sin

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "sin"

Translingual[edit]

Symbol[edit]

sin

  1. (mathematics) The trigonometric function sine.
  2. (international standards) ISO 639-2 & ISO 639-3 language code for Sinhala.

English[edit]

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle English sinne, synne, sunne, zen, from Old English synn (“sin”), from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju, from Proto-Germanic *sunjō (“truth, excuse”) and *sundī, *sundijō (“sin”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-ih₂, from *h₁sónts ("being, true", implying a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge), from *h₁es- (“to be”); compare Old English sōþ ("true"; see sooth). Doublet of suttee.

Cognates

Cognate with Scots syn, sin (“sin”), Saterland Frisian Säände (“sin”), West Frisian sûnde (“sin”), Dutch zonde (“sin”), Low German sunn, sunne (“sin”), German Sünde (“sin”), Danish synd (“sin”), Swedish synd (“sin”), Icelandic synð, synd (“sin”), Latin sont-, sons (“sinful, guilty, criminal”). Doublet of suttee.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • enPR: sĭn, IPA(key): /sɪn/
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɪn

Noun[edit]

sin (countable and uncountable, plural sins)

  2. (theology) A violation of divine will or religious law.
    As a Christian, I think this is a sin against God.
    • 1866, James Buchanan, Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion‎[1], New York: D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, →OL, page 9:
      Slavery, according to them, was a grievous sin against God, and therefore no human Constitution could rightfully shield it from destruction. It was sinful to live in a political confederacy which tolerated slavery in any of the States composing it; […]
  3. Sinfulness, depravity, iniquity.
  4. A misdeed or wrong.
    • 1963, Margery Allingham, “Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 249:
      The story struck the depressingly familiar note with which true stories ring in the tried ears of experienced policemen. […] The second note, the high alarum, not so familiar and always important since it indicates the paramount sin in Man's private calendar, took most of them by surprise although they had been well prepared.
  5. A sin offering; a sacrifice for sin.
  6. An embodiment of sin; a very wicked person.
  7. A flaw or mistake.
    No movie is without sin.
  8. (sports) sin bin
    • 2023 October 28, Leighton Koopman, “YES!!! The Springboks beat the All Blacks to win another Rugby World Cup title”, in Independent Online‎[2]:
      Winger Cheslin Kolbe, sitting with his jersey over his head in the sin after a yellow card at the death, was probably the sight of millions of South Africans around the country who had their hearts in their mouth as they sat through another nail-biting match.
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Terms derived from sin (noun)
Translations[edit]
See sin/translations § Noun.

Verb[edit]

sin (third-person singular simple present sins, present participle sinning, simple past and past participle sinned)

  1. (intransitive, theology) To commit a sin.
Derived terms[edit]
Translations[edit]
See sin/translations § Verb.

Etymology 2[edit]

Modification of shin.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin (plural sins)

  1. A letter of the Hebrew alphabet; שׂ
  2. A letter of the Arabic alphabet; س

Etymology 3[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin (plural sins)

  1. Alternative form of sinh (“tube skirt”)

Anagrams[edit]

Afar[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈsin/, [ˈsɪn]
  • Hyphenation: sin

Pronoun[edit]

sín (predicative síini)

  1. ye, you

See also[edit]

Afar personal pronouns
1st person 2nd person 3rd person m 3rd person f
Subject Singular anú atú úsuk ís
Plural nanú isín úsun
Object Singular yó kó ká tét
Plural né sín kén

Determiner[edit]

sín

  1. your (second person plural)

See also[edit]

Afar possessive determiners
1st person 2nd person 3rd person m 3rd person f
Personal Singular yi ku kay tet
Plural ni sin ken
Reflexive Singular inní isí
Plural ninní isinní, sinní

References[edit]

  • E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “sin”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[3], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Afrikaans[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Dutch zin, from Middle Dutch sin, from Old Dutch sin, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin (plural sinne, diminutive sinnetjie)

  1. meaning, sense
  2. sentence
  3. sense (means of perceiving reality)
  4. sense, comprehension
  5. desire
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Particle[edit]

sin

  1. Misspelling of s'n.

Aromanian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sinus. Compare Romanian sân, Spanish seno.

Noun[edit]

sin n (plural sinj)

  1. breast

See also[edit]

Asturian[edit]

Preposition[edit]

sin

  1. Alternative form of ensin

Breton[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin signum.

