Tobacco Timeline: The Twentieth Century 1950 - 1999--The Battle is Joined

Author: Gene Borio

Tobacco Timeline--Chapter 7: The Twentieth Century 1950 - 1999--The Battle is Joined

Tobacco Plant

TOBACCO TIMELINE

Chapter 7

The Twentieth Century, 1950 - 1999--The Battle is Joined

The Fifties
The public's health concerns drive companies to compete in rival ad campaigns touting their filters (The "Tar Wars" or "Tar Derby"). When the decade begins, 2% of cigarettes are filter tip; by 1960, 50% of cigarettes are filter tips. 15 filter brands account for 95% of U.S. sales (Source: Chronology Of Major Events In Cigarette Smoking, Marketing, And Health , Bates #2025019398).

1950s: ADVERTISING: "Tar Wars."

1950: MARKET SHARE:

RANK	BRAND	BILLIONS SOLD
1	Camel	98.2 billion
2	Lucky Strike Regulars	82.5 billion
3	Chesterfield Regulars	66.1 billion
4	Commander	39.9 billion
5	Old Gold Regulars	19.5 billion

1950: HEALTH: Three important epidemiological studies provide the first powerful links between smoking and lung cancer

In the May 27, 1950 issue of JAMA, Morton Levin publishes first major study definitively linking smoking to lung cancer.
In the same issue, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 684 Proved Cases," by Ernst L. Wynder and Evarts A. Graham of the United States, found that 96.5% of lung cancer patients interviewed were moderate heavy-to-chain-smokers.
1950-09:30: RICHARD DOLL and A BRADFORD HILL publish first report on Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung in the British Medical Journal, finding that heavy smokers were fifty times as likely as nonsmokers to contract lung cancer. The cancer advisory committee of the Ministry of Health say they have demonstrated an association, not a cause, and advise the Government to do nothing.

FTC complains that cigarette ads touting physical benefits are deceptive. (Source: Chronology Of Major Events In Cigarette Smoking, Marketing, And Health , Bates #2025019398)

1950: MEDIA: TV pop-music series "Your Hit Parade" starts its 7-year-run; one of the first hits on TV; it is sponsored by Lucky Strike.

1950: MEDIA: Lucky Strike's "Be Happy, Go Lucky" wins TV Guide's commercial of the year. (Cheerleaders sing: "Yes, Luckies get our loudest cheers on campus and on dates. With college gals and college guys a Lucky really rates.")

1950: STATISTICS: American cigarette consumption is 10 cigarettes per capita, which equals over a pack a day for smokers..

1950: LITIGATION: P. Lorillard Co. v. FTC. Lorillard had launched a national campaign claiming a 1942 Consumer Reports article showed Old Golds was "lowest in nicotine and tars". While technically true, the point of the article was that differences in tar and nicotine were insignificant when it came to the harmfulness of all cigarettes. The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, upholding the FTC's cease-and-desist order, declares that Lorillard's advertising violated the FTC Act because, by printing only a small part of the article, it created an entirely false and misleading impression. "To tell less than the whole truth is a well-known method of deception," the court ruled. (CC) Along with other protracted- FTC censures against tobacco company ad claims of the 30s and 40s, the action was too little too late. The Consumers Union Report on Smoking and the Public Interest (1963) said, "Like astronomers studying stars millions of light years away, the FTC commissioners were constantly coming to conclusions about phenomena that were no longer in existence."

1950: FRANCE: Le Musée d’Intérêt National du Tabac (National Museum of Tobacco) is established. http://www.france-tabac.com/musee.htm

1951: Consumers in many countries now spend from 3 to 5 per cent of their total income on tobacco products, American delegate John B. Hutson tells the World Tobacco Congress. Mr. Hutson, president of Tobacco Associates, Inc., of Washington, D.C., said in a "General Economic Survey" that "the average per capita consumption for all countries has increased slightly during the past 20 years."

1951-10-15: MEDIA: TV series "I Love Lucy" begins its run at 9:00 PM. It is sponsored by Philip Morris. The animated titles that open the show each week feature stick figures of Lucy and Desi climbing a giant pack of Philip Morris cigarettes. It is the top-rated show for four of its first six full seasons.

1951: BUSINESS: RJR introduces its Winston filter tip brand, emphasizing taste.

1952: UK: "The Great London Smog." 12,000 people are thought to have died from respiratory disease caused by the pollution. See, "The Big Smoke," at http://www.lshtm.ac.uk/smog/ (U. of London)

1952: USA: Federal Trade Commission slaps Philip Morris on wrist concerning claims about Di-Gl reducing irritation. (LB)

1952: BUSINESS: P. Lorillard introduces Kent cigarettes, with the "Micronite" filter. At the press conference at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Lorillard boasted that the "Micronite" filter offered "the greatest health protection in cigarette history." Its secret: asbestos.

1952: ADVERTISING: Good Housekeeping refuses ads for cigarettes.

1952: ADVERTISING: Lorillard: "Kent and only Kent has the Micronite filter, made of a pure, dust-free, completely harmless material that is not only effective but so safe that it actually is used to help filter the air in operating rooms of leading hospitals." (Life Magazine)

1952: ADVERTISING: Lorillard: Kent: "No other cigarette approaches such a degree of health protection and taste satisfaction"

1952: BUSINESS: Hollingsworth & Vose gets 100% indemnity agreement from Lorillard on filters.

1952: ADVERTISING: Liggett & Myers widely publicizes the results of tests run by Arthur D. Little, Inc. showing that "smoking Chesterfields would have no adverse effects on the throat, sinuses or affected organs." The ads run, among other places on the nationally popular Arthur Godfiey radio and television show.

1952-02-06: UK: Heavy smoker King George VI (the current Queen Elizabeth's father) dies of lung cancer, sparking one of the first major public discussions of lung cancer and smoking in the UK. He became King on the abdication of his elder brother, Edward VIII, in 1936.

1952-09: READER'S DIGEST republishes Roy Norr's "Cancer by the Carton" article (December, 1952) from the October, 1952 Christian Herald. Norr was the publisher of possibly the first modern anti-smoking periodical, the "Norr Newsletter about Smoking and Health" (NYC)

1953: HEALTH: Dr. Ernst L. Wynder's landmark report finds that painting cigarette tar on the backs of mice creates tumors. This was the first successful induction of cancer in a lab animal with a tobacco product, the first definitive biological link between smoking and cancer.

1953: BUSINESS: Benson & Hedges' Parliament sales are skyrocketing due to its filter, though sales are still well behind the major companies' products: B&W;'s Viceroy, and Lorillard's Kent.

1953: BUSINESS: PR firm Burson-Marsteller is established.

1953: BUSINESS: UK: The house of Benson and Hedges joins Gallaher Limited.

1953: ADVERTISING: AMA bans cigarette ads in its publications.

1953: ADVERTISING: Liggett: L&M;: "Just what the doctor ordered"

1953: ADVERTISING: "[Viceroy] gives double-barreled health protection."

1953-12-08: HEALTH: Dr. Alton Ochsner gives a speech in NYC, saying, "the male population of the United States would be decimated if cigarette smoking increases as it has in the past unless some steps are taken to remove the cancer-producing factor from cigarettes." Tobacco stocks drop 1 to 4 points the next day. This speech is considered by some the last straw, which led tobacco executives join together and to seek out John Hill.

1953-12-10,11: BUSINESS: In response to an urgent telegram from Paul Hahn (ATC), cigarette executives meet in New York City for first time since price-fixing scandal of 1939, and agree to consult with John Hill.

1953-12-14: BUSINESS: Tobacco Execs Meet to Discuss Response to Smoking Studies. Plaza Hotel, New York City: Tobacco executives meet to find a way to deal with recent scientific data pointing to the health hazards of cigarettes. The meeting, called by ATC President Paul M. Hahn, results in a decision to invite PR maven John Hill of Hill & Knowlton to a meet the next day.

1953-12-15: BUSINESS: Tobacco Execs Plan Counterattack on Smoking Studies. Plaza Hotel, New York City: Tobacco executives meet to find a way to deal with recent scientific data pointing to the health hazards of cigarettes. Participants included John Hill of Hill & Knowlton, his key aides, and the following tobacco company presidents: Paul D. Hahn (ATC), O. Parker McComas (PM), Joseph F. Cullman (B&H;), J. Whitney Peterson, U.S. Tobacco Co. Here's the text of BACKGROUND MATERIAL ON THE CIGARETTE INDUSTRY CLIENT, the H&K; memo covering the meeting, and here's the document in .pdf format, Minnesota Trial Exhibit 18905

1953-12-28: BUSINESS: Hill meets again with tobacco execs to report on his initial study of the smoking and health problem.

1954: CONSUMPTION: Per capita cigarette consumption drops another 6%, making a falloff of about 10 percent over the two years in which the Wynder skin-painting experiment and Hammond-Horn population study were reported.

1954: Doll and Hill publish The Mortality of Doctors and Their Smoking Habits, in the BMJ; it leads to most doctors giving up smoking, confirming the link between lung cancer and smoking. At a news conference, the Minister of Health, Iain Macleod--chain-smoking throughout the conference--said,: "It must be regarded as established that there is a relationship between smoking and cancer of the lung."

1954: BUSINESS: Philip Morris (Australia) Ltd. is set up as PM's first major affiliate outside the U.S.

1954: Cigarette companies sponsor ad disputing evidence that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. (Source: Chronology Of Major Events In Cigarette Smoking, Marketing, And Health , Bates #2025019398)

1954: Don Cooley, in the process of writing an article for True Magazine, is contacted by Hill and Knowlton. "Considerable information and assistance was provided Donald G. Cooley in the preparation for his story in True Magazine. This entailed conferences with the author to work on factual revisions. . . Further research and assembling of material and personal conferences have been extended Mr. Cooley to provide him requested aid in his writing of a 48-page, low-priced book for newsstand sales and angled at the idea "You don't have to give up smoking." Fawcett Publications is issuing the book entitled 'Smoke Without Fear' , in late August and early September. " Report of Activities through July 31, 1954

1954: AGRICULTURE: HURRICAINE HAZEL devastates tobacco-growing areas of North Carolina.

1954: LITIGATION: PRITCHARD VS. LIGGETT & MYERS: (dropped by plaintiff 12 years later).

1954: BUSINESS: RJR introduces its Winston filter tips brand, emphasizing taste, not health.

1954: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys Benson & Hedges, and in the bargain gets its president, Joseph Cullman III

1954: ADVERTISING: Life Magazine runs ads for L&M; featuring Barbara Stanwyck and Rosalind Russell giving testimonials for the brand's new "miracle product," the "alpha cellulose" filter that is "just what the doctor ordered." These ads will figure prominently in the Cipollone trial 30 years later.

1954: ADVERTISING: Marlboro Cowboy created for Philip Morris by Chicago ad agency Leo Burnett. "Delivers the Goods on Flavor" ran the slogan in newspaper ads. Design of the campaign credited to John Landry of PM. At the time Marlboro had one quarter of 1% of the American market.

1954: Leonard Engel, a popular medical writer, stated in Harper's Magazine that "the case against cigarettes is by no means proved" and that cigarettes may have "little or nothing to do with cancer of the lung." Engel conceded that cigarettes were "dirty, expensive, and no contribution to physical health," but he also believed that the evidence made available to him was not yet enough "for a firm conclusion." (Procotor Testimony, 2004)

1954-01-04: BUSINESS: Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC) announced in a nationwide 2-page ad, A FRANK STATEMENT TO CIGARETTE SMOKERS
The ads were placed in 448 newspapers across the nation, reaching a circulation of 43,245,000 in 258 cities.
TIRC's first scientific director was noted cancer scientist Dr. Clarence Cook Little, former head of the National Cancer Institute (soon to become the American Cancer Society). Little's life work lay in the genetic origins of cancer; he tended to disregard environmental factors.
In 1964, the TIRC will change its name to the Council for Tobacco Research-USA, Inc. ("CTR").

1954-02-12: UK: Government officially acknowledges smoking/lung cancer link. Health Minister Iain Macleod, finally meets the press in regards to the Doll/Hill studies. He says of the government-approved scientific committee's findings, “It must be regarded as established that there is a relationship between smoking and cancer of the lung, " and that “it would appear that the risk increases with the amount smoked, particularly of cigarettes.” He emphasises that the evidence is statistical only, thanks Doll and Hill for ‘what little information we have’ - and chain-smokes throughout the proceedings. He also announced that the tobacco industry had given £250,000 for research to the MRC. The press reported the uncertainty and the industry’s generosity. ("40 Years Later," RCP) On 12th February 1954 the then Health Minister Iain Macleod gave a press conference at which he reported on the findings of a government-approved scientific committee which had been investigating possible links between smoking and lung cancer.

1954-03-10: LITIGATION: St. Louis factory worker Ira C. Lowe files a suit, the first product liability action brought against a tobacco company. PHILIP MORRIS hired DAVID R. HARDY to defend the company against a lawsuit brought by a Missouri smoker who had lost his larynx to cancer. This case was the beginning of PM's association with SHOOK, HARDY & BACON. The case was won in 1962; the jury deliberated one hour

1954-03-24: BUSINESS: RJR's first filter, Winston, is launched.

