should be included even if no result has been calculated because most readers (even those readers that do not recognize fields) can generally include the value of the \fldrslt destination in the document. An example of some field text follows: {\field\fldedit{\fldinst author}{\fldrslt Joe Smith}}\par\pard {\field{\fldinst time \\@ "h:mm AM/PM"}{\fldrslt 8:12 AM}} You can use the \fldalt control word to specify that the given field reference is to an endnote. For example, the following field in RTF is a reference to a footnote: {\field{\*\fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber } {\fldrslt 1}} The following is an example of a reference to an endnote: {\field{\*\fldinst NOTEREF _RefNumber \fldalt } {\fldrslt I}} If the specified field is a form field, the \*\datafield destination appears as a part of <char> and contains the binary data of a form field instruction. For example: {\field{\*\fldinst {\*\bkmkstart Text1} FORMTEXT {{\*\datafield 00000000000000000554657874310008476565207768697a0000000000000000000000}}}{\fldrslt Default Result}}{\*\bkmkend Text1} Note that the \datafield destination requires the \* prefix. Index Entries The \xe control word introduces an index entry. Index entries in RTF are destinations. An index entry has the following syntax: <idx> '{' \xe (\xef? & \bxe? & \ixe?) <char>+ (<txe> | <rxe>)? '}' <txe> '{' \txe <char>+ '}' <rxe> '{' \rxe #PCDATA '}' If the text of the index entry is not formatted as hidden text with the \v control word, the text is put into the document as well as into the index. For more information on the \v control word, see "Character Formatting Properties" on page 32 of this Application Note. Similarly, the text of the \txe subdestination, described later in this section, becomes part of the document if it is not formatted as hidden text. The following control words may also be used. Control word Meaning \xefN Allows multiple indexes within the same document. N is an integer that corresponds to the ASCII value of a letter between A and Z. \bxe Formats the page number or cross-reference in bold. \ixe Formats the page number or cross-reference in italic. \txe Text Text argument to be used instead of a page number. This is a destination control word. \rxe Text argument is a bookmark for the range of page numbers. This is a destination control BookmarkName word. Table of Contents Entries The \tc control word introduces a table of contents entry, which can be used to build the actual table of contents. The \tcn control word marks a table of contents entry that will not have a page number associated with it; this is used in place of \tc for such entries. Table of contents entries are destinations, and they have the following syntax: <toc> '{' \tc | \tcn ( \tcf? & \tcl?) <char>+ '}' As with index entries, text that is not formatted as hidden with the \v character-formatting control word is put into the document. The following control words can also be used in this destination. Control word Meaning \tcfN Type of table being compiled; N is mapped by existing Microsoft software to a letter between A and Z (the default is 67, which maps to C, used for tables of contents). \tclN Level number (the default is 1). Bidirectional Language Support RTF supports bidirectional writing orders for languages such as Arabic. The controls are described below (as well as in the appropriate sections throughout this Application Note). Also refer to the associated character properties defined in "Associated Character Properties" on page 35 of this Application Note. All the control words relating to bidirectional language support are repeated here for convenience. Control word Meaning \rtlch The character data following this control word will be treated as a right-to-left run. \ltrch The character data following this control word will be treated as a left-to-right run (the default). \rtlmark The following characters should be displayed from right to left. \ltrmark The following characters should be displayed from left to right. 2 Microsoft Product Support Services Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Page 51 \rtlpar Text in this paragraph will be displayed with right-to-left precedence \ltrpar Text in this paragraph will be displayed with left-to-right precedence. This is the default. \rtlrow Cells in this table row will have right-to-left precedence. \ltrrow Cells in this table row will have left-to-right precedence. This is the default. \rtlsect This section will thread columns from right to left. \ltrsect This section will thread columns from left to right. This is the default. \rtldoc Text in this document will be displayed from right to left unless overridden by a more specific control. \ltrdoc Text in this document will be displayed from left to right unless overridden by a more specific control. This is the default. \zwj Zero-width joiner. This is used for ligating characters. \zwnj Zero-width nonjoiner. This is used for unligating characters. INDEX OF RTF CONTROL WORDS The following table contains a list of all RTF control words, the name of the section where it may be found, and a brief description of the type of control word. The types are described in the following table. Type Description Flag The control word ignores any parameter. Destination This control word starts a group or destination. It ignores any parameter. Symbol This control word represents a special character. Toggle This control word distinguishes between the ON and OFF states for the given property. The control word with no parameter or a non-zero parameter is used to turn on the property, while the control word with