Noun[edit]

sin m

  1. sign

Cebuano[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Spanish zinc, from German Zink, related to Zinke (“point, prong”), from Middle High German zinke, from Old High German zinko (“prong, tine”), allied to zint (“a jag, point”), from Proto-Germanic *tindaz (“prong, pinnacle”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dónts (“tooth, projection”).

Noun[edit]

sin

  1. zinc
  2. galvanized iron sheet

Cornish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Ultimately from Latin signum.

Noun[edit]

sin m (plural sînys)

  1. sign

Danish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse sínn.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin c (neuter sit, plural sine)

  1. (reflexive possessive) third-person sg pronoun, meaning his/her/its (own)
    Han læste sin bog ― He read his (own) book
    Compare: Han læste hans bog ― He read his (somebody else's) book

See also[edit]

Danish personal pronouns
Number Person Type Nominative Oblique Possessive
common neuter plural
Singular First – jeg mig min mit mine
Second modern / informal du dig din dit dine
formal De Dem Deres
Third masculine (person) han ham hans
feminine (person) hun hende hendes
common(noun) den dens
neuter(noun) det dets
reflexive – sig sin sit sine
Plural First modern vi os vores
archaic / formal vor vort vore
Second – I jer jeres
Third – de dem deres
reflexive – sig

Esperanto[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. accusative of si

Fon[edit]

Sìn ɔ́

Etymology[edit]

Cognates include Gun sìn, Saxwe Gbe ɛsìn, Adja eshi, Ewe esti

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sìn

  1. water

References[edit]

  • Claire Lefebvre, Anne-Marie Brousseau, A Grammar of Fongbe (2002, →ISBN

Gun[edit]

Sìn lọ́

Etymology 1[edit]

Cognates include Fon sìn, Saxwe Gbe ɛsìn, Adja eshi, Ewe esti. Possibly cognate with Nkonya ntsu.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sìn (plural sìn lɛ́ or sìn lẹ́)

  1. water
    Synonym: òsìn

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Particle[edit]

sín

  1. comes after a noun to indicate that this noun possesses that which follows, much like English 's
    Gbẹ̀tọ́ sín àfọ̀ / Gbɛ̀tɔ́ sín àfɔ̀ ― The human's foot

References[edit]

  • Aspect and Modality in Kwa Languages (2006, →ISBN)

Hausa[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic سِين (sīn).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin f

  1. sin (letter of the Arabic alphabet)

Hokkien[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of sin – see 新 (“new; fresh; new; unused; etc.”).
(This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 新).

Hunsrik[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle High German sein, sīn, from Old High German sīn (“to be”) (with some parts from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”) and *beuną (“to be, exist, become”)), from Proto-Indo-European *es-, *h₁es- (“to be, exist”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sin

  1. to be
    Ich sin en Mann.
    I am a man.
    Deer seid zu mied.
    You are too tired.
    Sie denke, dass-se en Hex is.
    They think she's a witch.
  2. (auxiliary) forms the perfect tense of most intransitive verbs
    Ich sin fortgang.
    I am gone.

Inflection[edit]

Irregular with past tense, conditional and subjunctive mood
infinitive sin
participle gewees, geweest, geween
auxiliary sin
present
indicative 		past
indicative 		conditional subjunctive imperative
ich sin waar wäär sei —
du bist waarst wäärst seist sei
er/sie/es is waar wäär sei —
meer sin waare wääre seie —
deer seid waard wäärd seid seid
sie sin waare wääre seie —
The use of the present participle is uncommon, but can be made with the suffix -end.

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Icelandic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse sin.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin f (genitive singular sinar, nominative plural sinar)

  1. sinew, tendon

Declension[edit]

declension of sin
f-s1 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative sin sinin sinar sinarnar
accusative sin sinina sinar sinarnar
dative sin sininni sinum sinunum
genitive sinar sinarinnar sina sinanna

Irish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Irish sin, from Old Irish sin.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

sin

  1. (used with the definite article) that
    an buachaill sin ― that boy

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. that
    Sin é mo dheartháir.
    That is my brother.
    • (Can we date this quote?), “Cad é sin don té sin [What is that to anyone]”‎[4]:
      Ó cad é sin don té sin nach mbaineann sin dó?
      Oh what is that to him whom that doesn't concern?

