Physics for scientists and engineers with modern physics

Machine generated contents note: pt. 1 Mechanics

1.Physics and Measurement

1.1.Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

1.2.Matter and Model Building

1.3.Dimensional Analysis

1.4.Conversion of Units

1.5.Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

1.6.Significant Figures

2.Motion in One Dimension

2.1.Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.2.Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.3.Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity

2.4.Acceleration

2.5.Motion Diagrams

2.6.Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration

2.7.Freely Falling Objects

2.8.Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

3.Vectors

3.1.Coordinate Systems

3.2.Vector and Scalar Quantities

3.3.Some Properties of Vectors

3.4.Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

4.Motion in Two Dimensions

4.1.The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors

4.2.Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration

4.3.Projectile Motion

4.4.Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

4.5.Tangential and Radial Acceleration

4.6.Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration

5.The Laws of Motion

5.1.The Concept of Force

5.2.Newton's First Law and Inertial Frames

5.3.Mass

5.4.Newton's Second Law

5.5.The Gravitational Force and Weight

5.6.Newton's Third Law

5.7.Analysis Models Using Newton's Second Law

5.8.Forces of Friction

6.Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton's Laws

6.1.Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model

6.2.Nonuniform Circular Motion

6.3.Motion in Accelerated Frames

6.4.Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces

7.Energy of a System

7.1.Systems and Environments

7.2.Work Done by a Constant Force

7.3.The Scalar Product of Two Vectors

7.4.Work Done by a Varying Force

7.5.Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

7.6.Potential Energy of a System

7.7.Conservative and Nonconservative Forces

7.8.Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

7.9.Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System

8.Conservation of Energy

8.1.Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)

8.2.Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)

8.3.Situations Involving Kinetic Friction

8.4.Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces

8.5.Power

9.Linear Momentum and Collisions

9.1.Linear Momentum

9.2.Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)

9.3.Analysis Model: Nonisolated System [Momentum]

9.4.Collisions in One Dimension

9.5.Collisions in Two Dimensions

9.6.The Center of Mass

9.7.Systems of Many Particles

9.8.Deformable Systems

9.9.Rocket Propulsion

10.Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis

10.1.Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration

10.2.Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration

10.3.Angular and Translations! Quantities

10.4.Torque

10.5.Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque

10.6.Calculation of Moments of Inertia

10.7.Rotational Kinetic Energy

10.8.Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion

10.9.Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object

11.Angular Momentum

11.1.The Vector Product and Torque

11.2.Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)

11.3.Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object

11.4.Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)

11.5.The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops

12.Static Equilibrium and Elasticity

12.1.Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium

12.2.More on the Center of Gravity

12.3.Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium

12.4.Elastic Properties of Solids

13.Universal Gravitation

13.1.Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

13.2.Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force

13.3.Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Gravitational)