a zero parameter is used to turn it off. Value This control word requires a parameter. Note: In the following comprehensive table, the names of all control words that are new to Microsoft Word version 6.0 are followed by an asterisk (*). Control word Described in Section Type \' Special Characters Symbol \* Special Characters Symbol \- Special Characters Symbol \: Special Characters Symbol \\ Special Characters Symbol \_ Special Characters Symbol \{ Special Characters Symbol \| Special Characters Symbol \} Special Characters Symbol \~ Special Characters Symbol \a b Associated Character Properties Toggle \absh Positioned Objects and Frames Value \absw Positioned Objects and Frames Value \acaps Associated Character Properties Toggle \acf Associated Character Properties Value \additive * Style Sheet Flag \a d n Associated Character Properties Value \aenddoc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aendnotes * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aexpnd Associated Character Properties Value \a f Associated Character Properties Value \afs Associated Character Properties Value \aftnbj * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftncn * Document Formatting Properties Destination \aftnnalc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnnar * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnnauc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnnchi * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnnrlc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnnruc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnrestart * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnrstcont * Document Formatting Properties Flag \aftnsep * Document Formatting Properties Destination 2 Microsoft Product Support Services Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Page 53 \aftnsepc * Document Formatting Properties Destination \aftnstart * Document Formatting Properties Value \aftntj * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ai Associated Character Properties Toggle \alang Associated Character Properties Value \allprot * Document Formatting Properties Flag \alt Style Sheet Flag \annotation Annotations Destination \annotprot * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ansi Character Set Flag \aoutl Associated Character Properties Toggle \ascaps Associated Character Properties Toggle \ashad Associated Character Properties Toggle \astrike Associated Character Properties Toggle \atnauthor * Annotations Destination \atnicn Annotations Destination \atnid Annotations Destination \atnref * Annotations Destination \atntime Annotations Destination \atrfend * Annotations Destination \atrfstart * Annotations Destination \aul Associated Character Properties Toggle \auld Associated Character Properties Toggle \auldb Associated Character Properties Toggle \aulnone Associated Character Properties Toggle \aulw Associated Character Properties Toggle \a u p Associated Character Properties Value \author Information Group Destination \b Character Formatting Properties Toggle \bgbdiag Paragraph Shading Flag \bgcross Paragraph Shading Flag \bgdcross Paragraph Shading Flag \bgdkbdiag Paragraph Shading Flag \bgdkcross Paragraph Shading Flag \bgdkdcross Paragraph Shading Flag \bgdkfdiag Paragraph Shading Flag \bgdkhoriz Paragraph Shading Flag \bgdkvert Paragraph Shading Flag \bgfdiag Paragraph Shading Flag \bghoriz Paragraph Shading Flag \bgvert Paragraph Shading Flag \bin Pictures Value \binfsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \binsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \bkmkcolf Bookmarks Value \bkmkcoll Bookmarks Value \bkmkend Bookmarks Destination \bkmkpub Macintosh Edition Manager Flag Publisher Objects \bkmkstart Bookmarks Destination \blue Color Table Value \b o x Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrb Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrbar Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrbtw Paragraph Borders Flag 2 Microsoft Product Support Services Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Page 54 \brdrcf Paragraph Borders Value \brdrdash * Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrdb Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrdot Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrhair Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrl Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrr Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrs Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrsh Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrt Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrth Paragraph Borders Flag \brdrw Paragraph Borders Value \brkfrm * Document Formatting Properties Flag \brsp Paragraph Borders Value \bullet Special Characters Symbol \buptim Information Group Destination \bxe Index Entries Flag \caps Character Formatting Properties Toggle \c b Character Formatting Properties Value \cbpat Paragraph Shading Value \cchs * Character Formatting Properties Value \cell Special Characters Symbol \cellx Table Definitions Value \c f Character Formatting Properties Value \cfpat Paragraph Shading Value \chatn Special Characters Symbol \chdate Special Characters Symbol \chdpa Special Characters Symbol \chdpl Special Characters Symbol \chftn Special Characters Symbol \chftnsep Special Characters Symbol \chftnsepc Special Characters Symbol \chpgn Special Characters Symbol \chtime Special Characters Symbol \clbgbdiag Table Definitions Flag \clbgcross Table Definitions Flag \clbgdcross Table Definitions Flag \clbgdkbdiag Table Definitions Flag \clbgdkcross Table