Derived terms[edit]

Mutation[edit]

Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
sin shin
after an, tsin 		not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading[edit]

Italian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈsin/
  • Rhymes: -in
  • Hyphenation: sìn

Preposition[edit]

sin

  1. Apocopic form of sino

Iu Mien[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Chinese 身 (MC syin).

Noun[edit]

sin 

  1. body

Kabyle[edit]

Kabyle cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : sin

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

sin m (feminine snat)

  1. two

References[edit]

  • Bellahsene, Linda, Hameg, Nadia (2009) “Kabyle numeral system”, in Université Paris 4, CNRS, editor, Numeral Systems of the World's Languages‎[5], Paris, France

Ladino[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Spanish sin, from Latin sine.

Pronunciation[edit]

Preposition[edit]

sin (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling סין)

  1. without

Antonyms[edit]

Latin[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From sī + nē.

Pronunciation[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

sīn

  1. if however, if on the contrary, but if
    sin aliter/minus/secus ― otherwise, if not
    • Nonne si bene egeris, recipies : sin autem male, statim in foribus peccatum aderit?
      If thou do well, shalt thou not receive? but if ill, shall not sin forthwith be present at the door? (Genesis 4:7, God speaking to Cain)

References[edit]

  • sin in Enrico Olivetti, editor (2003-2024), Dizionario Latino, Olivetti Media Communication

Livonian[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. genitive singular of sinā

Menien[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin

  1. water

References[edit]

  • Martius, Beiträge zur Ethnographie und Sprachenkunde Brasiliens, page 155

Middle Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Dutch sin, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

Noun[edit]

sin m or f

  1. direction
  2. attention
  3. sense, intellect, reason
  4. feeling, emotion
  5. sense, perception
  6. meaning

Inflection[edit]

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Descendants[edit]

  • Dutch: zin
  • Limburgish: zin

Further reading[edit]

Middle English[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

sin

  1. Alternative form of sithen

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin

  1. Alternative form of synne

Middle High German[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old High German sīn. Cognate with Middle Low German sīn.

Alternative forms[edit]

Verb[edit]

sîn or wësen (irregular, third-person singular present ist, past tense was, past participle gewësen, past subjunctive wære, auxiliary sîn)

  1. to be, become
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of sîn (irregular, auxiliary sîn)
infinitive sîn
wësen
genitive gerund sînnes
sînes
wësennes
wësenes
dative gerund sînne
sîne
wësenne
wësene
present participle sînde
wësende
past participle gewësen
auxiliary sîn
indicative subjunctive
singular plural singular plural
present ich bin wir birn i ich sî wir sîn
du bist ir birt du sîst ir sît
ër ist sie sint ër sî sie sîn
preterite ich was wir wâren ii ich wære wir wæren
du wære ir wâret du wærest ir wæret
ër was sie wâren ër wære sie wæren
imperative wis (du)
bis (du) 		sît (ir)
Composed forms of sîn (irregular, auxiliary sîn)
perfect
singular plural singular plural
indicative ich bin gewësen wir birn gewësen subjunctive ich sî gewësen wir sîn gewësen
du bist gewësen ir birt gewësen du sîst gewësen ir sît gewësen
ër ist gewësen sie sint gewësen ër sî gewësen sie sîn gewësen
pluperfect
indicative ich was gewësen wir wâren gewësen subjunctive ich wære gewësen wir wæren gewësen
du wære gewësen ir wâret gewësen du wærest gewësen ir wæret gewësen
ër was gewësen sie wâren gewësen ër wære gewësen sie wæren gewësen
future i
infinitive sîn süln subjunctive i ich sul sîn wir suln sîn
du sule sîn ir sulet sîn
ër sul sîn sie suln sîn
indicative ich sol sîn wir sulen sîn subjunctive ii ich sölte sîn
ich sölde sîn 		wir sölten sîn
wir sölden sîn
du solt sîn ir sulet sîn du söltest sîn
du söldest sîn 		ir söltet sîn
ir söldet sîn
ër sol sîn sie sulen sîn ër sölte sîn
ër sölde sîn 		sie sölten sîn
sie sölden sîn
future ii
infinitive gewësen sîn süln subjunctive i ich sul gewësen sîn wir suln gewësen sîn
du sule gewësen sîn ir sulet gewësen sîn
ër sul gewësen sîn sie suln gewësen sîn
indicative ich sol gewësen sîn wir sulen gewësen sîn subjunctive ii ich sölte gewësen sîn
ich sölde gewësen sîn 		wir sölten gewësen sîn
wir sölden gewësen sîn
du solt gewësen sîn ir sulet gewësen sîn du söltest gewësen sîn
du söldest gewësen sîn 		ir söltet gewësen sîn
ir söldet gewësen sîn
ër sol gewësen sîn sie sulen gewësen sîn ër sölte gewësen sîn
ër sölde gewësen sîn 		sie sölten gewësen sîn
sie sölden gewësen sîn
Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “sîn”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke‎[6], Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old High German sīn.