1954-04: BUSINESS: TIRC releases "A SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE CIGARETTE CONTROVERSY," a booklet quoting 36 scientists questioning smoking's link to health problems.
(The booklet) was sent to 176,800 doctors, general practitioners and specialists . . . (plus) deans of medical and dental colleges . . . a press distribution of 15,000 . . . 114 key publishers and media heads . . . . days in advance, key press, network, wire services and columnist contacts were alerted by phone and in person . . . and . . . hand-delivered (with) special placement to media in Los Angeles, Chicago, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and Washington, D.C. The story was carried by hundreds of papers and radio stations throughout the country . . . . staff-written stories (were) developed with the help of Hill & Knowlton, Inc. field offices. (Hill & Knowlton memo, May 3, 1954.)

1954-06-07: LITIGATION: EVA COOPER files first tobacco lawsuit; sues R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY for her husband's death from lung cancer. He had smoked Camels.
Mrs. Cooper's complaint alleged her husband, Joseph, who had died of lung cancer, "to his detriment relied on advertisements doctors considered its cigarettes healthful and that its cigarettes were harmless to the respiratory system." She sought to recover damages for pain and suffering and death of her husband.
The document which follows, a decision handed down by the U.S. Court of Appeals, First Circuit, on May 24, 1956, overturned an earlier decision by the U.S. District Court for Massachusetts which dismissed the earlier, rewritten complaint.
"[T]he defendant filed certain interrogatories with reference to allegations in Counts V and VIII that Joseph Cooper had relied upon representations in certain newspaper advertisements and television and radio broadcasts to the effect that "20,000 doctors say that 'Camel' cigarettes are healthful" and that such cigarettes "are harmless to the respiratory system". The interrogatories requested the plaintiff to state, as to each such representation upon which Joseph Cooper relied, the name and date of the newspaper publication and the name and date and identification of the television and radio programs. In response to these interrogatories, the plaintiff answered that the earliest newspaper advertisement upon which Cooper relied was published in the Boston Globe on or about March 12, 1951, and repeated in advertisements thereafter, to the effect that a nationwide survey indicated that "More Doctors Smoke CAMELS than any other cigarette." . . . On November 21, 1957, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment accompanied by an affidavit by the chairman of the board of directors of the defendant company and by an affidavit by the president of the defendant's advertising agency. The latter affidavit read in part: "No copy for advertisement of any kind for Camel Cigarettes was furnished for publication by any newspaper or other publication or by radio or television during said period [19511953] containing the words '20,000 doctors say that "Camel" Cigarettes are healthful' or '"Camel" Cigarettes are harmless to the respiratory system', or containing other words with the same meaning." No opposing affidavits were filed by the plaintiff.

It is apparent from the uncontradicted affidavits, and from the plaintiff's answers to defendant's interrogatories, that there was no genuine issue of fact properly to be submitted to a jury, and therefore that the trial judge committed no error in entering a summary judgment for the defendant as permitted by Rule 56, F.R.C.P. 168 F.Supp. 22. This is entirely apart from the fact that our credulity would indeed be strained by an assumption that a fatal case of lung cancer could have developed in such a short period after the alleged smoking by Cooper of Camel cigarettes in reliance upon representations by the defendant in the various forms of advertising."
http://www.tobacco.org/resources/documents/560524cooper.html

1954-07-26: PROPAGANDA: NCI Dr. W.C. Hueper's talk, "Environmental Cancer of the Lung," is given at the VIth International Cancer Congress in Sao Paolo, Brazil. Hill & Knowlton, having received an advance copy of Dr. W.C. Hueper's talk, and finding it favorable to their cigarette clients, deploy the 17 page text, with 2 pages of highlights and a cover letter, to newspapers and services, science writers, editorial writers and feature writers.

[A]s a result of the distribution in the U.S.A., articles questioning a link between smoking and cancer sprouted. In some press accounts, the Hueper story took precedence over the reports of Drs. Hammond and Wynder.

[Note: Wilhelm Hueper had been through years of battling corporate interests over water, air and occupational pollution; while recognizing the evidence for smoking-related causation, he felt these issues could be slighted by an over-emphasis on smoking. He reportedly refused a $250,000 a year offer from the Tobacco Institute.]

1954-10: PROPAGANDA: Reprints of condensed version of Hueper paper appear in CURRENT MEDICAL DIGEST, October 1954. The magazine reaches 123,000 doctors who are in active practice.

1954-10: LITIGATION: Pritchard v. L&M; filed in Federal District Court, Pennsylvania Lung cancer

1954-11: LITIGATION: Ross v. PM filed in Federal District Court, Missouri Laryngeal cancer

1955: Dorn and Baum (NIH) 6-year (1946 - 1952) study of the mortality rates of 11,000 American Tobacco Co. employees is published in the Journal of Industrial Medicine and Surgery. (Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue, "Draft 1: Corporate Activity Project") (pp 109-110))

1955: CONSUMPTION: Smokers: Males: 56.9%; Females: 28.4%

1955: BUSINESS: Philip Morris introduces a flip-top box.

1955: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Incorporated becomes the company's corporate name.

1955: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Independent of its Research Department, ATC President Robert Karl Heimann participated in the last two parts of a five-party epidemiological study of American Tobacco Co.'s own employees. The five parts were described as follows:

1955: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American Tobacco is still #1 in US, with 33% of the market. Philip Morris is sixth.

1955: TV: CBS' "See It Now" airs first TV show linking cigarette smoking with lung cancer and other diseases. (For the first time on TV, Edward R. Murrow is not seen smoking. He had not quit; he felt it was "too late" to stop. Murrow died of lung cancer in 1965.)

1955: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone, now 30, switches from Chesterfield to L&Ms.;)

1955-08: LITIGATION: Lartigue v. L&M;/RJR filed in Federal District Court, Louisiana Laryngeal cancer

1955-09: REGULATION: FTC publishes rules prohibiting health references in cigarette advertising; references to the "throat, larynx, lungs, nose, or other parts of the body" or to "digestion, energy, nerves, or doctors."

1956: HEALTH: Lung cancer death rate among white males is 31.0 in 100,000, resulting in 29,000 deaths.

1956: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: CORESTA founded (DOJ)

1956: BUSINESS: P. Lorillard discontinues use of "Micronite" filter in its Kent cigarettes.

1956: BUSINESS: RJR introduces Salem, the first filter-tipped menthol cigarette.

1956: BUSINESS: BAT acquires overseas business of Benson & Hedges.

1957: Effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on children's birth weight studied. (Simpson WJ. A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1957;73:808-815)

1957: PEOPLE: DR. EVARTS GRAHAM dies of lung cancer. He wrote to DR. ALTON OCHSNER 2 weeks before his death, "Because of your long friendship, you will be interested in knowing that they found that I have cancer in both my lungs. As you know I stopped smoking several years ago but after having smoked much as I did for years, too much damage had been done."

1957: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires Milprint and Nicolet Paper Co. of Milwaukee--it's first non-tobacco purchase.

1957: BUSINESS: Joseph Cullman, III, becomes president of Philip Morris

1957: BUSINESS: UK: Gallaher launches "Your Never alone with a Strand" TV commercial. The lonely soul walking rain-swept streets with a turned-up collar telegraphs to viewers what a sad person he is. While everyone remembers and admires the moody ad, no one wants to identify with the protagonist; the brand dies. A famous disaster.

1957: President Dwight D. Eisenhower talks at a press conference about his battle to quit smoking after suffering a heart attack. "I'm a little like the fellow who said I don't know whether I'll start again, but I'll never stop again."

1957: UK: The Medical Research Council (MRC) accepts smoking/lung cancer link. The Minister of Health announces that the Government accepts the evidence now - while he smokes a cigarette. MRC also isues a statement that air pollution does play a role in lung cancer, but it is a "relateively minor one in comparison with cigarette smoking." In December of 2002, Virginia Berridge said secret papers reveal that the cabinet committe on lung cancer feared that the the statement was modified to downplay the role of air pollution to save the government embarrassment.

1957: "Science Looks at Smoking" by Eric Northrup, was a book written "for the layman," and claimed that "all those who have attempted to prove the evil effects of tobacco have failed to establish a valid scientific case." Northrup admitted that some people by virtue of their constitution should not smoke, just as people with ulcers should not eat oranges; he also noted, though, that such prescriptions "point more to a deficiency in the patient than to any noxious quality in tobacco per se." Northrup conceded that some dangers may be real, but his overall message was one of reassurance: a chapter titled "Tobacco: Fact and Fiction," for example, characterizes smoking as a "positive factor in everyday living." (Proctor testimony, 2004)

1957-07-12: First Surgeon General declares link between smoking and lung cancerl. SG Leroy E. Burney issues "Joint Report of Study Group on Smoking and Health," stating that, "It is clear that there is an increasing and consistent body of evidence that excessive cigarette smoking is one of the causative factors in lung cancer," the first time the Public Health Service had taken a position on the subject. Burney had put the study group together in 1955, with the help of NCI, NHI, ACS and AHA.

1957-03: MEDIA: READERS DIGEST article links smoking with lung cancer, discloses that the tar and nicotine yields of the filter brands had been rising steadily for several years and now approximated the level of the older and presumably more hazardous unfiltered brands. (RK)

1957-07: MEDIA: READERS DIGEST article rates tar/nicotine levels. RJR's filterless Camel, for example, yielded 31 mg. of tar and 2.8 mg. of nicotine per cigarette compared with 32.6 mg. and 2.6 mg. per Winston. Marlboro has one of the worst; in response, Leo Burnett goes into 2 years of the unsuccessful "settleback" campaign--Marlboro men in relaxed poses.

1957: MEDIA: Ad agency BBDO drops READERS DIGEST over tobacco article.

Barry McCarthy, onetime executive at Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn, said that in the 1950's, probably 1957, he was the account supervisor on the Reader's Digest business when the Digest ran one of its many anti-cigarette articles. American Tobacco, maker of Lucky Strike, was a major client at the same time. The article enraged J. T. Ross, American's public relations man, and he got the client to insist that B.B.D.O. decide between the magazine and the tobacco company. Since the latter billed $30 million or so, which was huge by 1950's standards, and the Digest a couple of million, the agency relucantly dropped the Digest

--NYT, April 7, 1988; Advertising; RJR Flap Not the First In Cigarette Ad History By Philip H. Dougherty

1957: REGULATION: Pope Pius XII suggests that the Jesuit order give up smoking.

There were only 33,000 jesuits in the world at that point, so the industry was not worried about losing this handful of smokers. They feared that the Pope or other church leaders might ask, as a magazine headline once put it, "When are Cigs a Sin?"

1957: REGULATION: Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act is amended. The manufacturer must bear the burden of demonstrating the product is safe and effective. Products previously on the market, those "generally recognized among experts as safe," or "natural constituents of food" are exempt.

1957-03-01: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: At the cooperative British tobacco industry Tobacco Research Council laboratory at Harrogate, an internal report by Batco refers to cancer by the code name, zephyr: "As a result of several statistical surveys, the idea has arisen that there is a causal relation between zephyr and tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking,"

1957: HEALTH: The British Medical Research Council issues "Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of Lung," which states that "... a major part of the increase [in lung cancer] is associated with tobacco smoking, particularly in the form of cigarettes" and that "the relationship is one of direct cause and effect."

1957: HEALTH: PREGNANCY: In the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Winea J. Simpson asked what effects smoking might have on the unborn child. The incidence of premature births and of all the complications that go with prematurity was twice as great for smoking mothers as it was for nonsmoking mothers. Simpson's paper confirmed that children of smokers are not only born early, but also weigh less and are more likely to be stillborn or die within one month of birth. (ASG)

1957-07: REGULATION: Sen. Bennett (R-UT) introduces bill requiring cigarette packs carry label, "Warning: Prolonged use of this product may result in cancer, in lung, heart and circulatory ailments, and in other diseases." [Bates 03553092]

1957-07: REGULATION: BLATNIK REPORT: The Blatnik hearings are the first testimony presented to Congress on smoking and health. The hearings center on whether the FTC should regulate advertising claims of filtered cigarettes. John A. Blatnik (D-MN) was chairman of the Legal and Monetary Affairs Subcommittee of the House Government Operations Committee. After hearing that filtered cigarettes deliver about as much tar and nicotine as unfiltered due to the stronger tobaccos used, the subcommitte moves to grant the FTC injunctive powers over deceptive cigarette advertising. The Blatnik Report concludes, "The cigarette manufacturers have deceived the American public through their advertising of cigarettes." Shortly after the report is issued, Blatnik is stripped of his chairmanship and his subcommittee is dissolved.

1957-12: LITIGATION: Green v. American Tobacco Co. Filed. The case will not conclude until 1970--12 years after Green's death.

1958 (approx): Haag (MCV) and Hanmer (American) update of the Dorn-Baum study of American Tobacco Co. employee mortality rates for the period 1953 to 1956 is published in the Journal of industrial Medicine and Surgery.

