外人
(Gaijin から転送)
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/04/05 21:08 UTC 版)
外人（がいじん、[ɡai(d)ʑiɴ]; "outsider", "alien", "Non-Japanese"）は外国人や非日本人に対して使われる日本語の語。この語は漢字2字、外（がい、「そと」）と人（じん、「ひと」）からなる。外国、外車といった語も同様に構成される。国籍、人種、民族などの日本で一般的な概念をまとめて指す。
- ^ The 13th-century pronunciation of the characters 外人 is debated; it may have been kotobito (ことびと), udokihito (うどきひと) or gwaijin (ぐゎいじん). The spelling gaijin is used here for continuity.
- ^ a b Wetherall, William (1983). “Foreigners in Japan”. Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan. 2. Tokyo: Kodansha. pp. 313–4
- ^ a b Buckley, Sandra (2002). “Gaijin”. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture. Taylor and Francis. pp. 161–2. ISBN 0-415-14344-6
- ^ a b c Itoh, Mayumi (Summer 1996). “Japan's abiding sakoku mentality - seclusion from other countries - Economic Myths Explained”. Orbis (Foreign Policy Research Institute / JAI Press Inc.) 40 (3).
- ^ a b De Mente, Boye Lafayette (1994). Japanese Etiquette & Ethics In Business. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 159. ISBN 0-8442-8530-7
- ^ a b Hsu, Robert (1993). The MIT Encyclopedia of the Japanese Economy. MIT Press. pp. 195. ISBN 0-8442-8530-7
- ^ a b Wetherall, William; de Vos, George A (1976). “Ethnic Minorities in Japan”. In Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Crum Ewing, Winifred. Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Stichting Plurale. pp. 384. ISBN 90-247-1779-5
- ^ a b Kitahara, Michio (1989). Children of the Sun: the Japanese and the Outside World. Sandgate, Folkestone, England: Paul Norbury Publications. pp. 117, 516. "For example, gaijin literally means a 'person from outside', namely a foreigner, and that means 'Caucasian'. To describe a Japanese person in this manner is a compliment to him or her. To be 'similar to a foreigner' (gaijin-no youna) means to be similar to a westerner, and this too, is a compliment."
- ^ a b Lie, John (2000). “The Discourse of Japaneseness”. In Douglass, Mike; Roberts, Glenda Susan. Japan and Global Migration: Foreign Workers and the Advent of a Multicultural Society. Routledge. pp. 75. ISBN 0-415-19110-6
- ^ a b c Befu, Harumi (2001). Hegemony of Homogeneity: An Anthropological Analysis of Nihonjinron. Trans Pacific Press. p. 76. ISBN 1-876843-05-5"In the generic sense, [Gaijin] refers to all foreigners; but in daily usage it designates only Caucasians—that is, those foreigners who are worthy of admiration in some respects"
- ^ a b Koshiro, Yukiko (1999). Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan. Columbia University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-231-11348-X
- ^ 高木, 市之助; 小沢正夫; 渥美かをる; 金田一春彦 (1959) (Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 123. ISBN 4-00-060032-X
- ^ A. Matsumura (ed.), 大辞林, (p. 397, 9th ed., vol. 1). (1989). 東京: 三省堂. "がいじん【外人】② そのことに関係のない人。第三者。「外人もなき所に兵具をととのへ／平家一」"
- ^ A. Matsumura (ed.), 大辞泉, (p. 437, 1st ed., vol. 1). (1998). 東京: 小学館. "がいじん。【外人】② 仲間以外の人。他人。「外人もなき所に兵具をととのへ」〈平家・一〉"
- ^ M. Yamaguchi et al. (eds.), 新漢語辞典, (p. 282, 2nd ed., vol. 1). (2000). 東京: 岩波書店. "【外人】② 局外者。他人。「源平両家の童形たちのおのおのござ候ふに、かやうの外人は然るべからず候」"
- ^ 正法眼蔵随聞記 (1235-1238):[...]衆中ニ具眼ノ人アリテ、外國人トシテ大叢林ノ侍者タランコト、國ニ人ナキガ如シト難ズルコトアラン、尤モハヅベシ
- ^ 鳩舌或問 (1838): されとこれらの事情は容易に外国人に知らせし事ならねは
- ^ a b c Gottlieb, Nanette (2005). Language and Society in Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–8. ISBN 978-0-521-53284-6 "Gaikokujin is uncontroversial and simply means a person who does not hold Japanese citizenship; it is the more common contracted version that has been the subject of irritated complaint: people may be pointed at by children and have the word gaijin either shouted or whispered though this is much less common in Japan today than it was thirty years ago. At a deeper level, though, it is the connotation of exclusion and oddity that irks, particularly when the term is combined with the adjective hen na to mean 'peculiar foreigner,' a term once often heard on Japanese television shows. The term gaijin itself is included these days by most broadcasters on their list of terms best avoided."
- ^ Japan Statistics Bureau, accessed 8 December 2007 Archived December 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Lee, Soo im (2006). Japan's Diversity Dilemmas: Ethnicity, Citizenship, and Education. iUniverse. p. 102. ISBN 0-595-36257-5
- ^ Reischauer, Edwin O. (1981). Japan: the Story of a Nation. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 255
- ^ Wilkinson, Endymion (1980). Japan versus Europe: a History of Misunderstanding. London: Penguin Books. p. 126
- ^ Koshiro, Yukiko (1999). Trans-Pacific Racisms and the U.S. Occupation of Japan. Columbia University Press. p. 254. ISBN 0-231-11348-X
- ^ a b c Lie, John (1999). Multiethnic Japan. Harvard University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-674-01358-1
- ^ Creighton, Millie (1997). “Soto Others and Uchi Others: Imaging racial diversity, imagining homogeneous Japan”. In Weiner, Michael. Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity. Routledge. pp. 212. ISBN 0-415-13008-5
- ^ a b Tsuda, Takeyuki (2003). Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland: Japanese Brazilian Return. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12838-X
- ^ Suzuki, Jiro; Sakamoto, Mickey (1976). “Discrimination against foreigners of Japanese descent in Japan”. In Veenhoven, Willem Adriaan; Crum Ewing, Winifred. Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey. Stichting Plurale. pp. 274. ISBN 90-247-1779-5
- ^ Meredith Stuart, Paul (1987). Nihonsense. Tokyo: The Japan Times, Ltd.. pp. 3–5 "Not all foreigners are gaijin to Japanese and quite a few natives of Japan are gaijin. There is a logic to this mess, but it is hardly logical. It is true that 'American' (Amerikajin) is a synonym for gaijin for many Japanese. At one time, at least when the U.S. auto industry was undisputed leader of world autodom, the term connoted awe and respect."
- ^ Wada, Minoru (20 June 1994). “Education behind the scenes”. The Daily Yomiuri: 9.
- ^ Thomas Dillon, "Born and raised a 'gaijin', Japan Times, December 24, 2005
- ^ Sugihara, Kaoru; Allan, John Anthony (1993). Japan in the Contemporary Middle East. Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 0-415-07521-1
- ^ Whiting, Robert (2004). The Meaning of Ichiro. Warner Books. pp. 152. ISBN 0-446-53192-8
- ^ “バイデン米政権、「エイリアン」一掃へ 法律文に浸透、トランプ氏は好んで使用”. CNN (2021年1月22日). 2021年1月17日閲覧。
[続きの解説]
- Gaijinのページへのリンク