Determiner[edit]

sîn

  1. his
  2. its
  3. one's
Descendants[edit]

Middle Irish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Irish sin.

Determiner[edit]

sin

  1. (used with the definite article) that
    • c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:
      Is í sein int ṡeised bruiden ro·boi i n‑hErind in tan sin […]
      That is one of the six halls that were in Ireland at that time […]

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. that
    • c. 1000, “The Tale of Mac Da Thó's Pig”, in Ernst Windisch, editor, Irische Texte, volume 1, published 1800, section 1:
      Is í sein int ṡeised bruiden ro·boi i n‑hErind in tan sin […]
      That is one of the six halls that were in Ireland at that time […]

Further reading[edit]

Middle Low German[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (originally) IPA(key): /siːn/

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Saxon sīn.

Pronoun[edit]

sîn

  1. (personal pronoun, third person, in the singular, masculine, genitive) of his
    lohant ret her Zeno hen na Verona to dem vader sin.
    John rode Sir Zeno to Verona, to the father of his.
  2. (personal pronoun, third person, in the singular, neuter, genitive) of it
  3. (possessive, third person, in the singular, masculine) his
  4. (possessive, third person, neuter, masculine) its
Declension[edit]

Personal pronoun:

Middle Low German personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative genitive
1st person singular ik (ek) mî (mê, mik, mek) mîn (mîner)
2nd person singular dû dî (dê, dik, dek) dîn (dîner)
3rd person singular
m hê (hî, hie) ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) ēme, em (ȫme, en) sîn (sîner)
n it (et)
f sê (sî, sie, sü̂) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural wî (wê, wie) uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) unser (ûser)
2nd person plural gî (jê, î) jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural sê (sî, sie) em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Possessive pronoun:

Declension of sin
nominative accusative dative genitive
Strong declension
Masculine sîn sînen sînem(e) (sînennote) sînes
Neuter sîn
Feminine sîne sîner(e)
Plural sîne sînen sîner(e)
Weak declension
Masculine sîne sînen sînen
Neuter sîne
Feminine sînen
Plural sînen
The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period.
Alternative forms[edit]
  • sîner (for the genitive of the personal pronoun)

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Saxon sīn.

Alternative forms[edit]

Verb[edit]

sîn

  1. to be

Usage notes[edit]
  • Wēsen is a verb with a suppletive conjugation based on multiple Proto-Germanic stems. For many verb forms, authors freely chose between forms based on the stems wēs- and sî-, without semantic impact. This is also true for modern Low German and Dutch. For the forms based on the sî- stem, see the respective entry at wēsen.
Descendants[edit]
  • German Low German:
    Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch: sin (past participle: west, also wesen)
    Westphalian:
    Münsterländisch: syn (past participle: weßt), sien (past participle: west)
    Paderbornisch: seyn, syn (past participle: wiäsen)

Miskito[edit]

Adverb[edit]

sin

  1. also, too

Navajo[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Athabaskan *xʸən (“shaman's power, medicine, song”). Related to -YĮĮD (“to be holy”), from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸən (“to act as a shaman, to be endowed with supernatural powers”).

Compare Ahtna sen (“spiritual power, medicine”), Koyukon sən (“shaman's spirit”), Gwich'in shan (“shamanism, magic”), Tlingit shí, shī, shi(n) (“sing, song”), Eyak tsį, Dena'ina shen, Galice šan (“song”), Lipan shį̀.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin (possessed form biyiin)

  1. song

Inflection[edit]

possessives of sin
singular duoplural plural
1st person shiyiin nihiyiin danihiyiin
2nd person niyiin nihiyiin danihiyiin
3rd person biyiin
4th person (3o) yiyiin
4th person (3a) hayiin
Indefinite (3i) ayiin

North Frisian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Frisian sīn, from Proto-West Germanic *sīn.