1958: Roy Norr and the Reverend Ben-David found The Reporter On Smoking And Health newsletter

1958: BUSINESS: Tobacco Institute Formed

1958: ADVERTISING: British Medical Journal stops carrying tobacco advertising. It is unclear when The Lancet stops carrying tobacco ads--some time between 1953 and 1961. Bartrip, P. "Pushing the Weed:The Editorializing and Advertising of Tobacco in the Lancet and the British Medical journal, 1880-1958"

1958: DOCUMENTS: Senior PM scientist J.E. Lincoln writes to Ross Millhiser, then-Philip Morris vice president and later vice chairman: "This compound [benzopyrene] must be removed from Marlboro and Parliament or sharply reduced. We do this not because we think it is harmful but simply because those who are in a better position to know than ourselves suspect it may be harmful." Four months later he wrote "that law and morality coincided . . . Act on the doctrine of uncertainty and get the benzpyrene (sic), etc., out of the cigarettes." Lincoln later became PM vice president of research. (AP)

1958-02-20: REGULATION: Blatnik Commission report is delivered to Congress. "The cigarette manufacturers have deceived the American public through their advertising of filter-tip cigarettes . . . Without specifically claiming that the filter tip removes the agents alleged to contribute to heart disease or lung cancer, the advertising has emphasized such claims as 'clean smoking,' 'snowy white,' 'pure,' 'miracle tip,' '20,000 filter traps,' 'gives you more of what you changed to a filter for' and other phrases implying health protection, when actually most filter cigarettes produce as much or more nicotine and tar as cigarettes without filters. . . The Federal Trade Commission has failed in its statutory duty to 'prevent deceptive acts or practices' in filter-cigarette advertising."
False And Misleading Advertising (Filter-tip Cigarettes). Twentieth Report By The Committee On Government Operations
Very shortly afterwards, Blatnik's commission was unceremoniously dissolved.

1958-06: DOCUMENTS: "REPORT ON VISIT TO U.S.A. AND CANADA," 17th of April to 12th May 1958," by H. R. Bentley, D. G. I. Felton, and W. W. Reid, produced by B.A.T. Company, Ltd. 3 British-American Tobacco Co. scientists, after visiting the United States and discussing smoking research with 35 tobacco industry scientists and officials, write: "With one exception (H.S.N. Greene), the individuals whom we met believed that smoking causes lung cancer if by 'causation' we mean any chain of events which leads finally to lung cancer and which involves smoking as an indispensable link. In the U.S.A. only Berkson, apparently, is now prepared to doubt the statistical evidence and his reasoning is nowhere thought to be sound."

1959-11: HEALTH: Dr Burney publishes an article in JAMA confirming the position of the Public Health Service on cigarettes' causitive relation to lung cancer. According to Luther Terry, "Still, the subject received little scientifc and public attention."

1959-Fall: The "Vanguard Issue." Vanguard was a tobaccoless smoke introduced in the Fall of 1959. The product's creator, Bantop Products Corporation of Bay Shore, Long Island, immediately ran into problems advertising it. Bantop claimed the tobacco industry conspired to prevent its "Now Smoke Without Fear" ads. In the New York metropolitan area, for example, only one newspaper would accept the ads. (ASG)

1959: Industry pressures the New York City Transit Authority to order Reader's Digest to remove from the subways ads promoting an article titled "The Growing Horror of Lung Cancer."

The Sixties
By now, the distribution of free cigarettes at annual medical and public health meetings has stopped.

1960: LEGISLATION: FEDERAL HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES LABELING ACT (FHSA) of 1960 Authorized FDA to regulate substances that are hazardous (either toxic, corrosive, irritant, strong sensitizers, flammable, or pressure-generating). Such substances may cause substantial personal injury or illness during or as a result of customary use.

1960: BUSINESS: Pall Mall becomes the nation's top-selling brand. It's reign runs from 1960 to 1966.

1960-01: LEGISLATION: FTC tells cigarette manufacturers to stop "tar derby" advertising and cease referring to improved health effects of filters. (Bates # 03553092)

1960-04-04: LITIGATION: Pritchard v. Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company begins. When it was time to deliberate, Federal Judge John L. Miller tells the jury, "The court is of the opinion that no substantial evidence has been offered to support a verdict against the defendant on any theory of negligence, and that fair-minded men could not differ as to the conclusions of fact to be drawn from the evidence... The jury is directed to find a verdict in favor of the defendant Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company, and against the plaintiff, Otto E. Pritchard." The case was sent back to Miller on appeal. The jury found on November 9, 1962 that the smoking of Chesterfields was the cause of or one of the causes of cancer in Pritchard's right lung, but denied damages to Pritchard on the assumption of risk theory.

1960: Bernays Repents. ASH praises Bernays for his efforts to inform the public about the dangers of smoking. Bernays writes, "had I known in 1928 what I know today I would have refused [George Washington] Hill's offer."

1960:08:02: LITIGATION: Green v. American Tobacco Co. Decision. Lawyer/Doctor Larry Hastings is first to win a liability suit against tobacco for causing death. Miami Federal District Judge Emett Choate asked the jury to consider (1) Was cancer primary in the lung? (2) Did this cause his death? (3) Did the smoking of Lucky Strikes cause his cancer death? In all three instances, the 12-man jury voted "yes." The fourth interrogatory asked, "Did the cigarette company have knowledge of the harmfulness?" The jury said, "no." Therefore, no money was awarded. In retrial, judge tells jury to side with defendant if the product did not endanger an important number of smokers. Jury does.

1960-10: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Lartigue v. L&M;/RJR.

1961: HISTORY: The Tobacco Institute stages a celebration of the 350th anniversary of America's first tobacco crop. The festival features Pocahontas and a cigar-smoking John Rolfe.

1961-06-01: POLITICS: The presidents of the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the National Tuberculosis Association, and the American Public Health Association submit a joint letter to President Kennedy, pointing out the increasing evidence of the health hazards of smoking and urging the President to establish a commission. The result will be the landmark 1964 SG report.

1961: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Overseas Division is renamed Philip Morris International.

1961: CANADA: SPORTS: Imperial Tobacco sponsors the Players 200, the first international motorsport race in Canada. It is won by Stirling Moss.

1962: US imposes economic embargo on Cuba.

1962-03-07: UK: First Report of the British Royal College of Physicians of London: Smoking and Health,.

1962: STATISTICS: Per-capita consumption of cigarettes stands at 12 per day among adult Americans

1962: LEGISLATION: KEFAUVER-HARRIS DRUG AMENDMENTS TO THE FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETICS ACT requires that drugs must be proven effective and safe before sold and manufacturers are to registered with the FDA.

1962: Bob Newhart Satirizes Sir Walter Raleigh. "The Bob Newhart Show" played on NBC- briefly. In one episode, Newhart played an Englishman getting a phone call from Sir Walter Raleigh in the Americas. The Sir Walter Raleigh bit is preserved on a record album. From: http://www.bob-newhart.com/Frames/comedy.html:

"Are you saying "snuff," Walt? What's snuff? You take a pinch of tobacco (starts giggling) and you shove it up your nose! And it makes you sneeze, huh. I imagine it would, Walt, yeah. Goldenrod seems to do it pretty well over here. It has some other uses, though. You can chew it? Or put it in a pipe. Or you can shred it up and put it on a piece of paper, and roll it up - don't tell me, Walt, don't tell me- you stick in your ear, right Walt? Oh, between your lips! Then what do you do to it? (Giggling) You set fire to it! Then what do you do, Walt? You inhale the smoke! You set fire to it! Then what do you do Walt? You inhale the smoke! Walt, we've been a little worried about you...you're gonna have a tough time getting people to stick burning leaves in their mouth...."

1962: BUSINESS: Philip Morris begins picturing a cowboy in scenes depicting recognizable American landmarks, with the new slogan, "Marlboro Country."

1962:01: SG Luther Terry submits to the Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Abraham A. Ribicoff, a formal proposal for the establishment of an Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health to report to the Surgeon General.

1962:06: Surgeon General Luther Terry announces the formation of the Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health.

1962:06: LEGISLATION: Sen. Moss (D-UT) introduces a measure to give the FDA the power to police content, advertising and labeling of cigarettes.

1962-07: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Ross v. PM

1962-07-27: Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health chosen by representatives from government, medicine and tobacco. From Luther Terry: On July 27, 1962 my staff and I met with representatives of the various medical associations and volunteer organizations, the Tobacco Institute, the Food and Drug Administration, the Federal Trade Commission, the Departments of Agriculture and Commerce, the Federal Communications Commission, and the President's Office of Science and Technology. These representatives were given a list of 150 eminent biomedical scientists (none of whom had taken a major public position on the subject of smoking and health) from which we expected to appoint a committee of about ten members. The attendees were given the opportunity to delete from the list anyone to whom they objected, and they were not required to give reasons for their objection.

1962-11: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Pritchard v. L&M; (and agin in 1968)

1962-11-09: The 10 members of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health have first meeting.

1963: LEGISLATION: FDA expressed its interpretation that tobacco did not fit the "hazardous" criteria stated of the Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act (FHSA) of 1960, and withheld recommendations pending the release of the report of the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health.

1963: LITIGATION: 7 tobacco liability suits are filed

1963: LEGISLATION: Philip Morris hires Abe Fortas, Lyndon Johnson's personal attorney and powerful lobbyist. Fortas was the senior partner of law firm Arnold, Fortas and Porter. According to "A Smoking Gun," the law firm was

chosen by the six major tobacco companies (R.J. Reynolds, American Tobacco, Brown and Williamson, Liggett and Myers, P. Lorillard and Philip Morris) to form a committee of lawyers to solidify industry togetherness. The committee met almost daily, planning for every possible contingency, and carefully forming the industry argument for the FTC hearings. When the issue of labeling came before Congress, it was this group who wrote the testimony, conducted the search for friendly witnesses, and even supplied questions that its Congressional allies could ask opposing witnesses.

The effort, aided by the lobbying of ex-Senator Earle C. Clements led to the preemption of the FTC by Congress. The Cigarette Labeling act not only gave the industry weak, generalized labels, but preempted litigation by letting the industry argue that the labels had given smokers sufficient warning, and that they undertook smoking at their own knowledgeable risk. As Fortas said at a DOJ meeting in June, 1964, "The companies want legislation. . . . . A requirement that packages be labeled would be helpful in civil litigation." Fortas may also have played a large role in keeping then-President Johnson out of the fray. Fortas later became Johnson's choice for the Supreme Court (1965-1969).

1963-08: LITIGATION: Zagurski v. American Tobacco filed in Federal District Court, Connecticut Lung cancer

1963: LITIGATION: KC, MO. Local, 20-lawyer firm, Shook Hardy Bacon, wins John Ross case (filed in 1954) for Philip Morris. SHB goes on to become virtually synonymous with tobacco litigation.

1963: BUSINESS: Philip Morris dispenses with tattooed sailors, et. al., and settles on the cowboy as the sole avatar of the Marlboro Man, featuring him exclusively in scenes of the American West. From: Marlboro Man at 50 -- Icon or illusion?" by Jim Courier, San Francisco Chronicle, January 7, 2005:

The "real" West was discovered by Neil McBain, a Burnett art director scouting rustic settings for a Camay soap ad in 1963. At the 6666 Ranch in Guthrie, Texas, McBain swooned at the sight of Carl "Bigun" Bradley, a foreman who smoked Kools, and hired him on the spot. As the first cowboy Marlboro Man, Bradley earned less than $10,000 a year, never gave up cowboying and later drowned in a stock pond while breaking a horse. His Kools were found dry on the bank.

1963: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys the Odells' Burma-Vita (Burma Shave) and absorbs it into its American Safety Razor division. PM discontinues the roadside signage in favor of NFL football TV ads. By 1966, virtually all 7,000 sets of signs had disappeared; many lamented the loss of this unique Americana.Philip Morris sells the division to an investor group in 1977.

1963-07-17: LITIGATION: B&W;'s General Counsel ADDISON YEAMAN writes in a memo, "Moreover, nicotine is addictive. We are, then, in the business of selling nicotine, an addictive drug effective in the release of stress mechanisms." Yeaman was concerned about the upcoming Surgeon General's report, and was writing of "the so-called 'beneficial effects of nicotine': 1) enhancing effect on the pituitary-adrenal response to stress; 2) regulation of body weight."

1963: INDONESIA: PT Hanjaya Mandala (HM) Sampoerna is established

1963: Consumers Union's "Report on Smoking and the Public Interest"

1964: STATISTICS: There are 70 million smokers in the US, and tobacco is an $8 Billion/year industry. (Joseph Ben-David, Reporter on Smoking and Health, April-May, 1963)

1964: BUSINESS: MARKET SHAREE: Pall Mall, the nation's top-selling brand, captures nearly 15 percent of the market.

1964: Tobacco industry adopts voluntary advertising guidelines.

1964: LITIGATION: 17 tobacco liability suits are filed

1964: Tobacco industry writer suggests tobacco control advocates have psychiatric certification that they are not sufering from pyrophobia and suppressed fear of the 'big fire' or atom bomb

1964: BUSINESS: LIGGETT Joins TIRC

1964: BUSINESS: TIRC changes its name to the Council for Tobacco Research-USA, Inc. ("CTR").

1964: BUSINESS: MARLBORO Country ad campaignbegins featuring the slogan, "Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country." Marlboro sales begin growing at 10% a year.

