The legend of the three living & the three dead
The Dance of Death Austria
Croatia
Denmark
England
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Italia
Poland
Slovenia
Sweden
Switzerland
Manuscripts
Death and the maiden
The triumph of Death
Miscellaneous representations
Last changes
Bibliography
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- The artistic genre of the dance of death was most probably developed in France. The dance of death of the Cimetière des Innocents in Paris, painted in 1424, is considered the starting point of this tradition. (That work having been destroyed, we know it only through a reproduction in a book published into 1485 by the editor Guyot Marchant.) Afterwards were created among others the frescoes of London (circa 1430), of Basel (a first one around 1440 and a second around 1480), of La Chaise-Dieu (circa 1460-70), of Lübeck (1463). During the second half of the 15th century, the dance of death enjoyed an always growing popularity. You can now admire several dances of death on this site. Some are painted al fresco, like the one in France, Germany, Italy or from various countries. Others come from manuscripts or books, some are works by famous artists like Hans Holbein the Younger, Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki or Johann Elias Ridinger and some other are the works of unknown artists.
- The dances od death were mostly painted (or more rarely
carved) on the outside walls of cloisters, of family vaults,
of ossuaries or inside some churches. These frescoes represent an emaciated
corpse or a skeleton coupled with a representative of a certain
social class. The number of characters and the composition of the
dance vary. The dance of death often
takes the form of a farandole. Below or above the picture are
painted verses by which death adresses its victim. He often talks in a
threatening and accusing tone, sometimes also cynic and sarcastic.
Then comes the argument of the Man, full of remorse and
despair, crying for mercy. But death leads everyone into the dance: from
the whole clerical hierarchy (pope, cardinals,
bishops, abbots, canons, priests), to every single
representative of the laic world (emperors, kings, dukes, counts,
knights, doctors, merchants, usurers, robbers, peasants, and even
innocent children). Death does not care for the social position, nor for the
richness, sex, or age of the people it leads into
its dance. It is often represented with a musical instrument. This
characteristic has a symbolic significance and
appears already at the beginning of the dance of death.
The instrument evokes the tempting, a little diabolic
enchanting power of music. Think of the sirens' song,
of the flute player of Hameln, etc. Like them, death
charms mankind with its music.
The dance of death of the Jesuits' college in Lucerne - Before the first dance of death was created, there was a literary genre called Vado Mori (I prepare myself to die): poem written in Latin, of French
origin, which went back to the 13th century. In these
writings, representatives of various social classes complain, mostly
in two verses, about the fact that they will soon have to die. In the
oldest texts of that kind, there was a prologue underlining the
certainty of death and, following this prologue, the last verses
of eleven dying men (the king, the pope, the bishop, the knight, the
physicist, the logician, the young man, the old man, the rich,
the poor and the insane). In the most recent versions,
the prologue was abolished and the number of characters increased
significantly. The Vado Mori and the dance of death
thus share some characteristics: the lament of a dying man,
characters representing their social class, and a clear separation between the laic
people and the clerks. However, death does not appear in the Vado Mori and nobody answers
the laments of the dying ones. Consequently, the Vado Mori cannot be considered as a
direct ancestor of the dance of death, nor the medieval superstitions, and nor either the mysteries, medieval theatre plays with religious theme. The origin of the
dance of death is still unknown, although there are many theories about it. A thing is
sure: the term "danse macabre" was known and used before 1424 (i.e.
even before the creation of the dance of death in Paris). In his poem
entitled Respit de la Mort, Jean Lefevre writes:
Je fis de Macabre la danse,
Qui tout gent maine à sa trace
E a la fosse les adresse.
- It is not farfetchedness to think that this poet had just escaped death when he wrote that.
He could have been recovering from a
serious disease.
The dance of Death, Kermaria church - In the Middle-Ages, the dance of death was though as a
warning for powerful men, a comfort to the poor, and ultimately an
invitation to lead a responsible and christian life. But its basic idea is
even more simpler, more timeless: to recall the shortness of life.
It makes men remember that they all will die, without
exception. It is also not astonishing that every century since the
Middle-Ages has had its own dances of death.
Chronological list of the dances of death
The list that follows is a non-exhaustive enumeration of the dances of death that are known. Those you can see on this site have a link.
France
- Cemetery of the Innocents, Paris.
1440 - 1460 - Church of Kernascleden.
c. 1470 - Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu.
c. 1490 - Church of Meslay-le-Grenet.
1490 - 1500 - Kermaria Parish Church.
1500 - 1510 - Church of La Ferté-Loupière.
c. 1517 - Church of Kietzheim.
1550-1560 - Trinity Basilica, Cherbourg.
Germany
- St. Mary's Church, Lübeck.
c. 1485 - St. Mary's Church Berlin.
1606 - St. Ann`s Chapel, Füssen.
1606-1608 - Franciscan convent, Freiburg.
1667-1675 - Chapel of the Protecting Angel's churchyard, Haselbach,
c. 1677 - Chapel of Wolhusen.
1700 - Chapel of Jurgen, Wolgast.
1670-1710 - Chapel of Wondreb.
1723 - Chapel of Bleibach.
1753 - Chapel of Schambach.
1763 - Chapel of Straubing.
1760-1780 - St. Michael's church, Freiburg.
Italy
- Church of San Lazzaro, Côme.
c. 1485 - Church of the Disciplini, Clusone.
1490 - Church Santa Maria in Silvis, Pisogne
1519 - Chapel of San Stephano, Carisolo.
1539 - Church St-Vigile, Pinzolo.
Various countries
Austria
1546 - Chapel of St-Michel churchyard, Metnitz.
c. 1725 - Chapel of Breitenwang.
1770 - St. Peter's cemetery, Salzbourg.
1840 - Chapel of Elbigenalp.
1841 - Chapel of Elmen.
1846 - Church of Scattwald.
------------------------------------- Croatia
1474 - St. Mary's Church, Beram.
------------------------------------- Denmark
1480 - 1490 - Church of Nørre Alslev.
------------------------------------- England
c. 1430 - St-Paul's churchyard, London.
c. 1450 - Rosslyn Chapel.
1510 - 1530 - St. Mary Magdalene's Church, Newark.
------------------------------------- Estonia
1475 - 1500 - St. Nicolas of Reval Church, Tallinn.
------------------------------------- Finland
1510-1520 - Church of Inkoo.
------------------------------------- Poland
------------------------------------- Slovenia
1490 - Trinity Church, Hrastovlje.
------------------------------------- Sweden
???? - St-Peter's Church, Malmö.
???? - Church of Ronneby.
------------------------------------- Switzerland
c. 1440 - Dominicans' churchyard, Basel.
1460 - 1480 - Augustinian Convent of Klingenthal, Basel.
1515 - 1520 - Dominican churchyard, Berne.
1615 - Jesuit`s college, Lucern.
1626-1632 - "The bridge du Moulin, Lucern.
1710 - Chapel St. Croix of Segendorf, Emmetten.
Manuscripts
- Manuscript CPG438, Heidelberg, Germany
1470 - Manuscript of Kassel, Germany
c. 1486 - Manuscript of Henri Knoblochtzer, Heidelberg, Germany.
1520 - Manuscript of Zimmern, Donaueschingen, Germany.
1538 - Les simulacres of la Mort by Hans Holbein, Germany.
c. 1750 - The dance of Death by Johann Elias Ridinger, Germany.
1791 - The dance of Death by Daniel Nikolaus Chodowiecki, Germany.
!848-1849 - The dance of Death of Hans Bendel, Germany.
1866 - The works of Death, a dance of Death byFerdinand Barth, Germany.
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