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. Inflected form of san
  2. its

Northern Sami[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. accusative/genitive of sii

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse sinn.

Pronunciation[edit]

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Determiner[edit]

sin m (feminine si, neuter sitt, plural sine)

  1. (reflexive) her / his / its / their
  2. indicating possession; 's, of
    Det var skolen sin bil.
    It was the school's car.

See also[edit]

    Personal pronouns in Bokmål
Number Person Type Nominative Oblique Possessive
feminine masculine neuter plural
Singular First – jeg meg mi min mitt mine
Second general du deg di din ditt dine
formal (rare) De Dem Deres
Third feminine (person) hun henne hennes
masculine (person) han ham / han hans
feminine (noun) den dens
masculine (noun)
neuter (noun) det dets
reflexive – seg si sin sitt sine
Plural First – vi oss vår vårt våre
Second general dere deres
formal (very rare) De Dem Deres
Third general de dem deres
reflexive – seg si sin sitt sine

References[edit]

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse sinn.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

sin (masculine sin, feminine si, neuter sitt, plural sine)

  1. (reflexive) her/his/its/their
  2. indicating possession; 's, of
    Det var skulen sin bil.
    It was the school’s car.

References[edit]

Old Dutch[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn.

Determiner[edit]

sīn

  1. his, its, hers

Inflection[edit]

Declension of sin — Strong only
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative sīn sīn sīn
Accusative sīnin sīna sīn
Genitive sīnis sīnro sīnis
Dative sīnin sīnro sīnin
Instrumental sīnin sīnro sīnin
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative sīna sīna sīna
Accusative sīna sīna sīna
Genitive sīnro sīnro sīnro
Dative sīnon sīnon sīnon
Instrumental sīn- sīn- sīn-

Descendants[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • “sīn (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old English[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn (“his, her, its, their”, genitive reflexive).

Cognate with Old Frisian sīn (“his, its”), Old Saxon sīn (“his”) (Middle Low German sin), Dutch zijn, Old High German sīn (“his”) (German sein), Old Norse sínn (“one's own”), Old English sē (“that, that one, he”). More at the.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sīn

  1. (rare, chiefly dialectal, reflexive possessive pronoun) his; her; its; their
    • him ġewāt Hrōþgār tō hofe sīnum ― For him Hrothgar went to his courtyard
    • þæt wīf tredeð mid sīnum fōtum ― The woman walks with her feet
    • þeċ heriað Israhēla, herran sīnne ― Israel plunders you, their lord
    • Bær sēo brimwylf hringa þengel tō hofe sīnum ― The sea-wolf carried the Prince of Rings to her lair

Usage notes[edit]

  • Usually occurs in non-West Saxon dialects; rarely occurs in West Saxon prose, where it was replaced early on by the genitive forms: his, hire, and heora.

Declension[edit]

Declension of sīn — Strong only
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative sīn sīn sīn
Accusative sīnne sīne sīn
Genitive sīnes sīnre sīnes
Dative sīnum sīnre sīnum
Instrumental sīne sīnre sīne
Plural Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nominative sīne sīna, sīne sīn
Accusative sīne sīna, sīne sīn
Genitive sīnra sīnra sīnra
Dative sīnum sīnum sīnum
Instrumental sīnum sīnum sīnum

Old High German[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

Noun[edit]

sin m

  1. sense
  2. mind
  3. spirit
  4. thought
  5. intention

Declension[edit]

Declension of sin (masculine a-stem)
case singular plural
nominative sin sina
accusative sin sina
genitive sines sino
dative sine sinum
instrumental sinu —

Synonyms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Köbler, Gerhard, Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, (6. Auflage) 2014

Old Irish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Celtic *sindos (compare Welsh hyn), from Proto-Indo-European *sḗm (“one”) or *só (“that”); strong doublet of in (“the”).

Determiner[edit]

sin

  1. that, those (used after the noun, which is preceded by the definite article)
    Synonym: tall
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14c23
      co beid .i. co mbed a ndéde sin im labrad-sa .i. gáu et fír .i. combad sain a n‑as·berin ó bélib et aní imme·rádin ó chridiu
      so that there may be, i.e. so that those two things might be in my speaking, namely false and true, i.e. so that what I might say with [my] lips and what I might think with [my] heart might be different
    • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
      De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
      Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. that (as a direct object, used together with a clitic pronoun)
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 14d26
      Is i persin Crist da·gníu-sa sin.
      It is in the person of Christ that I do that.