1964: JAPAN: Emperor Hirohito begins the tradition of giving out cigarettes to his staff on his birthday.

1964: National Interagency Council on Smoking and Health, the first national antismoking coalition, is formed.

1964-01-11: 1st Surgeon General's Report linking smoking and lung cancer: Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service

See the CDC's History of the 1964 Surgeon General's ReportSee the full list of SG reports here

1964: MEDIA: Even after the Surgeon General's report, New York Post editors were immediately rebuked if they “allowed a hint that there was a link between smoking and cancer to appear in the paper,” because Post owner Dorothy Schiff smoked a pack of Kools per day.

1964-01: REGULATION: Sen. Maurine Neuberger (D-OR) introduces bill giving FTC authority to regulate cigarette advertising and labeling. Also, the FTC begins rule-making to require health warrning on cigarette packs and in advertising. (Bates # 03553093)

1964-02-07: The AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN accepts a $10 million grant for tobacco research from six cigarette companies. The AMA shelves its previous plans to issue a report on smoking's relationship to cancer; the official AMA word on smoking and health won't be issued for another 10 years.

1964-02-09: Beatles debut on "Ed Sullivan," along with a Kent Micronite Filter ad. The ad starring Paul Dooley is removed from the 2004 DVD of the show. A Pillsbury ad is substituted.

1964-02-28: The AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN supports the tobacco industry's objection to labeling cigarets as a health hazard, writes in a letter to the Federal Trade Commission, "More than 90 million persons in the United States use tobacco in some form, and, of these 72 million use cigarets... the economic lives of tobacco growers, processors, and merchants are entwined in the industry; and local, state, and the federal governments are recipients of and dependent upon many millions of dollars of tax revenue."

1964-03-19: Rep. FRANK THOMPSON Jr. (D-NJ) charges that the AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSN has entered into a deal with tobacco-state congressmen to gain their votes against Medicare.

1964-04: BUSINESS: The tobacco industry announces its Cigarette Advertising Code.

1964-06-23: Rep. Orem Harris, chairman of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee, begins hearings on warning labels.

1964-09-10 to 10-15: BUSINESS: Sir PHILIP ROGERS and GEOFFREY TODD, senior officials of the BRITISH RESEARCH COUNCIL arrive in US on month-long fact-finding tour. Their reports will not be seen by the public until 10/2/96.

1965: CONSUMPTION: Smokers: 42.4% overall; Males: 51.9%; Females: 33.9%; Whites: 42.1%; Blacks: 45.8% (CDC) 29.6 percent of people who had ever smoked had quit as of 1965.

1965: TOBACCO CONTROL: Public Health Services (PHS) establishes the National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health.

1965: TOBACCO CONTROL: UK: Parliament bans cigarette advertising on TV.

1965: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: TIRC sets up secretive, lawyer-directed SPECIAL PROJECTS division.

1965: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: PREGNANCY: A study by the TIRC finds that pregnant women who smoke have smaller babies and are more likely to give birth prematurely.

1965: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: B&W;'s "PROJECT JANUS" begins issuing scientific reports on the health effects of smoking, about 30 substantial reports by 1978.

1965: BUSINESS: The tobacco industry's Cigarette Advertising Code, announced in the Spring of 1964 to minimize the FTC's ad restrictions, takes effect. Drawn up by the Policy Committee of Lawyers, its administrator is respected ex-NJ-governor Robert B. Meyner, who was given authority to fine violators up to $100,000. The code banned advertising and marketing directed mainly at those under 21 years old, and ended advertising and promotion in school and college publications. No violations or fines were ever levied

In 1983, the Tobacco Institute published a pamphlet entitled "Voluntary Initiatives of a Responsible Industry." The pamphlet noted that "in 1964, the industry adopted a cigarette advertising code prohibiting advertising, marketing and sampling directed at young people."

1968-11. BUSINESS: 'Bravo' (lettuce based) cigarettes go on sale. Reports vary on the Texas-based Bravo's demise--some say the cigarettes were off the market by 1968, some think as late as 1972. They returned, manufactured in a Georgia plant, in 1997.

1965: SMOKEFREE: Florida enacts the first statewide preemptive legislation, after a dozen communities adopt clean indoor air ordinances. As of 2003, over 30 states have such legislation.

1965-08-01: UK: Government bans cigarette advertisements on TV

1965: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American's share of the market sank from 35% in 1965 to 17.8% in 1971. By 1978 they were down to 12%.

1965: LEGISLATION: Congress passes the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act requiring the follwoing Surgeon General's Warning on the side of cigarette packs: "Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous to Your Health." . .

1965-05: LITIGATION: Weaver v. AT filed in State Court, Missouri Lung cancer

1965-07-31: UK: Cigarette advertising on British TV is banned.

1965-09: BUSINESS: JAP,AN: Japan Tobacco begins providing free cigarettes to elderly residents of nursing homes on the "Respect for the Aged Day" holiday. The practice becomes a tradition.

1965-12-17: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: CTR's Ad Hoc Cmte sets priorities; Alvan R. Feinstein is awarded $5,600 CTR "Special Projects" grant.

Category A: Projects essentially of "adversary" value. These are considered to have a relatively high priority.
Category B: Research having a generally defensive character.
Category C. Basic research." " Bates #: 2017025366/5370 ( http://www.pmdocs.com/getallimg.asp?DOCID=2017025366/5370)

1966: Philip Morris' "Project 6900" investigates the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, often using animal experiments. A semi-annual report on the project reports that, ""gross lung pathology can be induced by smoking cigarettes."

1966: Congress votes to send 600 million cigarettes to flood disaster victims in India

1966: ARIZONA: Ornithologist Betty Carnes starts Arizonans Concerned About Smoking. Some consider this the beginning of the movement nationwide. Carnes is credited with convincing American Airlines to create the first non-smoking sections on airplanes in 1971, as well as Arizona's 1973 first-in-the-nation statewide smoking-control law.

1966: PROPAGANDA: "It Is Safe To Smoke" by Lloyd Mallan. "The scientific facts in the smoking vs. health controversy--and a startling, straight-forward conclusion." Mallan visits scientist after scientist, all of whom tell him smoking's not really dangerous, but just in case it is--the charcoal filter (then used on Lark cigarettes) would the best protection. The dedication reads: This book is for Rose Tinker Mallan, my lovely non-smoking wife, who worries with renewed emphasis every time she reads another scare headline in the newspapers "linking" cigarette smoking with disease, and for my son Lloyd Jeffrey, who fiendishly smokes the wrong kind of cigarette.

1966: BUSINESS: RJR's filter-tip Winston becomes top-selling cigarette in the US

1966: FASHION: Designer Yves Saint Laurent introduces "le smoking," a tuxedo for women.

1966: CONSUMPTION: JAPAN: Smoking hits peak: 49.4 percent of adults -- and 83.7 percent of men -- are smokers.

1966-01-01: Health warnings on cigarette packs begin

1966-05: LITIGATION: Thayer v. L&M; filed in Federal District Court, Michigan Lung cancer

1967: 2nd Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Public Health Service Review

William H. Stewart's Surgeon General's Report concludes that smoking is the principal cause of lung cancer; finds evidence linking smoking to heart disease

1967: First report concerning the adverse effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on children's health is published. (Cameron P. The presence of pets and smoking as correlates of perceived disease. J Allergy. 1967;40:12-15)

1967: The first attempt to market king-length cigarettes to women fails when the American Tobacco Company advertises its new Silva Thins with the slogan: "Cigarettes are like girls. The best ones are thin and rich." 25 [Lerner, S., "Tobacco Stains," Ms. , November/December 1996] Source: Mediascope http://www.mediascope.org/pubs/ibriefs/ws.htm

1967: Federal Trade Commission releases the first tar and nicotine report.

1967: FCC applies TV Fairness Doctrine to cigarette ads

Stations broadcasting cigarette commercials must donate air time to smoking prevention messages.

1967: Federal Trade Commission (FTC) releases the first report on tar and nicotine yield in cigarette brands.

1967: SCIENCE: Dr. Auerbach gives 86 beagles tracheotomies in order to pump smoke into their lungs.

1967: BUSINESS: Philip Morris reorganizes to create three internal operating divisions within Philip Morris Incorporated: Philip Morris Domestic, Philip Morris International, and Philip Morris Industrial.

1967: BUSINESS: Joseph F. Cullman, 3rd, is appointed chairman and CEO of Philip Morris Inc.

1967-01-16: PROPAGANDA: Hawthorne Books publishes "It Is Safe to Smoke."

1967-02-28: PROPAGANDA: Dehart Hill & Knowlton hold a press conference for Lloyd Mallan's "It _Is_ Safe to Smoke" Bates # 502643635

1967-06: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Zagurski v. American Tobacco

1967-10: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: "Tobacco Abstracts," a trade publication which offers relevant citations and abstracts to world literature on nicotiana drops the section titled "Health". The announcement was as follows: "(NOTE: Health section will be omitted from now on.)" No further information was offered. (LB)

1967: PROPAGANDA: "It Is Safe To Smoke" by Lloyd Mallan is taken off the market by Hawthorne publishing after the initiation of a congressional investigation into allegations the book was financed by the tobacco industry.

1968: 3rd Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 1968 Supplement to the 1967 Public Health Service Review

1968: NCI Monograph No. 28: Effect of filter cigarettes on lung cancer risk. Toward a Less Harmful Cigarette. Bross, I.D. Wynder, E.L., Hoffmann, D. (Editors.).

1968. TOBACCO CONTROL: Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) is formed to serve as a legal action arm for the smoking prevention community. (CDC)

1968. BUSINESS: Philip Morris introduces Virginia Slims brand, aimed at women

1968. LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone, now 43, switches from L&M; to Virginia Slims and Parliaments.

1968: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Domestic changes its name to Philip Morris U.S.A.

1968: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. operating revenues top $1 billion.

1968. BUSINESS: American Tobacco begins buying into Britain's Gallaher's

1968. MOTOR SPORTS: Colin Chapman's Team Lotus becomes the first Formula One team to accept tobacco sponsorship. The Lotus 49 cars are painted in the colors of the "Gold Leaf" cigarette brand.

1968-02: PAKISTAN: Pakistan Tobacco Board is established through an ordinance (Pakistan Tobacco Board Ordinance No: 1 of 1968), to promote the cultivation of tobacco, manufacture and export of tobacco and tobacco products .

1968-01: PROPAGANDA: "To Smoke or Not to Smoke--That Is Still the Question," by Stanley Frank, a widely read sports writer, appears in True Magazine. To call the public's attention to the article, the Industry ran a contemporaneous ad in 72 markets, announcing the article's publication. On March 3,, a similar but shorter article appeared in the National Enquirer entitled "Cigarette Cancer Link is Bunk / 70,000,000 Smokers Falsely Alarmed." written by "Charles Golden" (a fictitious name commonly used by the Enquirer.) The real author was Stanley Frank. Two million reprints of the True Magazine article were distributed to physicians, scientists, journalists, government officials, and other opinion leaders with a small card which stated, "As a leader in your profession and community, you will be interested in reading this story from the January issue of True Magazine about one of today's controversial issues. -- THE EDITORS" The actual sender was the TI, through Tiderock.. It was subsequently disclosed through investigations by Wall St. Journal reporter Ronald Kessler and the FTC that author Frank had been paid $500 to write the article, by Joseph Field, a public relations professional working for Brown and Williamson. [Frank also received $2,000 for the article from True.] Brown and Williamson reimbursed Field for that amount. By the time the True article was published, Frank was an employee of Hill and Knowlton.

1968-03-03: PROPAGANDA: National Enquirer publishes "Cigarette Cancer Link is Bunk".

1968-10: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Pritchard v. L&M;

1969: 4th Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 1969 Supplement to the 1967 Public Health Service Review Confirms link between maternal smoking and low birth weight

1969: Congress enacts the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969, which amends the 1965 Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to require the following warning: "The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health." The 1969 act also includes the phrase: "(b) No requirement or prohibition based on smoking and health shall be imposed under State law with respect to the advertising or promotion of any cigarettes the packages of which are labeled in conformity with the provisions of this Act." This proviso helps absolve the industry in many court cases, most recently in Pennsylvania's Carter case (1/27/03).

1969: Taxes: North Carolina Gov. Bob Scott, succeeds in ramming through NC's first cigarette tax: 2-cents-per-pack, the lowest in the nation.

1969: SCOTUS: U.S. Supreme Court applies the Fairness Doctrine to cigarettes, giving tobacco control groups "equal time" on the air to reply to tobacco commercials

1969: National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) endorses phasing out of cigarette ads on television and radio.

1969: SMOKEFREE: Ralph Nader asks the FAA to ban smoking on airlines as annoying and unhealthy for nonsmokers, and as a fire danger; John Banzhaf III, founder of Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), also begins to pressure regulators to mandate separate smoking and non-smoking sections on domestic flights.3 The FAA never responded to these petitions, citing lack of evidence that tobacco smoke was harmful in the concentrations experienced on aircraft.