Definitions Flag \clbgdkdcross Table Definitions Flag \clbgdkfdiag Table Definitions Flag \clbgdkhor Table Definitions Flag \clbgdkvert Table Definitions Flag \clbgfdiag Table Definitions Flag \clbghoriz Table Definitions Flag \clbgvert Table Definitions Flag \clbrdrb Table Definitions Flag \clbrdrl Table Definitions Flag \clbrdrr Table Definitions Flag \clbrdrt Table Definitions Flag \clcbpat Table Definitions Value \clcfpat Table Definitions Value \clmgf Table Definitions Flag \clmrg Table Definitions Flag \clshdng Table Definitions Value \colno * Section Formatting Properties Value \colortbl Color Table Destination \cols Section Formatting Properties Value \colsr * Section Formatting Properties Value \colsx Section Formatting Properties Value \column Special Characters Symbol \colw * Section Formatting Properties Value \comment Information Group Destination \c p g Code Page Support Value \creatim Information Group Destination \c s Character Formatting Properties Value \ctrl Style Sheet Flag \cvmme * Document Formatting Properties Flag \datafield * Fields Destination \deff Font Table Value \defformat Document Formatting Properties Flag \deflang Document Formatting Properties Value \deftab Document Formatting Properties Value \deleted Character Formatting Properties Toggle \dfrmtxtx Positioned Objects and Frames Value \dfrmtxty Positioned Objects and Frames Value \dibitmap Pictures Value \d n Character Formatting Properties Value \do * Drawing Objects Destination \dobxcolumn * Drawing Objects Flag \dobxmargin * Drawing Objects Flag \dobxpage * Drawing Objects Flag \dobymargin * Drawing Objects Flag \dobypage * Drawing Objects Flag \dobypara * Drawing Objects Flag \doccomm Information Group Destination \doctemp Document Formatting Properties Flag \dodhgt * Drawing Objects Value \dolock * Drawing Objects Flag \dpaendhol * Drawing Objects Flag \dpaendl * Drawing Objects Value \dpaendsol * Drawing Objects Flag \dpaendw * Drawing Objects Value \dparc * Drawing Objects Flag \dparcflipx * Drawing Objects Flag \dparcflipy * Drawing Objects Flag \dpastarthol * Drawing Objects Flag \dpastartl * Drawing Objects Value \dpastartsol * Drawing Objects Flag \dpastartw * Drawing Objects Value \dpcallout * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcoa * Drawing Objects Value \dpcoaccent * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcobestfit * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcoborder * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcodabs * Drawing Objects Value \dpcodbottom * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcodcenter * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcodtop * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcolength * Drawing Objects Value \dpcominusx * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcominusy * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcooffset * Drawing Objects Value \dpcosmarta * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcotdouble * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcotright * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcotsingle * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcottriple * Drawing Objects Flag \dpcount * Drawing Objects Value \dpellipse * Drawing Objects Flag \dpendgroup * Drawing Objects Flag \dpfillbgcb * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillbgcg * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillbgcr * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillbggray * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillbgpal * Drawing Objects Flag \dpfillfgcb * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillfgcg * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillfgcr * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillfggray * Drawing Objects Value \dpfillfgpal * Drawing Objects Flag \dpfillpat * Drawing Objects Value \dpgroup * Drawing Objects Flag \dpline * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinecob * Drawing Objects Value \dplinecog * Drawing Objects Value \dplinecor * Drawing Objects Value \dplinedado * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinedadodo * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinedash * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinedot * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinegray * Drawing Objects Value \dplinehollow * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinepal * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinesolid * Drawing Objects Flag \dplinew * Drawing Objects Value \dppolycount * Drawing Objects Value \dppolygon * Drawing Objects Flag \dppolyline * Drawing Objects Flag \dpptx * Drawing Objects Value \dppty * Drawing Objects Value \dprect * Drawing Objects Flag \dproundr * Drawing Objects Flag \dpshadow * Drawing Objects Flag \dpshadx * Drawing Objects Value \dpshady * Drawing Objects Value \dptxbx * Drawing Objects Flag \dptxbxmar * Drawing Objects Value \dptxbxtext * Drawing Objects Destination \dpx * Drawing Objects Value \dpxsize * Drawing Objects Value \dpy * Drawing Objects Value \dpysize * Drawing Objects Value \dropcapli * Positioned Objects and Frames Value \dropcapt * Positioned Objects and Frames Value 2 Microsoft Product Support Services Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Page 57 \d s Section Formatting Properties Value \dxfrtext Positioned Objects and Frames Value \d y Information Group Value \edmins Information Group Value \emdash Special Characters Symbol \emspace * Special Characters Symbol \endash Special Characters Symbol \enddoc Document Formatting Properties Flag \endnhere Section Formatting