Derived terms[edit]

Old Norse[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *senawō.

Noun[edit]

sin f (genitive sinar)

  1. cord, tendon, sinew; nerve

References[edit]

  • "sin", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Saxon[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *sīn.

Determiner[edit]

sīn m or n

  1. (dialectal, reflexive possessive pronoun) his, its
    • 9th c. Heliand, verse 178:
      uundrodun alla bihuuī he thar sō lango frāon sīnun thionon thorfti
      they all wondered who he should need for so long to serve his Lords
    • verse 3832:
      selliad, that thar sīn ist: that sculun iuuua seolon uuesen
      Bring that which is his, that shall be your souls
Declension[edit]
Declension of sīn
Strong declension
gender masculine neuter feminine
case singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative sīn sīne sīn sīnu sīn sīne
accusative sīnana sīne sīn sīnu sīna sīne
genitive sīnes sīnarō sīnes sīnarō sīnaro sīnarō
dative sīnumu sīnum sīnumu sīnum sīnaro sīnum
Weak declension
gender masculine neuter feminine
case singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative sīno sīnu sīna sīnu sīna sīnu
accusative sīnun sīnun sīna sīnun sīnun sīnun
genitive sīnun sīnonō sīnun sīnonō sīnun sīnonō
dative sīnun sīnum sīnun sīnum sīnun sīnum


Descendants[edit]

See also[edit]

Old Saxon personal pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative ik thū hē siu it
Accusative mī, me, mik thī, thik ina sia
Dative mī thī imu iru it
Genitive mīn thīn is ira is
Dual 1. 2. - - -
Nominative wit git - - -
Accusative unk ink - - -
Dative
Genitive unkero, unka

inker, inka

- - -
Plural 1. 2. 3. m 3. f 3. n
Nominative wī, we gī, ge sia sia siu
Accusative ūs, unsik eu, iu, iuu
Dative ūs im
Genitive ūser euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera iro

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be, exist”) (with some parts from Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)). Cognate with Old Dutch sīn (“to be”), Old English sēon (“to be”), Old High German sīn. More at sooth.

Verb[edit]

sīn (irregular)

  1. to be (more at wesan)
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of sīn (irregular, suppletive)
infinitive sīn
indicative present past
1st person singular *em, *im was
2nd person singular *art *wāri
3rd person singular ist, is was
plural sind, sindun, *arun wārun
subjunctive present past
1st person singular sī wāri
2nd person singular sīs wāris
3rd person singular sī wāri
plural sīn wārin
imperative present
singular wes, wis
plural wesad, wesat, wesath
participle present past
wesandi giwesan
Descendants[edit]

Old Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sine.

Preposition[edit]

sin

  1. without
    • c. 1200, Cantar del Mio Cid:
      Vio puertas abiertas e uços sin cannados
      He saw open doors and gates without locks

Antonyms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Old Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Old Norse sínn, sinn from Proto-Germanic *sīnaz.

Determiner[edit]

sin

  1. (Reflexive possessive third person determiner.) his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own)

Picard[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin m

  1. his, hers or its

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Church Slavonic сꙑнъ (synŭ), from Proto-Slavic *synъ (“son”).

Noun[edit]

sin m (uncountable)

  1. (dated, regional) son of (in patronymics)

Declension[edit]

declension of sin (singular only)
singular
m gender indefinite articulation definite articulation
nominative/accusative (un) sin sinul
genitive/dative (unui) sin sinului
vocative sinule

Saterland Frisian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Frisian sīn, from Proto-West Germanic *sīn. Cognates include West Frisian syn and German sein.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

sin (feminine sien, neuter sien, plural sien, predicative sinnen)

  1. his

See also[edit]

Saterland Frisian possessives
Possessive determiners
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
masculine min din sin hiere sin uus jou hiere
other mien dien sien sien
Possessive pronouns
singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd m 3rd f 3rd n 1st 2nd 3rd
masculine minnen dinnen sinnen hierens sinnen uzen jouens hierens
other mienen dienen sienen sienen

References[edit]

  • Marron C. Fort (2015) “sin”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Scottish Gaelic[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Irish sin.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. that
    Dè tha sin?
    What is that?