1969: SMOKEFREE: Pan American Airlines creates the first nonsmoking sections on its jumbo jets; United Airlines did the same two years later. ("Lost Empire," http://extras.journalnow.com/lostempire/tob26a.htm_

1969: REGULATION: FCC issues a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to ban cigarette ads on TV and radio. Discussions, both in Congress and in private between legislators and tobacco companies, result in cigarette advertisers agreeing to stop advertising on the air in return for a delay in controls on the sale of cigarettes.

1969: BUSINESS: Philip Morris gains a controlling interest (53%) in the Miller Brewing Company (nee 1855), then only the 7th largest brewery.

1969. BUSINESS: American Tobacco drops "tobacco" from parent; American Brands, Inc. is established with headquarters in Old Greenwich, CT, as parent company of American Tobacco Co.

1969. BUSINESS: Reynolds Tobacco introduces "Doral" brand. It will be re-introduced in the "value" segment in 1984.

1969. BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Tobacco drops "tobacco."

1969. MOTOR SPORTS: WINSTON CUP racing is born when NASCAR driver Junion Johnson suggests to RJR they sponsor not just a car, but the whole show.

1969: DOCUMENTS: A Philip Morris memo from researcher William Dunn to Dr. Helmut Wakeham, Philip Morris' director of research and development, warned against referring to tobacco as a drug. Dunn wrote, "I would be more cautious . . . do we really want to tout cigarette smoke as a drug? It is, of course, but there are dangerous FDA implications to having such conceptualization go beyond these walls."

1969: SMOKEFREE: UK: National Society of Non-Smokers calls for smoking ban in public places. Mr Browne of the Department of Health and Social Security writes to Mr Shergold at the Civil Service Department's Welfare Advisers Office, "[T]his society is particularly militant, even fanatical, and they write incessantly to various departments on the theme of abolishing smoking in practically every type of place imaginable." (Financial Times, 2005-01-04)

1969-12: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Thayer v. L&M;

The Seventies

Cigarettes are the most heavily advertised product in America
Magazines and newspapers stop covering the issue in depth

1970: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American Tobacco's share of the US market has fallen to 19%.

1970: BRAND CONSUMPTION:

RANK	BRAND	BILLIONS SOLD
1	Winston	81.86 billion
2	Pall Mall	57.96 billion
3	Marlboro	51.37 billion
4	Salem	44.1 billion
5	Kool	40.14 billion

1970: CONSUMPTION: Smokers: 37.4% overall; Males: 44.1%; Females: 31.5%; Whites: 37%; Blacks: 41.4% (CDC)

1970: CONSUMPTION: American cigar consumption peaks at about 9 billion a year.

1970: LEGISLATION: Congress enacts the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969. Introduced in 1969, the legislation amends the 1965 Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act to require the following warning: "The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health." The 1969 act also includes the phrase: "(b) No requirement or prohibition based on smoking and health shall be imposed under State law with respect to the advertising or promotion of any cigarettes the packages of which are labeled in conformity with the provisions of this Act."

1970: TOBACCO CONTROL: Clara Gouin founds the first GASP group in MD. Her father died of lung cancer and emphysema. The group tried to get established groups to endorse goals but was not successful.

1970: TOBACCO CONTROL: World Health Organization (WHO) takes a public position against cigarette smoking. (CDC)

1970: SMOKEFREE: Singapore bans smoking in cinemas, theaters and buses.

1970: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Roper Researchers tell Philip Morris, True answers on smoking habits might be difficult to elicit in the presence of parents. . . We recommend interviewing young people at summer recreation centers (at beaches, public pools, lakes, etc.)

1970: BUSINESS: Cigarette industry voluntarily agrees to display "tar" and nicotine data in all advertising.

1970: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires the remaining 47 percent of Miller it does not own from De Rance Foundation in Milwaukee.

1970: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co. becomes a subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.

1970: BUSINESS: UST moves its HQ from NYC to Greenwich, CT.

1970-02-18: Great American Smokeout is born on "Smokeout Day." Massacusetts smoker and guidance counselor Arthur P. Mullaney and some Randolph High School kids come up with the idea of setting aside one day when everyone in town would quit smoking and donate to a scholarship fund what they would have spent that day on cigarettes. Arthur P. Mullaney challenged the citizens of Randolf, MA, to give up cigarettes for the day and donate the saved money to a high school scholarship fund. Mullaney coined the term Smokeout.

1970-03: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: "The Mouse House Massacre" A major research project on smoking and emphysema is dismantled. Former scientist Joseph E. Bumgarner told in a deposition how he and 25 other members of Reynolds' biological research division in Winston-Salem, N.C., were abruptly ordered to surrender their notebooks to the company's legal department and then were fired. .

1970-03-31: LEGISLATION: President Nixon signs a measure banning cigarette advertising on radio and television, to take effect after Jan. 1, 1971

1970-04: LITIGATION: Tobacco wins Weaver v. AT

1970: REGULATION:: "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined that Cigarette Smoking is Dangerous to Your Health."

1970-04-01: LEGISLATION: Congress enacts the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 (passed in 1970), banning cigarette advertising on television and radio and requiring a stronger health warning on cigarette packages: "Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health."

1970-07-01: SMOKEFREE: TWA becomes first airline to offer no- smoking sections aboard every aircraft in its fleet. http://www.scripophily.net/tranworairin2.html

1970-12: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: RJR closes down its "mouse house" facility in Winston-Salem, NC..

1971: 5TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General

1971: Surgeon General proposes a government ban on smoking in public places.

1971: Helen Story founds the second GASP group in Berkeley due to problems with smoking in classrooms.

1971: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Philip Morris purchases the Institut fur Industrielle und Biologische Forschung GmbH, or INBIFO, a biological research facility in Cologne, Germany.

1971: BUSINESS: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco becomes R.J. Reynolds Industries

1971: SMOKEFREE: UNITED AIRLINES is the first major carrier to establish seperate sections for smokers and nonsmokers

(ASH: http://www.ash.org/victories.html ANR: http://no-smoke.org/document.php?id=334 (Note discrepancy with "Lost Empire" data that Pan Am was the first, in 1969.)

1971: UK: Second British Royal College of Physicians of London Report: Smoking and Health Now Refers to cigarette death toll as "this present holocaust."

1971: UK: Cigarette Smoking and Health--Report by an Interdepartmental Group of Officials finds that, all things considered, tobacco use brings in more money than it costs in health and disability. Report is unknown to the public until the Guardian publishes an account on May 6, 1980.

1971: SPORTS: RJR sponsorship of NASCAR's NASCAR Grand National Division begins.

1971: SPORTS: Virginia Slims Tennis begins, with Billie Jean King a prime promoter. Philip Morris' Women's Tennis Assn. tour will continue until 1994.

1971-01-02: REGULATION: TV: Cigarette ads are taken off TV and radio as Cigarette Smoking Act of 1969 takes effect. Broadcast industry loses c. $220 Million in ads (Ad Age, "History of TV Advertising"). The last commercial on US TV is a Virginia Slims ad, aired at 11:59 PM on the Johnny Carson Tonight show, Jan. 1, 1971. The ad featured Veronica Hamel, later seen on "Hill St. Blues." See stills at: http://www.batnet.com/ghostship/VS/VS_TV_ad/comercial.html

1971-01-02: TOBACCO CONTROL: With the end of tobacco ads on TV, so too end the anti-tobacco ads demanded by the Fairness Doctrine.

1971-01-03: Joseph Cullman, then Chairman of the Board of Philip Morris, Inc., is interviewed on CBS' Face the Nation. The interviewers asked Cullman if he was aware of a massive study [which] showed that babies of smoking mothers were had a greater incidence of low birth weight than non-smoking mothers, that smoking mothers had an increased risk of stillbirth and infant death within 28 days of birth. Cullman said he was aware of the study and its results. He said, "Some women would prefer having smaller babies." Another exchange:, "Well, I think, Mr. Ubell, in this case your premise is wrong. I merely have to refer to the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee report; that report stated categorically that cigarettes are not addictive.
UBELL: I didn't say that they were addictive. I said that nicotine is a drug, within the meaning of a term of drug, meaning a chemical --
MR. CULLMAN: It's more important for the industry to take the word of the Surgeon General's committee; they said that cigarettes are not addictive. . . the Surgeon General's committee largely exonerated nicotine as a health hazard of any consequence to the public. I have to lean on that. After all, the Surgeon General's committee met for nine months or longer, and they concluded that nicotine is not a hazard to health.>

1971: UK: Tobacco manufacturers voluntarily put health warnings on cigarette packs.

1971-04: Cigarette manufacturers agree to put health warnings on advertisements. This agreement is later made into law.

1971-12-23: Nixon Administration declares "War on Cancer"

1972: 6TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General

Surgeon General's Report addresses "public exposure to air pollution from tobacco smoke" and danger of smoking to the unborn child. 1972-01-29: SMOKEFREE: Washington Post reports on unpublished FAA/NIOSH study ("Health Aspects of Smoking in Transportation Aircraft" 1971) that found that

"43 per cent of all airline passengers think smokers should be separated from nonsmokers on airplanes. . . . The FAA-PIIS study found that smoking was not a health hazaard in commercial airplanes, tile passenger survey Indicated that far more people than expected are bothcred hy their neighbors' smoking while on air trill. . . . Four airlines--American, United, Pan American and Trans-World--voluntarily set up smoking aml nonsmoking sections. They received awards for this last year from the D:C. Medical Society. . . . But 15 per cent felt that all smoking should be totally banned on airplanes."

http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/1002698170B-8171.html

1972: LEGISLATION: Tobacco advertisements, direct mail and point-of-sale material are all required to carry health warnings

1972: MIT Professor David Wilson founds MASH an affiliate of ASH.

1972: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires 100 percent of Mission Viejo Company, a community development and home-building firm.

1972: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc.'s revenues top $2 billion.

1972: BUSINESS: Marlboro becomes the best-selling cigarette in the world

1972: BUSINESS: Marlboro Lights introduced, promising lower tar and nicotine.

1972: INDUSTRY SCIENCE: "In 1967, five persons in the U.S. officially died of bunions. One died of headache. One died of emotional instability!" -- Tobacco Institute Backgrounder, 5th in a series of "background papers on the smoking and health controversy." Bates # TIMN 0078551 http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/tdo/view.cfm?CitID=13981

1972: DOCUMENTS: RJR research scientist Claude Teague writes in a memo, "the tobacco industry may be thought of as being a specialized, highly ritualized and stylized segment of the pharmaceutical industry." Significantly, he added that,"Tobacco products, uniquely, contain and deliver nicotine, a potent drug with a variety of physiological effects. . . Happily for the tobacco industry, nicotine is both habituating and unique in its variety of physiological actions, hence no other active material or combination of materials provides equivalent 'satisfaction..'"

1972-05: BUSINESS: Tobacco Institute memorandum from Fred Panzer (VP) to TI President Horace R. Kornegay, Panzer describes the industry's strategy for defending itself in litigation, politics, and public opinion as "brilliantly conceived and executed over the years" in order to "cast doubt about the health charge" by using "variations on the theme that, `the case is not proved.'" The memorandum urges more intensive lobbying, and advocates public relations efforts to provide tobacco industry sympathizers with evidence "that smoking may not be the causal factor [in disease]." Until now, the industry has supplied symmpathizers with "too little in the way of ready-made credible alternatives."

1972-05-24: DOCUMENTS: PM scientist Al Udow writes memo stating that rival brand Kool had the highest nicotine "delivery" of any king-size on the market. "This ties in with the information we have from focus group sessions and other sources that suggest that Kool is considered to be good for 'after marijuana' to maintain the 'high' or for mixing with marijuana, or 'instead." He wrote that Kool's high nicotine is a reason for its success, and that "we should pursue this thought in developing a menthol entry. . . The lessened taste resulting from the lowered tar can be masked by high menthol or other flavors. Many menthol smokers say they are not looking for high tobacco taste anyway. . . A widely held theory holds that most people smoke for the narcotic effect (relaxing, sedative) that comes from the nicotine. The 'taste comes from the 'tar' (particulate matter) delivery. . . . Although more people talk about 'taste,' it is likely that greater numbers smoke for the narcotic value that comes from the nicotine."

1972-07: ADVERTISING: Ms. Magazine begins regular publication. Editors decide to accept tobacco advertising if they include health warnings. Philip Morris'brands do, but editors object to the "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" Virginia Slims campaign, as it makes smoking a symbol of women's progress. Philip Morris pulls all its brands. Gloria Steinem wrote in 1990: " Gradually, we also realize our naivete in thinking we could decide against taking cigarette ads. They became a disproportionate support of magazines the moment they were banned on television, and few magazines could compete and survive without them; certainly not Ms., which lacks so many other categories. By the time statistics in the 1980s show that women's rate of lung cancer is approaching men's the necessity of taking cigarette ads has become a kind of prison."

1972-09: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Boston, MA: Gary Huber's "Tobacco and Health Research Program, aka "The Harvard Project" begins, the result of a $2.8 million grant to Harvard, the largest ever for a University. It will run until 1980, generating 239 medical publications, including 27 books and 54 peer-reviewed scientific papers ("Civil Warriors," pp. 288-89)

1973: 7TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking 1973 Finds cigar and pipe smokers' health risks to be less than cigarette smokers, but more than nonsmokers.