13.4.Kepler's Laws and the Motion of Planets

13.5.Gravitational Potential Energy

13.6.Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion

14.Fluid Mechanics

14.1.Pressure

14.2.Variation of Pressure with Depth

14.3.Pressure Measurements

14.4.Buoyant Forces and Archimedes's Principle

14.5.Fluid Dynamics

14.6.Bernoulli's Equation

14.7.Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics

pt. 2 Oscillations and Mechanical Waves

15.Oscillatory Motion

15.1.Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring

15.2.Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion

15.3.Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator

15.4.Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion

15.5.The Pendulum

15.6.Damped Oscillations

15.7.Forced Oscillations

16.Wave Motion

16.1.Propagation of a Disturbance

16.2.Analysis Model: Traveling Wave

16.3.The Speed of Waves on Strings

16.4.Reflection and Transmission

16.5.Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings

16.6.The Linear Wave Equation

17.Sound Waves

17.1.Pressure Variations in Sound Waves

17.2.Speed of Sound Waves

17.3.Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves

17.4.The Doppler Effect

18.Superposition and Standing Waves

18.1.Analysis Model: Waves in Interference

18.2.Standing Waves

18.3.Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions

18.4.Resonance

18.5.Standing Waves in Air Columns

18.6.Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes

18.7.Beats: Interference in Time

18.8.Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns

pt. 3 Thermodynamics

19.Temperature

19.1.Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

19.2.Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale

19.3.The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale

19.4.Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

19.5.Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas

20.The First Law of Thermodynamics

20.1.Heat and Internal Energy

20.2.Specific Heat and Calorimetry

20.3.Latent Heat

20.4.Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

20.5.The First Law of Thermodynamics

20.6.Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics

20.7.Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes

21.The Kinetic Theory of Gases

21.1.Molecular Mode! of an Ideal Gas

21.2.Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

21.3.The Equipartition of Energy

21.4.Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

21.5.Distribution of Molecular Speeds

22.Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

22.1.Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

22.2.Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

22.3.Reversible and Irreversible Processes

22.4.The Carnot Engine

22.5.Gasoline and Diesel Engines

22.6.Entropy

22.7.Changes in Entropy for Thermodynamic Systems

22.8.Entropy and the Second Law

pt. 4 Electricity and Magnetism

23.Electric Fields

23.1.Properties of Electric Charges

23.2.Charging Objects by Induction

23.3.Coulomb's Law

23.4.Analysis Model: Particle in a Field [Electric]

23.5.Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution

23.6.Electric Field Lines

23.7.Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field

24.Gauss's Law

24.1.Electric Flux

24.2.Gauss's Law

24.3.Application of Gauss's Law to Various Charge Distributions

24.4.Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium

25.Electric Potential

25.1.Electric Potential and Potential Difference

25.2.Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field

25.3.Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges

25.4.Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential

25.5.Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions

25.6.Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor

25.7.The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment

25.8.Applications of Electrostatics

26.Capacitance and Dielectrics

26.1.Definition of Capacitance

26.2.Calculating Capacitance

26.3.Combinations of Capacitors

26.4.Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor

26.5.Capacitors with Dielectrics

26.6.Electric Dipole in an Electric Field

26.7.An Atomic Description of Dielectrics

27.Current and Resistance

27.1.Electric Current

27.2.Resistance

27.3.A Model for Electrical Conduction

27.4.Resistance and Temperature

27.5.Superconductors

27.6.Electrical Power

28.Direct-Current Circuits

28.1.Electromotive Force

28.2.Resistors in Series and Parallel

28.3.Kirchhoff's Rules

28.4.RC Circuits

28.5.Household Wiring and Electrical Safety

29.Magnetic Fields

29.1.Analysis Model: Particle in a Field [Magnetic]