Derived terms[edit]

Determiner[edit]

sin

  1. (used with the definite article) that
    an gille sin
    that boy

Derived terms[edit]

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *synъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sū́ˀnus, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sȋn m (Cyrillic spelling си̑н)

  1. son
Declension[edit]
Declension of sin
singular plural
nominative sȋn sȉnovi
genitive sȋna sȉnōvā
dative sȋnu sȉnovima
accusative sȋna sȉnove
vocative sȋne sȉnovi
locative sínu sȉnovima
instrumental sȋnom sȉnovima

Etymology 2[edit]

From Hebrew ש.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sȉn m (Cyrillic spelling си̏н)

  1. sin (letter of various Semitic abjads)
Declension[edit]
Declension of sin
singular plural
nominative sin sini
genitive sina sina
dative sinu sinima
accusative sina sine
vocative sine sini
locative sinu sinima
instrumental sinom sinima

Slovene[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *synъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sū́ˀnus, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sȋn m anim

  1. son

Inflection[edit]

Declension of sin
nom. sing. sin
gen. sing. sina
singular dual plural
nominative sin sinova sinovi
accusative sin / sinu sinova sinove
genitive sina sinov sinov
dative sinu sinovoma sinovom
locative sinu sinovih sinovih
instrumental sinom sinovoma sinovi

Further reading[edit]

  • “sin”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Spanish sin, from Latin sine. Cognate with English sans, French sans, Italian senza, and Portuguese sem.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈsin/ [ˈsĩn]
  • Audio (Colombia):(file)
  • Rhymes: -in
  • Syllabification: sin

Preposition[edit]

sin

  1. without
    Antonym: con

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Swedish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • ſin (obsolete typography)

Etymology 1[edit]

Nominalisation of sina (“run dry”).

Noun[edit]

sin ?

  1. Dryness, the state of having run dry.
Usage notes[edit]

Most commonly used when referring to either milk or funds.

Etymology 2[edit]

From Old Swedish sīn, from Old Norse sínn, from Proto-Germanic *sīnaz. Cognate with Danish sin, Gothic 𐍃𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (seins), German sein, Dutch zijn.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin c (neuter sitt, plural sina)

  1. his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own). (Reflexive possessive third person pronoun).
    Han hämtade sin post för tio minuter sedan.
    He picked up his (own) mail ten minutes ago.
    Compare:
    Han hämtade hans post för tio minuter sedan.
    He picked up his (somebody else’s) mail ten minutes ago.
    Hon samlar sina dikter i en låda.
    She collects her poems in a box.
    Hunden tycker inte om sitt halsband.
    The dog doesn’t like its collar.
    De tog sina papper och lämnade mötet.
    They gathered their papers and left the meeting.
Usage notes[edit]
  • The inflection of the word sin is determined by the gender and number of the object: sin for common singular, sitt for neuter singular, and sina for plural, just like an adjective.
Declension[edit]
Swedish personal pronouns
Number Person Type Nominative Oblique Possessive
common neuter plural
singular first — jag mig, mej3 min mitt mina
second — du dig, dej3 din ditt dina
third masculine (person) han honom, han2, en5 hans
feminine (person) hon henne, na5 hennes
gender-neutral (person)1 hen hen, henom7 hens
common (noun) den den dess
neuter (noun) det det dess
indefinite man or en4 en ens
reflexive — sig, sej3 sin sitt sina
plural first — vi oss vår, våran2 vårt, vårat2 våra
second — ni er er, eran2, ers6 ert, erat2 era
archaic I eder eder, eders6 edert edra
third — de, dom3 dem, dom3 deras
reflexive — sig, sej3 sin sitt sina
1Neologism. Usage has increased since 2010, and has gained widespread acceptance today.
2Informal
4Dialectal, also used lately as an alternative to man, to avoid association to the male gender.
5Informal, somewhat dialectal
6Formal address
7Discouraged by the Swedish Language Council

Tatar[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sin

  1. you (singular), thou

Turkish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Turkic *sï(y)n (“monument, tomb”).[1]

Noun[edit]

sin (definite accusative sini, plural sinler)

  1. (dated) grave, burial place
Inflection[edit]
Inflection
Nominative sin
Definite accusative sini
Singular Plural
Nominative sin sinler
Definite accusative sini sinleri
Dative sine sinlere
Locative sinde sinlerde
Ablative sinden sinlerden
Genitive sinin sinlerin

References[edit]

  1. ^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*sɨ(j)n”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Etymology 2[edit]

From Arabic سِين (sīn).