1973: SECRET DOCUMENTS: A Gallup poll commissioned by Philip Morris finds only 3 percent of Americans are familiar with the Surgeon General's 1964 report on the dangers of smoking.

1973: SMOKEFREE: Nixon Administration Surgeon General Dr. Jesse Steinfeld is fired after angering tobacco executives by urging restrictions on secondhand smoke.

1973: SMOKEFREE: Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) requires all airlines to create nonsmoking sections, and bans smoking in aircraft lavatories, as a result of a tragic fire in an airliner bathroom waste bin that caused a crash killing 124 people. http://tc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/13/suppl_1/i30 This is the first federal restriction on smoking in public places.

1973: SMOKEFREE: Arizona becomes the first state (in modern times) to pass a comprehensive law restricting smoking in public places. The law forbids smoking in public places like elevators, libraries, indoor theaters and concert halls, and buses.

1973: SMOKEFREE: Federal Government mandates that smoking in bed be forbidden in prisons.

1973: REGULATION: Congress enacts the Little Cigar Act of 1973, amending the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act to ban TV and radio advertising of little cigars.

1973: SPORTS: Marlboro Cup horse racing begins.

1973: SPORTS: Tennis' "Battle of the Sexes." Billie Jean King, wearing Virginia Slims colors, and Virginia Slims sequins on her chest, defeats Bobby Riggs.

1973: SCIENCE: RJR report on success of PM's Marlboro and B&W;'s Kool brands states, "A cigarette is a system for delivery of nicotine to the smoker in attractive, useful form. At normal smoke pH, at or below 6.0, the smoke nicotine is...slowly absorbed by the smoker. . . As the smoke pH increases above about 6.0, an increasing portion of the total smoke nicotine occurs in free form, which is rapidly absorbed by the smoker and...instantly perceived as a nicotine kick."

1973: BUSINESS: Philip Morris' Tobacco Research Center in Richmond is dedicated.

1973: Jesse Helms, former director of the News and Programs for the Tobacco Radio Network, is elected to the US Senate. He will become a powerful tobacco defender in Congress.

1973-02-08: Department of Health, Education and Welfare issues a charter for the Tobacco Working Group (TWG), which makes it a formal and multidisciplinary group consisting of researchers from academia, the government, and the tobacco companies. The group had actually begun meeting informally in 1968 to discuss generally research related to smoking and health, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease {1400.01} . The 1973 charter specifies that the purpose of the group was to "identify the criteria and prescribe methods for the development of a less hazardous cigarette, and other methods to decrease the smoking hazard" Glantz, The Cigarette Papers

1973-07-12: BUSINESS: RJR director of marketing and planning R.A. Blevins Jr writes in a memo that free nicotine, advertising expenditures and cigarette size of Winstons and Marlboros all affected market share "independently and collectively," but that "the variability due to 'free nicotine' was significant and its contribution was over and above that of advertising expenditures and [cigarette size]."

1973-07-12: BUSINESS: RJR senior scientist Frank Colby sends Blevins a memo suggesting that the company "develop a new RJR youth-appeal brand based on the concept of going back--at least halfway--to the technological design of the Winston and other filter cigarettes of the 1950s," a cigarette which "delivered more 'enjoyment' or 'kicks' (nicotine)." Colby said that "for public relations reasons it would be impossible to go back all the way to the 1955-type cigarettes."

1974: 8TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking 1974

1974: SPORTS: UST creates the Copenhagen Skoal Scholarship Awards Program for student athletes (in conjunction with the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Assn.)

1974: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone, now 49, switches to True cigarettes.

1974: ADVERTISING: FRANCE: Joe Camel is born. Used in Poster for French ad campaign for Camel cigarettes.

1974: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Harrogate lab in England is closed down.

1974: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: PM pollsters try to find out why competing brands like Kool were slowing Marlboro's growth among young smokers.

1974: BUSINESS: Johnny Roventini retires after a 40-year career as Philip Morris pitchman.

1974: BUSINESS: Philip Morris opens the world's largest cigarette factory on Commerce Road in Richmond, VA.

1974: CANADA: The Canadian Council on Smoking and Health is formed. Charter members include the Canadian Cancer Society, the Canadian Heart Foundation, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada and the Canadian Lung Association. The Non-Smokers' Rights Association is also formed. (NCTH)

1974: US Trade Act. The threat of punitive tariffs, as provided under Section 301, will be used to force Asian markets considered to have "unfair" or "discriminatory" trade restrictions to open up to U.S. tobacco companies' products and advertising.

1974-01-07: Monticello, Minnesota decides to go non-smoking for a day, in a "D-Day" (Don't Smoke Day) organized by Lynn Smith. The event goes statewide in November, and in 1977 goes national--the first Great American Smokeout.

1974-07-15: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Family Practice News covered Alvan R. Feinstein's address to the annual meeting of the Association of American Physicians with this headline: "Smoking Link to Lung Ca[ncer] Termed Diagnostic Bias." The article reads "The more cigarettes a person says he smokes, the more likely he is to be checked by his physician for lung cancer. Thus, cigarette smoking may be contributing more to the diagnosis of lung cancer than to the disease, said Dr. Feinstein of Yale University." Bates #: TITX 0002372 ( http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/tdo/view.cfm?CitID=127054)

1974-11: Entire state of Minnesota decides to go non-smoking for a day: "D-Day" (Don't Smoke Day).

1975: 9TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking 1975

1975: 3rd World Conferfence on Tobacco or Health: New York, NY

1975. Department of Defense stops distribution of free cigarettes in C-rations and K-rations.

1975. UK: Government and industry agree on advertising curbs. Ads will no longer suggest cigarettes are safe, popular, natural or healthy, nor will they link smoking with social, sexual or business success. The restrictions are followed by 3 decades of what some consider the most creative and memorable ads in history:

Hamlet cigars launches a humorous series in which life's trials are soothed by a Hamlet to the strains of Bach's "Air on a G String."
Surreal Benson & Hedges ads feature a sequence of unrelated objects -- a helicopter, an iguana, a sardine can and a pack of B&H; cigs--travelling through the Arizona desert.
Gallaher's Silk Cut features a series of strikingly-photographed images of purple silk being cut in various ways.

1975. REGULATION: Italy bans smoking in schools, hospitals, cinemas, theaters, museums, libraries and public-transport waiting rooms.

1975. REGULATION: INDIA mandates tobacco health warnings.

1975: THAILAND bans smoking on city buses.

1975. BUSINESS: RJR's low tar/nicotine "NOW" cigarette released.

1975. BUSINESS: American Brands assumes control of Britain's Gallaher

1975: BUSINESS: PM's Marlboro overtakes Winston as the best-selling cigarette in the U.S.

1975: BUSINESS: Philip Morris' net earnings top $200 million.

1975-08-01: REGULATION: MINNESOTA Clean Indoor Air Act, the nation's first statewide anti-second-hand smoke law goes into effect to protect "the public health and comfort and the environment by prohibiting smoking in public places and at public meetings, except in designated smoking areas." It is the first law to require separation of smokers' and nonsmokers.

1975-08-26: REGULATION: Madison, Wisconsin passes an ordinance limiting smoking, the first community in the nation to do so; the effort was led by Margo Redmond of GASP.

1976: While campaigning for president, Jimmy Carter told a North Carolina audience he hoped his administration would make smoking "even more safe than it is today," implying it was already pretty safe. (PROCTOR Testimony, 2004)

1976: CONSUMPTION: US has its highest per capita smoking rate - 2,905 cigarettes (The Tax Burden on Tobacco, Historical Compilation Volume 35, 2000)

1976: 10TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Selected Chapters from 1971 through 1975 Reports

1976: REGULATION: Federal Election Committee resolves charges that high-ranking RJR executives were funneling illegal campaign contributions to Republican presidential candidates from 1964 through 1972. The monies were said to have been paid in the form of personal gifts as high as $10,000 each from individual corporate officials, who were repaid from an off-the-books "slush fund," drawn from RJR's overseas customers. No jail terms, no fines: Charles B. Wade, Smith and Peoples had to resign; Alex Galloway, a former chairman who was also implicated during the internal investigation, had retired in 1973. . . Lawyers threatened lawsuits if the exact details of the scandal got out.

1976: LITIGATION: Norma Broin, a 20-year-old non-smoking Mormon, gets a job as a flight attendant for American Airlines (Broin vs. Philip Morris, et.al.)

1976: SOCIETY: Formation of the Cigarette Pack Collectors Association and first of its conventions. (LB)

1976: LITIGATION: Donna Shimp sues New Jersey Bell Telephone for not protecting her from second-hand smoke. Ruling in her favor, the judge said, "if such rules are established for machines, I see no reason why they should not be held in force for humans."

1976: BUSINESS: Philip Morris exceeds $4 billion in revenues.

1976: MARKET SHARE: Philip Morris' share of the U.S. cigarette market increases to 25.1%; the international tobacco company's share increases to 5.1%.

1976: UK: TV: Peter Taylor's Death in the West--The Marlboro Story made by Thames Television is shown.

1976-05-29: REGULATION: Resignations of Wade, Smith & Peoples becomes public.

1976-07-23: UK: BUSINESS: BAT Industries is formed when Tobacco Securities Trust Company Limited (TST) merges with British-American Tobacco Company Limited (BATCo).

1976: SOCIETY: The Tobacco Institute provides funds to the Smithsonian Institute for the creation of a one-tenth scale model of the colonial ship Brilliant. The first cargo carried by the Brilliant was tobacco in 1775. (LB)

1977: 1st Great American Smokeout

1977: REGULATION: Berkeley, California became the first community in California to limit smoking in restaurants and other public places.

1977: CANADA: 1st National Non-Smoking Week

1977: UK: Royal College of Physicians of London third report: "Smoking or Health."

1977: BUSINESS: RUSSIA: Philip Morris signs a licensing agreement with Licensintorg, representing the Soviet tobacco industry.

1977: BUSINESS: BAT acquires overseas business of Lorillard, including the Kent brand.

1977: Irene Parodi, suffering lung and other problems from secondhand smoke, leaves her job with the US Dept. of Defense in San Bruno, CA. Her claims for disability and workers' compensation are denied. In 1982, the US Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules workers sickened by secondhand smoke must be accommodated or given disability.

1978: 11TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking, 1977-1978

1978: A Roper Report prepared for the Tobacco Institute concludes that the nonsmokers' rights movement is "the most dangerous development yet to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred."

The original Surgeon General's report, followed by the first "hazard" warning on cigarette packages, the subsequent "danger" warning on cigarette packages, the removal of cigarette advertising from television and the inclusion of the danger warning in cigarette advertising, were all "blows" of sorts for the tobacco industry. They were, however, blows that the cigarette industry could successfully weather because they were all directed against the smoker himself. The anti-smoking forces' latest tack, however-on the passive smoking issue-is another matter. What the smoker does to himself may be his business, but what the smoker does to the non-smoker is quite a different matter....six out of ten believe that smoking is hazardous to the nonsmoker's health, up sharply over the last four years. More than two-thirds of non-smokers believe it; nearly half of all smokers believe it. This we see as the most dangerous development yet to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred . . . The strategic and long run antidote to the passive smoking issue is, as we see it, developing and widely publicizing clear-cut, credible, medical evidence that passive smoking is not harmful to the non-smoker's health

1978: MEDIA: Rupert Murdoch buys the New York Post from Dorothy Schiff. Sells it in1988. Becomes a Philip Morris board member in 1989. In 1993, he reacquires the Post.

1978: BUSINESS: SWITZERLAND: INFOTAB is established as a non-profit international association (original name: ICOSI - International Committee on Smoking Issues) by BAT, Imperial, Philip Morris, Reemtsma, R.J. Reynolds and Rothman's International.

INFOTAB is now in regular contact with tobacco industry groups in 28 countries...Our strategic objective is to help the industry around the world prevent unreasonable restrictions on its operations and help smokers preserve their freedom to choose whether or not they will smoke and where they will smoke, within the bounds of mutual courtesy...There will also be an emphasis on early-warning information to help the industry anticipate potential issues and anti-smoking initiatives.

1978: BUSINESS: UK: Gallaher launches "Pure Gold" Benson & Hedges campaign.

1978: BUSINESS: Philip Morris obtains the international cigarette business of the Liggett Group Inc.

1978: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. acquires 97 percent of the Seven-Up Company

1978: BUSINESS: Philip Morris announces plans to construct a new 26-story corporate headquarters building in midtown Manhattan, across from Grand Central Station.

1978: BUSINESS: For the 25th consecutive year Philip Morris posts record revenues ($6.6 billion) and profits ($409 million).

1978: BUSINESS: Hamish Maxwell becomes CEO of Philip Morris, taking over from Joe Cullman. Maxwell will remain CEO until 1991.

1978: BUSINESS: BAT buys Appleton Papers from National Cash Register.

1978: AUSTRALIA: Philip Morris, Rothmans and WD & HO Wills set up the Tobacco Institute

1978: Tobacco companies fight a CA referendum on statewide smoking restrictions with a group called "Californians for Common Sense." Though 68% support the referendum, CCS spends $6.6 million lampooning the anti-smoking movement as a nagging Big Brother out to deny personal freedoms. The referndum fails.