Properties Flag \endnotes Document Formatting Properties Flag \enspace * Special Characters Symbol \expnd Character Formatting Properties Value \expndtw * Character Formatting Properties Value \f Character Formatting Properties Value \facingp Document Formatting Properties Flag \falt * Font Table Destination \fbidi Font Table Flag \fcharset * Font Table Value \fdecor Font Table Flag \fet * Document Formatting Properties Value \fi Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \fid * File Table Value \field Fields Destination \file * File Table Destination \filetbl * File Table Destination \fldalt * Document Formatting Properties Flag \flddirty Fields Flag \fldedit Fields Flag \fldinst Fields Destination \fldlock Fields Flag \fldpriv Fields Flag \fldrslt Fields Destination \fmodern Font Table Flag \f n Style Sheet Value \fnetwork * File Table Flag \fnil Font Table Flag \fontemb Font Table Destination \fontfile Font Table Destination \fonttbl Font Table Destination \footer Headers and Footers Destination \footerf Headers and Footers Destination \footerl Headers and Footers Destination \footerr Headers and Footers Destination \footery Section Formatting Properties Value \footnote Footnotes Destination \formdisp * Document Formatting Properties Flag \formprot * Document Formatting Properties Flag \formshade * Document Formatting Properties Flag \fosnum * File Table Value \fprq * Font Table Value \fracwidth Document Formatting Properties Flag \frelative * File Table Value \froman Font Table Flag \f s Character Formatting Properties Value \fscript Font Table Flag 2 Microsoft Product Support Services Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Page 58 \fswiss Font Table Flag \ftech Font Table Flag \ftnalt * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnbj Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftncn Document Formatting Properties Destination \ftnil Font Table Flag \ftnnalc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnnar * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnnauc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnnchi * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnnrlc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnnruc * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnrestart Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnrstcont * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnrstpg * Document Formatting Properties Flag \ftnsep Document Formatting Properties Destination \ftnsepc Document Formatting Properties Destination \ftnstart Document Formatting Properties Value \ftntj Document Formatting Properties Flag \fttruetype Font Table Flag \fvaliddos * File Table Flag \fvalidhpfs * File Table Flag \fvalidmac * File Table Flag \fvalidntfs * File Table Flag \green Color Table Value \gutter Document Formatting Properties Value \guttersxn Section Formatting Properties Value \header Headers and Footers Destination \headerf Headers and Footers Destination \headerl Headers and Footers Destination \headerr Headers and Footers Destination \headery Section Formatting Properties Value \h r Information Group Value \hyphauto * Document Formatting Properties Toggle \hyphcaps * Document Formatting Properties Toggle \hyphconsec * Document Formatting Properties Value \hyphhotz Document Formatting Properties Value \hyphpar * Paragraph Formatting Properties Toggle \i Character Formatting Properties Toggle \i d Information Group Value \info Information Group Destination \intbl Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \ixe Index Entries Flag \k e e p Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \k e e p n Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \kerning * Character Formatting Properties Value \keycode Style Sheet Destination \keywords Information Group Destination \landscape Document Formatting Properties Flag \lang Character Formatting Properties Value \ldblquote Special Characters Symbol \level Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \li Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \line Special Characters Symbol \linebetcol Section Formatting Properties Flag \linecont Section Formatting Properties Flag \linemod Section Formatting Properties Value \lineppage Section Formatting Properties Flag \linerestart Section Formatting Properties Flag \linestart Document Formatting Properties Value \linestarts Section Formatting Properties Value \linex Section Formatting Properties Value \linkself Objects Flag \linkstyles * Document Formatting Properties Flag \lndscpsxn Section Formatting Properties Flag \lquote Special Characters Symbol \ltrch Character Formatting Properties Flag \ltrdoc Document Formatting Properties Flag \ltrmark Special Characters Symbol \ltrpar Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \ltrrow Table Definitions Flag \ltrsect Section Formatting Properties Flag \mac Character Set Flag \macpict Pictures Flag \makebackup Document Formatting Properties Flag \margb Document Formatting Properties Value \margbsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \margl Document Formatting Properties Value \marglsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \margmirror Document Formatting Properties Flag \margr Document Formatting Properties Value \margrsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \margt Document Formatting Properties Value \margtsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \min Information Group Value \m o Information Group Value \nextfile Document Formatting Properties Destination \nocolbal * Document Formatting Properties Flag \noextrasprl * Document Formatting Properties