Noun[edit]

sin

  1. Letter of the Arabic alphabet: س

Vietnamese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From translingual sin, from English sine, from Latin sinus.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin

  1. (trigonometry) sine
    Sin đi học. Cos không hư. Tang đoàn kết. Cotang kết đoàn.
    SOH-CAH-TOA
    (literally, “Sine goes to school. Cosine isn't naughty. Tangent unifies. Cotangent does too.”)

See also[edit]

Welsh[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

PIE word
*(s)ḱeh₃-

From English scene, from Middle French scene, from Latin scaena, scēna, from Ancient Greek σκηνή (skēnḗ, “scene, stage”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃ih₂, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”). Doublet of cysgod (“shade, shadow”).

Noun[edit]

sin f (plural sinau, not mutable)

  1. scene (social environment)
    y sin bop Gymraeg ― the Welsh-language pop scene

Etymology 2[edit]

From English sine, from Latin sinus (“curve, bend; bosom”), a translation of Arabic جَيْب (jayb, “bosom”), from Sanskrit ज्या (jyā, “sine, chord, bowstring”) through Sanskrit जीव (jīva, “sine, chord, life, existence”). Doublet of sinws (“sinus”).

Noun[edit]

sin m (plural sinau, not mutable)

  1. (trigonometry, mathematics) sine

Etymology 3[edit]

From Middle English sine, from Old French signe, from Latin signum, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) or *sekʷ- (“to follow”); Doublet of hesg (“sedges, rushes”) if the former, Doublet of chwedl (“tale”), ateb (“to answer”), and gohebu (“to correspond”) if the latter.

Noun[edit]

sin m (plural sinau, not mutable)

  1. (obsolete) sign
    Synonym: arwydd
  2. (obsolete) symbol
    Synonym: symbol
  3. (obsolete) emblem
    Synonym: arwyddlun

References[edit]

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “sin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Further reading[edit]

  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “sin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

West Frisian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Frisian sinn, from Proto-West Germanic *sinn.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin c (plural sinnen, diminutive sintsje)

  1. sentence (syntactic unit containing a subject and a predicate)
  2. sense (means of experiencing the external world)
  3. meaning, sense, significance

Further reading[edit]

  • “sin”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Noun[edit]

sin n (plural sinnen, diminutive sintsje)

  1. mood
  2. opinion, view

Further reading[edit]

  • “sin”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Yoruba[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sìn

  1. (transitive) to worship a deity; to revere
  2. (transitive) to serve
Usage notes[edit]
  • sin before a direct object
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sìn

  1. (transitive) to domesticate an animal or plant
Usage notes[edit]
  • sin before a direct object
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sìn

  1. (transitive) to give a girl away in marriage
Usage notes[edit]
  • sin before a direct object

Etymology 4[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sìn

  1. (transitive) to accompany or escort someone; to keep company of someone; to guide
Usage notes[edit]
  • sin before a direct object
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sìn

  1. (transitive) to serve, to work for someone
Usage notes[edit]
  • sin before a direct object
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 6[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sìn

  1. (transitive) to demand something from someone to recover it
Usage notes[edit]
  • sin before a direct object
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 7[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sin

  1. (transitive) to bury in soil
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 8[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sin

  1. (transitive) to lie hidden, to remain secret
    ọ̀rọ̀ náà sin ― the matter remains secret

Etymology 9[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sín

  1. (transitive, usually with gbẹ́rẹ́) to incise the body (usually in the process of traditional rituals)
    Synonym: síngbẹ́rẹ́
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 10[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sín

  1. (intransitive) to sneeze
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 11[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sín

  1. (intransitive) to string or piece things together
    Synonym: sò
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 12[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sín

  1. (intransitive) to crack a nut (to reach the inner seed or kernel)
Derived terms[edit]

Zhuang[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Chinese 辛 (MC sin).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sin (Sawndip form 辛, 1957–1982 spelling sin)

  1. the eighth of the ten heavenly stems

See also[edit]

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