1978: USA: A tobacco trade journal reports that "cigarette purchases are 2.5 times as great when an in-store display is present compared to when no advertising or display treatment is employed", and that cigarette sales drop when parents shop with their children. (Tobacco International, 22 Dec 1978, p. 33). (LB)

1978-03-28: JAPAN: First tobacco control group formed. "Kenen-ken kakuritsuo wo mezasu hitobito-no kai" (Association of People Seeking to Establish the Right to Shun Tobacco Smoke, or "Action for Nonsmokers' Rights") is launched in Tokyo. The smoking rate among men was 75%; by 2008, the rate had dropped to 40%.

1979: 12TH Surgeon General's Report: Smoking and Health: A Report of the Surgeon GeneralDr Julius B. Richmond, first reviews health risks of smokeless tobacco.

1979: CONSUMPTION: 37.5% of men are smokers; 29.9% of women are smokers. (SG report "Women and Smoking," CDC, 2002)

1979: State Mutual Life Assurance Company of America, Worcester MA, issues a 41 page report titled, "Mortality differences between smokers and non smokers." The abstract reads: "Cigarette smokers are subject to a mortality risk significantly higher than that of non smokers. These differences are real; they emerge at early durations, contrary to what may earlier have been believed. They are not deferred to older ages; they are statistically significant at anyreasonable level."

1979: REGULATION: Minneapolis and St. Paul become the first U.S. cities to ban the distribution of free cigarette samples. (Dan Freeborn, MN Star-Tribune)

1979: DOCUMENTS: A BAT memo said, "We also think that consideration should be given to the hypothesis that high profits additionally associated with the tobacco industry are directly related to the fact that the customer is dependent up on the product . . . We are searching explicitly for a socially acceptable addictive product." On the other hand, the memo warned, "one must question both the ethics and practical possibilities of society/medical opinion permitting the advent of a new habituation process ... "

1979: TOBACCO CONTROL: Australian activist group BUGAUP (Billboard Utilising Graffitists Against Unhealthy Promotions) is formed, and begins re-facing tobacco and alcohol billboards.

1979: TOBACCO CONTROL: MA: The Clean Indoor Air Educational Foundation begins. It will later (1992) become the Tobacco Control Resource Center.

1979: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Inc. revenues top $8 billion; net earnings top $500 million.

1979: FIRES: A residential fire started by a cigarette kills five children and their parents in Westwood, Massachusetts, in the congressional district of Representative Joseph Moakley. Moakley began a 20-year quest to mandate a fire-safe cigarette. He introduces legislation that would requite the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) to regulate cigarettes as a fire hazard. His efforts culminate, after his death, in the federal Joseph Moakley Memorial Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 2002 (H.R. 4607).

1979-01: MEDIA: Mother Jones magazine publishes "Why Dick Can't Stop Smoking." According to MoJo in 1996, As a professional courtesy, Mother Jones gave tobacco manufacturers advance notice of the cover story so they could pull their ads from the issue. Philip Morris, Brown & Williamson, and others responded by canceling their entire commitment: several years' worth of cigarette ads. In a show of corporate solidarity, many liquor companies followed suit. See: http://www.motherjones.com/news/update/1996/03/bates.html

1979: ADVERTISING: Tobacco Institute launches ad campaign against nonsmokers'-rights movement.

1979: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE:

Filter cigarettes account for 90% of U.S. cigarette sales
#4: American Tobacco's share of the US market has fallen to 11%. Only half ATC's cigarette volume have filters

1979: BUSINESS: Top 20 Brands Sold:

Brand (Company) Billions of cigarettes (1979)
1. MARLBORO (Philip Morris) 103.6
2. WINSTON (R. J. Reynolds) 81.0
3. KOOL (Brown & Williamson) 56.7
4. SALEM (R.J. Reynolds) 53.2
5. PALL MALL (American) 33.9
6. BENSON & HEDGES (Philip Morris) 27.8
7. CAMEL (R.J. Reynolds) 26.3
8. MERIT (Philip Morris) 22.4
9. VANTAGE (R. J. Reynolds) 20.7
10. KENT (Lorillard) 19.3
11. CARLTON (American) 15.0
12. GOLDEN LIGHTS (Lorillard) 13.2
13. TAREYTON (American) 12.2
14. VICEROY (Brown & Williamson) 11.7
15. TRUE (Lorillard) 11.5
16. RALEIGH (Brown & Williamson) 11.3
17. VIRGINIA SLIMS (Philip Morns) 10.5
18. NEWPORT (Lorillard) 9.8
19. PARLIAMENT (Philip Morris) 7.7
20. L & M (Liggett) 7.5
1979-11: CUBA: Outbreak of tobacco mildew devastates Cuban crop; Cubans believe the CIA intentionally introduced the disease

Source: Business Week December 17,1979.

The Eighties

1980: 13TH Surgeon General's ReporT: The Health Consequences of Smoking for Women: A Report of the Surgeon General

1980: CONSUMPTION: Smokers: 33.2% overall; Males: 37.6%; Females: 29.3%; Whites: 32.9%; Blacks: 36.9% (CDC)

1980: LITIGATION: Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission of New York. US Supreme Court sets guidleines for the regulation of commercial speech:

1. For an ad to be protected by the First Amendment, the advertsing must be lawful, and not misleading
2. Given that, for an ad to be banned, the state's interest must be "substantial;"
3. The ban must "directly advance" the state's interest; and
4. The ban must be no more extensive than necessary to further the state's interest

1980: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: American Tobacco's share of the US market has fallen to 11%.

1980: BUSINESS: Philip Morris revenues approach $10 billion.

1980: Green Mountain Herbs, Inc. introduces "Affaire" brand herbal cigarettes. Imported from England, they are a blend of eight: different herbs.

1980-12: SMOKEFREE: TWA and Pan Am abandon a seating configuration in which smokers and nonsmokers are seated across the aisle from each other; from now on, smokers will be seated in rows behind nonsmokers.

1980: ENTERTAINMENT: Superman II: Lois Lane lights up. In fifty years of comic book appearnces, Lois Lane never smoked. For a reported payment of $42,000, Philip Morris purchases 22 exposures of the Marlboro logo in the movie; Lois Lane, strong role model for teenage girls, gets a Marlboro pack on her desk and begins chain smoking Marlboro Lights. At one point in the film, a character is tossed into a van with a large Marlboro sign on its side, and in the climactic scene the superhero battles amid a maze of Marlboro billboards before zooming off in triumph, leaving in his wake a solitary taxi with a Marloro sign on top. The New York State Journal of Medicine even published an article titled "Superman and the Marlboro Woman: The Lungs of Lois Lane." Thoughout the 80s, "Superman II" is frequently re-run on TV in prime time.

1980: Tobacco companies fight a 2nd CA referendum on statewide smoking restrictions; this time the front group is called "Californians Against Regulatory Excess." As in 1978, the referendum fails.

1980: SPORTS: CANADA: Imperial Tobacco, through Du Maurier, begins sponsoring men's and women's tennis.

1981: 14TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking -- The Changing Cigarette: A Report of the Surgeon General

1981: Federal Trade Commission concludes that health warning labels have had little effect on public knowledge and attitudes about smoking.

1981: "A formalized "Blueprint for Action," drafted in 1981 by more than 200 smoking control "experts" attending a National Conference on Smoking OR Health, is often identified as the catalyst for a dramatic change (in anti-smoking activity."-- "The Anti-Smoking Movement"

1981: CONSUMPTION: Annual consumption peaks at 640 billion cigarettes, 60% of which are low-tar brands.

1981: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone loses a lobe of her right lung to cancer; continues to smoke cigarettes.

1981: LITIGATION: CBS Chicago news commentator Walter Jacobsen accuses Brown & Williamson of engaging in a lurid advertising campaign to get young people to smoke. Jacobsen based his claim on a controversial "Illicit pleausre campaign" proposed by the Ted Bates agency.

1981 Massachusetts GASP files suit against BAY Transit authority for not enforcing smoking restrictions.

1981: REGULATION: Brown & Williamson markets Barclay cigarettes, claiming that Barclay was “99% tar free” and emphasizing its 1 mg tar rating. Barclay contained a unique filter design that included air channels within the filter. Shortly after the introduction of Barclay, both Philip Morris and R.J. Reynolds notified the FTC that the unique design of Barclay produced low machine tar yields, however, actual smokers would block or collapse the air channels. An appeals court in FTC v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation came to a split decision. B&W; redesigned the cigarette.

1981: BUSINESS: Hamish Maxwell, 57, becomes CEO of Philip Morris (1981-1991), succeeding George Weissman

1981: Insurance companies begin offering discounts for nonsmokers on life insurance premiums

1981: Stanton Glantz at UCSF receives a copy of " Death in the West"

1981: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: 1981 PM study investigates the link between pricing and smoking levels

Dick Schweiker was proposed as Secretary of DHHS (a conservative) and a relatively unknown surgeon by the name of C. Everett Koop was proposed as SG. The latter was considered an ultraconservative and darling of the far right because of his public stand on abortion. Jesse Helms was Koops sponsor in the Senate. Schweiker rescued the Office on Smoking and Health from

1981-01: The Hirayama Study. Takeshi Hirayama, chief of epidemiology of the Research Institute at Tokyo's National Cancer Center, and his associates studied for fourteen years 92,000 nonsmoking wives of smoking husbands to learn what their risk was of contracting lung cancer, compared to a similarly sized control group married to nonsmokers. Nonsmoking wives married to axsmokers or current smokers of up to fourteen cigarettes a day showed a 40 percent elevated risk of lung cancer over wives married to nonsmokers; those married to husbands smoking fifteen to nineteen cigarettes a day had a 60 percent higher risk; and those whose husbands smoked a pack or more a day had a 90 percent heightened risk. The findings were savaged by letters to the BMJ (by, among others, Theodore Sterling, whose projects received $5M in CTR funds between 1973 and 1990),-- and by the Tobacco Institute in full page ads all across the US. Meanwhile, Brown and Williamson documents show that, although the tobacco industry was publicly attacking Hirayama's paper, several of its own experts were privately admitting that his conclusions were valid. B&W; counsel J. Wells said both German and British scientists paid by the tobacco industry had reviewed the work and "they believe Hirayama is a good scientist and that his non-smoking wives publication is correct."15 (J. Wells, Re Smoking and Health - Tim Finnegan, Memo to E. Pepples, 1981, 24 July) Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan (BMJ, V. 282: pp. 183-185, 17 January 1981

1981-02: David Stockton's Office of Management and Budget "zeroes out" the Office on Smoking and Health in its FY 82 budget. Health and Human Services Secretary Dick Schweiker battles Stockton and the White House to get half the funding restored.

1982: 15TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking -- Cancer: A Report of the Surgeon General

1982: CONSUMPTION: 624 billion cigarettes were sold in the US this year, the most ever.

1982: BUSINESS: Harrods' (department store) name goes on a a cigarette; this is one of the first instances of tobacco companies "renting names" of other companies (See "Harley Davidson" cigarettes) (LB).

1982: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Credit Corp. is incorporated.

1982: BUSINESS: Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co. is founded.

1982: BUSINESS: RJR begins a research program into the effects of nicotine. The program will eventually morph into the spinoff in 2000 of "Targacept," focusing on Central Nervous System diseases.

1982: BUSINESS: BATUS Retail Group buys Marshal Field's department stores.

1982: HEALTH: Surgeon General's Report (Koop) finds possibility that second-hand smoke may cause lung cancer.

1982: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone loses her right lung to cancer; continues to sneak cigarettes.

1982: LEGISLATION: Congress passes the No Net Cost Tobacco Program Act, requiring the government's Commodity Credit Corporation, which pays for the government tobacco purchases, to recover all the money it spends on the price-support program. Now taxpayers no longer pay for losses incurred by the program, though they still pay about $16 million a year in administrative costs to run it

1982: Dallas hotelier Lyndon Sanders opens the Non-Smokers Inn; By 1990 an economic slump forced the Non-Smokers Inn to change its policy -- and its name.

1982-01-01: CHINA: The China National Tobacco Corporation is founded.
The State Tobacco Monopoly (STM) controls tobacco production, distribution and sales. It becomes the country's single biggest taxpayer in 1987. As of January, 2003, STM operates 123 cigarette plants with annual output of 500 billion yuan. It employs about 500,000 workers and produces 38 per cent of the world's cigarettes.

1983: 16TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Cardiovascualr Disease; A report of the Surgeon General Cites smoking as a major cause of coronary heart disease

1983: MARKET SHARE: Philip Morris U.S.A. gains market share for the 21st consecutive year, to reach 34.4 percent, overtaking RJR to become the #1 tobacco co. in the US in sales. For the 30th consecutive year, Philip Morris announces record revenues ($13 billion) and earnings ($904 million).

1983: BUSINESS: US Tobacco introduces Skoal Bandits -- a starter product, with the tobacco contained in a pouch like a tea bag.

1983: BUSINESS: UK: Ad agency Saatchi & Saatchi creates its first product-free Silk Cut advertisements, the most successful tobacco-ad campaign ever.

