The formation techniques of several bimolecular films (bilayers) and the selection methods of their materials were described concretely and discussed. (1) Tough and voltage-stable bilayer (breakdown voltage: 1.5×10⁷ V/cm) was formed by means of photopolymerization of octadecyl acrylate bilayer. Such a super-thin film will be useful both technically and industrially, if the formation technique is improved. (2) The largest bilayer, we have ever known, could be obtained with the complex formation of cis-9-octadecenylamine (oleyl amine) and NiCl₂ in aqueous phase. (3) In order to be comparable to biological membrane in electric resistance, 1-tetradecanol (myristyl alcohol) -linalool mixed bilayer was skeletonized by means of KMnO₄ oxidation.

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 Floors in residential buildings require performance assessment with respect to daily safety and comfortableness. This is especially important for floors in Japanese houses which are used without shoes, retirement facilities and rehabilitation facilities. For these aforementioned floors, the following performances are required:
 ·Floor stiffness during walking
 ·Titubation during walking
 ·Floor stiffness during activities where soles are not in contact with no-shoe-floors such as sitting and lying down
 ·Floor stiffness during collision when a subject falls down
  The following performances are standard for no-shoes-floors:
 ·Lightweight floor impact sound insulation property
 ·Walking floor impact sound insulation property
 In addition, with the aging society in Japan, the runnability of castor or a wheelchair is also becoming an important performance requirement.
 These performances are influenced by the deformation characteristics of the floor in the vertical direction. However, the degree of influence is not clear as it varies depending on the material of the floor and the construction methods. This needs to be quantified in order to appropriately specify floor coverings for new buildings.
 This research focused on identifying the extent of influence of certain floor materials and construction methods on the performance of floors. In addition, an investigation of the relationship between various performances and deformation characteristics was performed. The scope of the research involves floor coverings on concrete groundwork commonly used in Japanese residences including wooden floor, tatami mat, PVC sheeting and tiles and carpet.
 The methodology of investigation involved two stages. Firstly, 63 floor coverings with varying deformation characteristics were selected and sample floors were made by gluing these onto a rigid concrete groundwork. The performance value of each sample was compared to the evaluation of building users which was measured via methods including those established in past research and specified in the Japan Industrial Standards. The second stage involved the development of a device which can measure deformation characteristics via static loading. This device was used to measure the deformation characteristics of the samples and thus, relationships between these results and performance values were evaluated.
 In summary, it was found that the deformation of a specific point within a particular load region on the floor covering influences the performance of the floor in regards to daily safety and comfortableness. The relationship between various floor performances and the deformation characteristics of each floor covering was quantified. The results of this research can be effectively used by developers to appropriately specify floors which satisfy a range of floor performances.

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This paper describes the possibility of radiative cooling with natural ventilation. We investigated the thermal encironments of two experimental small wooden buildings from the viewpoint of "exergy" together with subjective responses. One of the experimental buildings has a radiative cooling system on the ceiling and the other has a convective cooling system. In the room with radiative cooling, we set three patterns of cooling and ventilation. The ceiling surface temperature of the radiative cooling was set up to be much higher than the conventional radiative coolign panels, aiming at the realization of low-exergy cooling systems. We found that the cool radiant exergy emitted from the interior wall surfaces reached 413mW/m^2 and the maximum wet exergy contained by room air 62J/m^3 in the type of radiative cooling without natural ventilation, while on the other hand, those were in the type of radiative cooling with natural ventilation 10〜90mW/m^2 and 8 J/m^3 respectively. The number of the subjective votes for "comfort" in the type of radiative cooling with natural ventilation was larger than that in the type of radiative cooling without natural ventilation. It suggests that high-temperature radiative cooling systems can be realized provided that the indoor moisture is extracted by natural ventilation.

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The applicability of "Impactive Excitation Apparatus" to measurement of floor impact sound generated by walking was investigated. At first, excitation forces applied by walking and the apparatus were investigated. Secondly, the floor impact sounds were measured in actual wood-frame houses. As the results, it was confirmed that the floor impact sound was generated by heel landing, the frequency characteristics of the force of heel landing could be almost substituted by the apparatus, the sound in 250Hz and over hardly affected human sense, and the sounds generated by walking and the apparatus were almost the same between 31.5 and 125Hz.

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The applicability of "Impacting Excitation Apparatus" to measurement of floor impact sound generated by walking was investigated in case of the floor covered with soft finishing material. At first, excitation forces applied by walking and the apparatus were investigated. Secondly, the floor impact sounds were measured in actual houses. As the results, it was confirmed that the forces and the sounds would be changed by the effect of soft finishing material, the frequency characteristics of the force of heel landing could be almost substituted by the apparatus, and the sounds generated by walking and the apparatus were almost the same.

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The purpose of this research is to find a distinctive but rather qualitative relationship between the thermal cognition acquired through daily experience in the built environment during summer and the indoor thermal conditions. We investigated the relationship between subjective responses and environmental quantities obtained from two experimental small wooden buildings: one has a radiative cooling system on the ceiling and the other has a convective cooling system. The ceiling surface temperature of the radiative cooling was set up to be much higher than the conventional radiative cooling panels in order to find a critical level of thermal condition. We sorted out 35 subjects into two types of lifestyles, namely, those exposed much to convective cooling and those using natural ventilation for long hours. We also sorted out the same subjects into two types, namely, those prefering to convective cooling and those who dislike convective cooling. The percentage of comfort votes tend to decrease as the indoor radiant temperature or air temperature increases, but there is quite a clear difference between those preferring to convective cooling and those who dislike convective cooling. It suggests that there exists such a thermal cognition built up through daily experience in the built environment, which is different from a group of people to the other, depending on what kind of cooling they are exposed to.

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