ミラーテストとは? わかりやすく解説

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ミラーテスト

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2023/07/25 15:59 UTC 版)

ミラーテストマークテストまたは鏡像自己認知テスト(mirror self-recognition test:MSR)とは、1970年に心理学者のゴードン・ギャラップJr.(Gordon Gallup Jr.)が開発した動物の行動研究であり、人間以外の動物が視覚的な自己認知(self-recognition)の能力を持っているかどうかを確かめるための手段として用いられている[1]。ミラーテストは、自己認識(self-awareness)の有無を確かめる手法としては長い歴史を持っているが、その妥当性については意見が分かれている。


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  2. ^ List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test”. 2015年11月23日閲覧。
  3. ^ 10 Animals with Self Awareness”. 2015年11月23日閲覧。
  4. ^ 「鏡に映る自分」がわかる魚を初めて確認!~世界の常識を覆す大発見〜大阪市立大学(2019年02月08日)2019年4月14日閲覧。
  5. ^ If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?PLOS BIOLOGY, Published: February 7, 2019(2019年4月14日閲覧)。
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  26. ^ “Elephants' Jumbo Mirror Ability”. BBC News. (2006年10月31日). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6100430.stm 2007年10月31日閲覧。 
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  28. ^ This tiny fish can recognize itself in a mirror. Is it self-aware?” (英語). Animals (2019年2月7日). 2020年5月11日閲覧。
  29. ^ Ye, Yvaine. “A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time” (英語). New Scientist. 2020年5月11日閲覧。
  30. ^ Kohda, Masanori; Hotta, Takashi; Takeyama, Tomohiro; Awata, Satoshi; Tanaka, Hirokazu; Asai, Jun-ya; Jordan, Alex L. (2019). “If a fish can pass the mark test, what are the implications for consciousness and self-awareness testing in animals?”. PLOS Biology 17 (2): e3000021. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000021. PMC 6366756. PMID 30730878. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6366756/. 
  31. ^ 「「鏡の中の自分」がわかる魚を初確認、大阪市大」2020年9月7日閲覧
  32. ^ De Waal, Frans B. M. (2019). “Fish, mirrors, and a gradualist perspective on self-awareness”. PLOS Biology 17 (2): e3000112. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000112. PMC 6366752. PMID 30730875. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6366752/. 
  33. ^ 幸田正典「魚にも自分がわかる」第5章(157頁)。筑摩書房(2021年10月5日) ISBN 978-4-480-07432-4
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  36. ^ Nicholson, I.S. & Gould, J.E. (1995). “Mirror mediated object discrimination and self-directed behavior in a female gorilla”. Primates 36 (4): 515–521. doi:10.1007/bf02382873. 
  37. ^ Allen, M. & Schwartz, B.L. (2008). “Mirror self-recognition in a Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)”. J. Integr. Biosci. 5: 19–24. doi:10.1037/e603982013-032. http://altweb.astate.edu/electronicjournal/Articles/sp_issue_psychobio/06%20EJIBS%20Schwartz%20gorilla_Final.pdf. 
  38. ^ Posada, S. & Colell, M. (2007). “Another gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) recognizes himself in a mirror”. American Journal of Primatology 69 (5): 576–583. doi:10.1002/ajp.20355. PMID 17154375. 
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  40. ^ a b Kind, Amy (2015-10-02) (英語). Persons and Personal Identity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781509500246. https://books.google.com/books?id=SiuwCgAAQBAJ 
  41. ^ https://www.newscientist.com/article/2081640-manta-rays-are-first-fish-to-recognise-themselves-in-a-mirror/ 「Manta rays are first fish to recognise themselves in a mirror Read more: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2081640-manta-rays-are-first-fish-to-recognise-themselves-in-a-mirror/#ixzz6gdhsVHSA」
  42. ^ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=gINpG8Zc8hg 「Manta ray cognition/ mirror test
  43. ^ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=LQ1KErB_2oU 「Mantas mirror test2」
  44. ^ https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=PlG9EgqZiCk 「Manta ray cognition/mirror test3」
  45. ^ Ari, C. and D’Agostino, D.P. (2016). “Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?”. Journal of Ethology 34 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z. 
  46. ^ Amanda Pachniewska (2016). List of Animals That Have Passed the Mirror Test. http://www.animalcognition.org/2015/04/15/list-of-animals-that-have-passed-the-mirror-test/. 
  47. ^ Andrea Ferrari,Antonella Ferrari『サメ・ガイドブック』(阪急コミュニケーションズ、2008年)p.197
  48. ^ Ari, C. and D’Agostino, D.P. (2016). “Contingency checking and self-directed behaviors in giant manta rays: Do elasmobranchs have self-awareness?”. Journal of Ethology 34 (2): 167–174. doi:10.1007/s10164-016-0462-z. 
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  51. ^ Hyatt, C.W. (1998). “Responses of gibbons (Hylobates lar) to their mirror images”. American Journal of Primatology 45 (3): 307–311. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)45:3<307::AID-AJP7>3.0.CO;2-#. PMID 9651653. 
  52. ^ Rajala, A.Z., Reininger, K.R., Lancaster, K.M. and Populin, L.C. (2010). “Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) do recognize themselves in the mirror: Implications for the evolution of self-recognition”. PLoS ONE 5 (9): e12865. Bibcode2010PLoSO...512865R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012865. PMC 2947497. PMID 20927365. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947497/. 
  53. ^ Shaffer, V. A., & Renner, M. J. (2002). “Black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) do not show mirror self-recognition”. International Journal of Comparative Psychology 13: 154–159. 
  54. ^ Roma, P., Silberberg, A., Huntsberry, M., Christensen, C., Ruggiero, A. and Suomi, S. (2007). “Mark tests for mirror self-recognition in Capuchin monkeys (Cebus Apella) trained to touch marks”. American Journal of Primatology 69 (9): 989–1000. doi:10.1002/ajp.20404. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 17253635. 
  55. ^ M. Hauser, C. Miller, K. Liu, R. Gupta (2001). American Journal of Primatology 137 (December 2000): 131-137. doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200103)53. 
  56. ^ Davies, E. (2011年9月20日). “Crows use mirrors to find food”. BBC Nature. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/14897544 2012年5月19日閲覧。 
  57. ^ Soler, M., Pérez-Contreras, T. and Peralta-Sánchez, J.M. (2014). “Mirror-mark tests performed on jackdaws reveal potential methodological problems in the use of stickers in avian mark-test studies”. PLoS ONE 9 (1): e86193. Bibcode2014PLoSO...986193S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086193. PMC 3903501. PMID 24475085. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903501/. 
  58. ^ Kraft F.L., Forštová T., Utku Urhan A., Exnerová A., Brodin A. (2017年). “No evidence for self-recognition in a small passerine, the great tit (Parus major) judged from the mark/mirror test”. Animal Cognition 20 (6): pp. 1049-1057. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1121-7. PMC 5640729. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10071-017-1121-7 
  59. ^ Hotta T, Komiyama S, Kohda M (2018年). “A social cichlid fish failed to pass the mark test”. Animal Cognition 21 (1): pp. 127–136. doi:10.1007/s10071-017-1146-y. PMID 29150813. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10071-017-1146-y 
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  66. ^ This is video of one such test[リンク切れ]
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