29.2.Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field

29.3.Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field

29.4.Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor

29.5.Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

29.6.The Hall Effect

30.Sources of the Magnetic Field

30.1.The Biot-Savart Lam

30.2.The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors

30.3.Ampere's Law

30.4.The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

30.5.Gauss's Law in Magnetism

30.6.Magnetism in Matter

31.Faraday's Law

31.1.Faraday's Law of Induction

35.2.Motional emf

31.3.Lenz's Law

31.4.Induced emf and Electric Fields

31.5.Generators and Motors

31.6.Eddy Currents

32.Inductance

32.1.Self-Induction and Inductance

32.2.Fit Circuits

32.3.Energy in a Magnetic Field

32.4.Mutual Inductance

33.5.Oscillations in an LC Circuit

32.6.The RC Circuit

33.Alternating-Current Circuits

33.1.AC Sources

33.2.Resistors in an AC Circuit

33.3.Inductors in an AC Circuit

33.4.Capacitors in an AC Circuit

33.5.The RLC Series Circuit

33.6.Power in an AC Circuit

33.7.Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit

33.8.The Transformer and Power Transmission

33.9.Rectifiers and Filters

34.Electromagnetic Waves

34.1.Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampere's Law

34.2.Maxwell's Equations and Hertz's Discoveries

34.3.Plane Electromagnetic Waves

34.4.Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves

34.5.Momentum and Radiation Pressure

Note continued: 34.6.Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna

34.7.The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves

pt. 5 Light and Optics

35.The Nature of Light and the Principles of Ray Optics

35.1.The Nature of Light

35.2.Measurements of the Speed of Light

35.3.The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics

35.4.Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection

35.5.Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction

35.6.Huygens's Principle

35.7.Dispersion

35.8.Total Internal Reflection

36.Image Formation

36.1.Images Formed by Flat Mirrors

36.2.Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors

36.3.Images Formed by Refraction

36.4.Images Formed by Thin Lenses

36.5.Lens Aberrations

36.6.The Camera

36.7.The Eye

36.8.The Simple Magnifier

36.9.The Compound Microscope

36.10.The Telescope

37.Wave Optics

37.1.Young's Double-Slit Experiment

37.2.Analysis Model: Waves in Interference

37.3.Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern

37.4.Change of Phase Due to Reflection

37.5.Interference in Thin Films

37.6.The Michelson Interferometer

38.Diffraction Patterns and Polarization

38.1.Introduction to Diffraction Patterns

38.2.Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits

38.3.Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures

38.4.The Diffraction Grating

38.5.Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals

38.6.Polarization of Light Waves

pt. 6 Modern Physics

39.Relativity

39.1.The Principle of Galilean Relativity

39.2.The Michelson-Morley Experiment

39.3.Einstein's Principle of Relativity

39.4.Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity

39.5.The Lorentz Transformation Equations

39.6.The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations

39.7.Relativistic Linear Momentum

39.8.Relativistic Energy

39.9.The General Theory of Relativity

40.Introduction to Quantum Physics

40.1.Blackbody Radiation and Planck's Hypothesis

40.2.The Photoelectric Effect

40.3.The Compton Effect

40.4.The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves

40.5.The Wave Properties of Particles

40.6.A New Model: The Quantum Particle

40.7.The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited

40.8.The Uncertainty Principle

41.Quantum Mechanics

41.1.The Wave Function

41.2.Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions

41.3.The Schrodinger Equation

41.4.A Particle in a Well of Finite Height

41.5.Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier

41.6.Applications of Tunneling

41.7.The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

42.Atomic Physics

42.1.Atomic Spectra of Gases

42.2.Early Models of the Atom

42.3.Bohr's Model of the Hydrogen Atom

42.4.The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom

42.5.The Wave Functions for Hydrogen

42.6.Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers

42.7.The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table

42.8.More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray

42.9.Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions

42.10.Lasers

43.Molecules and Solids

43.1.Molecular Bonds

43.2.Energy States and Spectra of Molecules

43.3.Bonding in Solids

43.4.Free-Electron Theory of Metals

43.5.Band Theory of Solids

43.6.Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors

43.7.Semiconductor Devices

43.8.Superconductivity

44.Nuclear Structure

44.1.Some Properties of Nuclei

44.2.Nuclear Binding Energy

44.3.Nuclear Models

44.4.Radioactivity

44.5.The Decay Processes

44.6.Natural Radioactivity

44.7.Nuclear Reactions

44.8.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

45.Applications of Nuclear Physics

45.1.Interactions Involving Neutrons

45.2.Nuclear Fission

45.3.Nuclear Reactors

45.4.Nuclear Fusion

45.5.Radiation Damage

45.6.Uses of Radiation

46.Particle Physics and Cosmology

46.1.The Fundamental Forces in Nature

46.2.Positrons and Other Antiparticles

46.3.Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics

46.4.Classification of Particles

46.5.Conservation Laws

46.6.Strange Particles and Strangeness

46.7.Finding Patterns in the Particles

46.8.Quarks

46.9.Multicolored Quarks

46.10.The Standard Model

46.11.The Cosmic Connection

46.12.Problems and Perspectives

Appendices

A.Tables

A.1.Conversion Factors

A.2.Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities

B.Mathematics Review

B.1.Scientific Notation

B.2.Algebra

B.3.Geometry

B.4.Trigonometry

B.5.Series Expansions

B.6.Differential Calculus

B.7.Integral Calculus

B.8.Propagation of Uncertainty

C.Periodic Table of the Elements

D.SI Units

D.1.SI Units

D.2.Some Derived SI Units