Flag \nofchars Information Group Value \nofpages Information Group Value \nofwords Information Group Value \noline Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \nosupersub * Character Formatting Properties Flag \notabind * Document Formatting Properties Flag \nowidctlpar * Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \nowrap Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \objalias Objects Destination \objalign Objects Value \objautlink Objects Flag \objclass Objects Destination \objcropb Objects Value \objcropl Objects Value \objcropr Objects Value \objcropt Objects Value \objdata Objects Destination \object Objects Destination \objemb Objects Flag \objh Objects Value \objicemb Objects Flag \objlink Objects Flag \objlock Objects Flag \objname Objects Destination \objpub Objects Flag \objscalex Objects Value \objscaley Objects Value \objsect Objects Destination \objsetsize Objects Flag \objsub Objects Flag \objtime Objects Destination \objtransy Objects Value \objupdate * Objects Flag \objw Objects Value \operator Information Group Destination \otblrul * Document Formatting Properties Flag \outl Character Formatting Properties Toggle \p a g e Special Characters Symbol \pagebb Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \paperh Document Formatting Properties Value \paperw Document Formatting Properties Value \par Special Characters Symbol \pard Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \p c Character Set Flag \pca Character Set Flag \pghsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \pgncont Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgndec Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnhn * Section Formatting Properties Value \pgnhnsc * Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnhnsh * Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnhnsm * Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnhnsn * Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnhnsp * Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnlcltr Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnlcrm Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnrestart Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnstart Document Formatting Properties Value \pgnstarts Section Formatting Properties Value \pgnucltr Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnucrm Section Formatting Properties Flag \pgnx Section Formatting Properties Value \pgny Section Formatting Properties Value \pgwsxn Section Formatting Properties Value \phcol Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \phmrg Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \p h p g Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \picbmp * Pictures Flag \picbpp * Pictures Value \piccropb Pictures Value \piccropl Pictures Value \piccropr Pictures Value \piccropt Pictures Value \pich Pictures Value \pichgoal Pictures Value \picscaled Pictures Flag \picscalex Pictures Value \picscaley Pictures Value \pict Pictures Destination \picw Pictures Value \picwgoal Pictures Value \plain Character Formatting Properties Flag \pmmetafile Pictures Value \pn * Bullets and Numbering Destination \pnacross * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnb * Bullets and Numbering Toggle \pncaps * Bullets and Numbering Toggle \pncard * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pncf * Bullets and Numbering Value \pndec * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnf * Bullets and Numbering Value \pnfs * Bullets and Numbering Value \pnhang * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pni * Bullets and Numbering Toggle \pnindent * Bullets and Numbering Value \pnlcltr * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnlcrm * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnlvl * Bullets and Numbering Value \pnlvlblt * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnlvlbody * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnlvlcont * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnnumonce * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnord * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnordt * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnprev * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnqc * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnql * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnqr * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnrestart * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnscaps * Bullets and Numbering Toggle \pnseclvl * Bullets and Numbering Destination \pnsp * Bullets and Numbering Value \pnstart * Bullets and Numbering Value \pnstrike * Bullets and Numbering Toggle \pntext * Bullets and Numbering Destination \pntxta * Bullets and Numbering Destination \pntxtb * Bullets and Numbering Destination \pnucltr * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnucrm * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnul * Bullets and Numbering Toggle \pnuld * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnuldb * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnulnone * Bullets and Numbering Flag \pnulw * Bullets and Numbering Flag \posnegx * Positioned Objects and Frames Value \posnegy * Positioned Objects and Frames Value \posx Positioned Objects and Frames Value \posxc Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posxi Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posxl Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posxo Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posxr Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posy Positioned Objects and Frames Value \posyb Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posyc Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posyil Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \posyt Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \prcolbl * Document Formatting Properties Flag \printdata * Document Formatting Properties Flag \printim Information Group Destination \psover Document Formatting Properties Flag \psz * Document Formatting Properties Value \pubauto Macintosh Edition Manager Flag Publisher Objects \pvmrg Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \pvpara Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \pvpg Positioned Objects and Frames Flag \q c Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \q j Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \q l Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \q r Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \rdblquote Special Characters Symbol \r e d Color Table Value \result Objects Destination \revauth * Character Formatting Properties Value \revbar Document Formatting Properties Value \revdttm * Character Formatting Properties Value \revised Character Formatting Properties Toggle \revisions Document Formatting Properties Flag \revprop Document Formatting Properties Value \revprot * Document Formatting Properties Flag \revtbl * Revision Marks Destination \revtim Information Group Destination \ri Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \row Special Characters Symbol \rquote Special Characters Symbol \rsltbmp Objects Flag \rsltmerge Objects Flag \rsltpict Objects Flag \rsltrtf Objects Flag \rslttxt Objects Flag \rtf RTF Version Destination \rtlch Character Formatting Properties Flag \rtldoc Document Formatting Properties Flag \rtlmark Bidirectional Language Support Symbol and Special Characters \rtlpar Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \rtlrow Table Definitions Flag \rtlsect Section Formatting Properties Flag \rxe Index Entries Destination \s Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \s a Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \s b Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \sbasedon Style Sheet Value \sbkcol Section Formatting Properties Flag \sbkeven Section Formatting Properties Flag 2 Microsoft Product Support Services Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Page 63 \sbknone Section Formatting Properties Flag \sbkodd Section Formatting Properties Flag \sbkpage Section Formatting Properties Flag \sbys Paragraph Formatting Properties Flag \scaps Character Formatting Properties Toggle \s e c Information Group Value \sect Special Characters Symbol \sectd Section Formatting Properties Flag \sectnum Special Characters Symbol \sectunlocked * Section Formatting Properties Flag \shad Character Formatting Properties Toggle \shading Paragraph Shading Value \shift Style Sheet Flag \sl Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \slmult * Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \snext Style Sheet Value \softcol * Special Characters Flag \softlheight * Special Characters Value \softline * Special Characters Flag \softpage * Special Characters Flag \sprsspbf * Document Formatting Properties Flag \sprstsp * Document Formatting Properties Flag \strike Character Formatting Properties Toggle \stylesheet Style Sheet Destination \sub * Character Formatting Properties Flag \subdocument * Paragraph Formatting Properties Value \subject Information Group Destination \super * Character Formatting Properties Flag \swpbdr * Document Formatting Properties Flag \tab Special Characters Symbol \t b Tabs Value \t c Table of Contents Entries Destination \tcf Table of Contents Entries Value \tcl Table of Contents Entries Value \tcn * Table of Contents Entries Flag \template Document Formatting Properties Destination \title Information Group Destination \titlepg Section Formatting Properties Flag \tldot Tabs Flag \tleq Tabs Flag \tlhyph Tabs Flag \tlth Tabs Flag \tlul Tabs Flag \tqc Tabs Flag \tqdec Tabs Flag \tqr Tabs Flag \transmf * Document Formatting Properties Flag \trbrdrb * Table Definitions Flag \trbrdrh * Table Definitions Flag \trbrdrl * Table Definitions Flag \trbrdrr * Table Definitions Flag \trbrdrt * Table Definitions Flag \trbrdrv * Table Definitions Flag \trgaph Table Definitions Value \trhdr * Table Definitions Flag 2 Microsoft Product Support Services Rich Text Format (RTF) Specification Page 64 \trkeep * Table Definitions Flag \trleft Table Definitions Value \trowd Table Definitions Flag \trqc Table Definitions Flag \trql Table Definitions Flag \trqr Table Definitions Flag \trrh Table Definitions Value \t x Tabs Value \txe Index Entries Destination \u l Character Formatting Properties Toggle \uld Character Formatting Properties Flag \uldb Character Formatting Properties Flag \ulnone Character Formatting Properties Flag \ulw Character Formatting Properties Flag \u p Character Formatting Properties Value \v Character Formatting Properties Toggle \vern Information Group Value \version Information Group Value \vertalb Section Formatting Properties Flag \vertalc Section Formatting Properties Flag \vertalj Section Formatting Properties Flag \vertalt Section Formatting Properties Flag \wbitmap Pictures Value \wbmbitspixel Pictures Value \wbmplanes Pictures Value \wbmwidthbytes Pictures Value \widowctrl Document Formatting Properties Flag \wmetafile Pictures Value \wraptrsp * Document Formatting Properties Flag \xe Index Entries Destination \xef * Index Entries Value \yr Information Group Value \zwj Special Characters Symbol \zwnj Special Characters Symbol 2 Microsoft Product Support Services