1983: LITIGATION: Cipollone suit filed; Rose finally quits smoking.

1983: REGULATION: San Francisco passes first strong workplace smoking restrictions, banning smoking in private workplaces

1983: USA: BUSINESS: The creative director of a New York advertising agency spoke of working on tobacco advertisements, "We were trying very hard to influence kids who were 14 to start smoking". (Medical J of Australia, 5 March 1983, p.237). (LB)

1983-06-06: MEDIA: Newsweek runs "Showdown on Smoking" (http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/view.cfm?docid=503744468 -4478&source;=SNAPRJR&ShowImages;=yes, a 4 page article on the nonsmokers' rights movement. Despite months of TI input, the removal of the item from Cover Story status, and the deletion of 3 sidebars (on health effects, political donations/industry lobbying, and a poor business prognosis), TI felt, "the article contains sufficient errors and indicatons of superficiality and poor research so as to leqave an anti-smoking bias in readers' minds." Issues of Newsweek before & after carried 7-10 pages of cigarette ads, but the June 6 issue carried none. According to Larry C. White's Merchants of Death, the estimated loss of revenue as a result of publishing the article: $1 million.

1983-07-15: UK: Allen Carr quits smoking. He will later become Britain's greatest stop-smoking guru, writing the best-selling, "Easy Way To Stop Smoking".

1983-07-16: A theater in Newton, Massachusetts, runs a KOOL advertisement prior to the Saturday matinee screening of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," resulting in an August, 1983 FTC complaint filed by Action for Children's Advertising, Inc.

1984: 17TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, A Report of the Surgeon General Cites smoking as a major cause of chronic obstructive lung disease.

1984: The 1965 Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act is amended to require that one of the four warning labels listed below appears in a specific format on cigarette packages and in most related advertising.

SURGEON GENERAL'S WARNING: Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, And May Complicate Pregnancy.
SURGEON GENERAL'S WARNING: Quitting Smoking Now Greatly Reduces Serious Risks to Your Health.
SURGEON GENERAL'S WARNING: Smoking By Pregnant Women May Result in Fetal Injury, Premature Birth, and Low Birth Weight.
SURGEON GENERAL'S WARNING: Cigarette Smoke Contains Carbon Monoxide.

1984: The Advocacy Institute, which pioneered the use of electronic media for tobacco control advocacy through the creation of the Smoking Control Advocacy Resource (SCARCNet), is founded

1984: UK: British Medical Association uses black edged postcards to notify MPs of smoking related deaths

1984: CESSATION: FDA approves nicotine gum as a "new drug" and quit-smoking aid. This was the first quit-smoking aid. Previously, smokers could get only advice on how to quit smoking.

1984: LITIGATION: Rose Cipollone dies of lung cancer at 58.

1984: REGULATION: Tobacco industry is required to turn over a general list of cigarette additives annually to the Department of Health and Human Services' Office on Smoking and Health. The List is then locked in a safe. Disclosure to any David Yen (YD), the renowned anti-tobacco warrior who devoted half his life to promoting public health, died Sept. 6 of coronary thrombosis at 82.

1984: The Cigarette Safety Act of 1984 establishes a technical study group (TSG) to determine whether it was technically and economically feasible to make a fire-safe cigarette.

1984: TOBACCO CONTROL: TAIWAN: David Yen founds the John Tung Foundation

1984: BUSINESS: Hamish Maxwell becomes president and CEO of Philip Morris Inc.

1984: BUSINESS: The Bakery, Confectionary and Tobacco Workers International Union (BC&T;) and the Tobacco Institute joined forces by establishing the Tobacco Industry Labor Management Committee. The purpose is to "contribute to greater cooperation among the various segments of the tobacco industry, in order to improve job security and economic development through public education and research address problems facing the tobacco industry". (LB)

1984: BUSINESS: International Tobacco Growers' Association (ITGA) is founded by Argentina, Brazil, Canada, the U.S.A., Malawi and Zimbabwe.

1984: SPORTS: Champion Diver Greg Louganis almost represents American Cancer Society at Olympics, but there is a conflict with Mission Viejo Realty Group, owned by a subsidiary of Philip Morris. See:

1984-03: MEDIA: THE SATURDAY EVENING POST stops accepting tobacco advertising. The magazine was threatened with a partial advertising boycott by non-tobacco divisions of tobacco companies in response to the decision. ("Smoking and Health Reporter", 1985, p3). The Post's publisher is Cory SerVaas, MD.

1984-04-15: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Another "Mouse House Massacre." The Philip Morris labs at which nicotine researchers Victor DeNoble and Paul Mele worked are abruptly shut down.

1984-09-25: Tobacco Institute and the National Association of State Boards of Education announce an anti-youth smoking campaign, "Responsible Living Program," which includes the TI/NASBE'-produced booklets, "Helping Youth Decide" and "Helping Youth Say No: A Parents' Guide to Helping Teenagers Cope with Peer Pressure." There is very little mention of tobacco in either book. The booklets offers no specific health reasons for urging youths to exhibit patience before undertaking an adult custom like smoking.

1985: 18TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking -- Cancer and Chronic Lung Disease in the Workplace: A Report of the Surgeon General

1985: HEALTH: Lung cancer surpasses breast cancer as #1 killer of women.

1985: Stanford MBA student Joe Tye's 5 year old daughter becomes so delighted with a Marlboro billboard, she begins squealing with delight and says, "Look Daddy, horsies!" Tye later founds STAT (Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco).

1985: LITIGATION: Brown & Williamson sues CBS and Chicago news commentator Walter Jacobsen for libel for his 1981 commentary. B&W; wins a $3.05 million verdict--the largest libel award ever paid by a news organization.

1985: UK: The Bradford City fire, started by a cigarette, kills 40 people.

1985: LEGISLATION: WASHINGTON's preemptive Clean Indoor Air Act is passed."The Washington Clean Indoor Air Act" prohibits smoking in government facilities, museums and office buildings but allowing it in restaurants, bars, bowling alleys and casinos.

1985: BUSINESS: The corporate framework of Philip Morris Inc. is restructured and Philip Morris Companies Inc., a holding company, becomes the publicly held parent of Philip Morris Inc.

1985: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys food and coffee giant General Foods (Post's cereal, Jell-O, Maxwell House Coffee for $5.6 billion.

1985: BUSINESS: Philip Morris net income tops the $1 billion mark, reaching $1.26 billion.

1985: BUSINESS: Philip Morris begins publishing Philip Morris Magazine (1985-1992)

1985: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Industries buys food products company Nabisco Brands for $4.9B; renames itself RJR/Nabisco.. Ex-Standard Brands/Nabisco head Ross Johnson takes control of company.

1985: BUSINESS: A tobacco trade journal reports on the job of the tobacco "flavourist" and chemist. One job of the flavourist is to "ensure high satisfaction from an adequate level of nicotine per puff". One job of the chemist is "to ensure adequate levels of nicotine and tar in the smoke". (World Tobacco, March 1987, pp. 97-103).

1985: TOBACCO CONTROL: Actor Yul Brynner does TV public service announcement urging people to stop smoking. He said," "Now that I'm gone, I tell you: Don't smoke. Whatever you do, don't smoke." Sponsored by the American Cancer Society.

1985: TOBACCO CONTROL: Iceland institutes a near-total ban of smoking in public.

1985: SOCIETY: Ritz-Carlton Boston hosts a cigar-smoker private dinner party for 20 gentlemen. It soon becomes a regular event in Ritz-Carltons across the country..

1985: Minnesota enacts the first state legislation to earmark a portion of the state cigarette excise tax to support smoking prevention programs.

1985: PEOPLE: Cuban President Fidel Castro stops smoking cigars.

1985-01-17: BUSINESS: B&W; lawyer J. Kendrick Wells writes "Re: Document Retention" memo in reference to "removing the deadwood."

1985-08-32: REGULATION: Aspen, CO, institutes 50% smoking ban. Smoking areas must be separately ventilated.Some consider this the first restaurant smoking ban.

1986: 19TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, A Report of the Surgeon General (C. Everett Koop) finds smokeless tobacco to be cancer-causing, and addictive.

"Based on the current report, the judgment can now be made that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can cause disease, including lung cancer, in nonsmokers. It is also clear that simple separation of smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace may reduce but cannot eliminate nonsmoker exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The report also reviews an extensive body of evidence which establishes an increased risk of respiratory illness and reduced lung function in infants and very young children of parents who smoke."

1986: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds opens its Tobaccoville plant outside Winston-Salem, NC; it was the world's largest cigarette factory at the time.

1986: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds Industries, Inc. becomes RJR Nabisco Inc.

1986: BUSINESS: Philip Morris sells off Seven-Up International to PepsiCo.

1986: BUSINESS: Spurred by the General Foods business, Philip Morris revenues increase more than 50 percent to $25.4 billion, while net earnings reach $1.5 billion.

1986: BUSINESS: Ex-Philip Morris CEO GEORGE WEISSMAN, begins reign as chairman of Lincoln Center (NYC).

1986: CUBA: Fidel Castro stops smoking cigars for health reasons.

1986: USA: The CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE of the Library of Congress wrote a 19 page document titled "The proposed prohibition on advertising tobacco products: A constitutional analysis". It concluded that (a) commercial speech does not have the same protection under law as non-commercial speech, (b) Congress had the authority to regulate tobacco advertising and (c) Congress had the authority to completely prohibit tobacco advertising under the conditions set in the Central Hudson case and/or the Posadas case. (LB)

1986: UK: BUSINESS: IMPERIAL GROUP is purchased by HANSON TRUST PLC

1986: LITIGATION: U.S. Tobacco wins SEAN MARSEE trial in Oklahoma, the only smokeless-tobacco liability case ever tried. Marsee was a track athlete who began using smokeless tobacco at 12. He contracted cancer of the tongue, which spread to his lymph nodes. He died in 1984 at 19.

1986: CANADA: The Nonsmokers' Rights Association releases A Catalogue of Deception -- a report detailing violations of almost every part of the tobacco industry's voluntary marketing code. The association also places full-page ads in newspapers calling on the government to treat tobacco the same way they'd treat any other lethal, addictive product. (Smoke & Mirrors, 1996)

1986: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Industry ETS Seminar Cancelled amid charges of deception on sponsorship.

Sorell Schwartz, a Georgetown pharmacologist and tobacco industry consultant, secured funding from two tobacco companies and other sponsors for a seminar on the science of ETS at Georgetown in June 1986. Included among the speakers were several authors of the National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Surgeon General's reports on passive smoking, then being written. Most of the moderators were members of Schwartz's industry consulting team, the "Indoor Air Pollution Advisory Group." Through inadvertence, Schwartz says, he failed to have an assistant notify speakers that the conference was sponsored in part by cigarette companies. For other technical reasons, he also failed to print this information in the program. The American Lung Association protested vehemently and asked Georgetown to cancel the meeting. . . Georgetown did not yield to the Lung Association, but Schwartz decided to cancel "on my own.' In a later pamphlet, the Tobacco Institute describes all this as "a direct threat to scientific integrity' and an "attempt to stifle free speech and academic freedom."

1986: Mr. Potato Head Quits Smoking. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop asks Hasbro to stop including a pipe as a Mr. PH accessory. Mr. Potato Head became the official "spokespud" for the American Lung Society and the Great American Smoke-out.

1986: US breaks down Japan's cigarette import barriers. In July, US Senator Jesse Helms backs up a USTR threat to investigate unfair trade practices against Japan unless it removes its barriers against US cigarettes. He wrote to Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, "Your friends in Congress will have a better chance to stem the tide of anti-Japanese trade sentiment if and when they can cite tangible examples of your doors being opened to American products. I urge that you make a commitment to establish a timetable for allowing U.S. cigarettes a specific share of your market. May I suggest a goal of 20 percent within the next 18 months?" By the end of the year, Japan opened its doors to US cigarettes.

1986-05: To counter the Great American Smokeout, Philip Morris USA introduces the Great American Smoker's Kit. (Tapgram, Jan., 1987)

1986-07: RJR Heir Turns Against Tobacco. The grandson of tobacco company founder RJ Reynolds, PATRICK REYNOLDS, speaks against tobacco at a House Congresional hearing chaired by Congressman Henry Waxman; he advocates a complete ban of tobacco advertising, and recounts his memories of watching his father, RJ REYNOLDS, JR., die from emphysema.

1987: CONSUMPTION: 44 percent of people who had ever smoked had quit as of 1987.

1987: UK: The King's Cross station fire kills 31 people. It is believed it was started by a still-lit match which dropped through a wooden escalator onto a trash pile below.

1987: REGULATION: Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole refuses to ban smoking completely on airplanes, despite a unanimous recommendation from the National Academy of Scientists and Surgeon General C. Everett Koop.

1987: LEGISLATION: CA: Willie Brown's "Napkin Deal" is passed. Civil Code Sec. 1714.45 bars product liability actions for tobacco and other "common" and inherently unsafe products, on the grounds that consumer use of those products is "knowing" and "voluntary." Outlined on a linen napkin at the watering hole Frank Fat's by Bill Lockyer and then-Speaker Brown, the law was one of the most famous back room deals ever struck in Sacramento. (Code of Civil Procedure 1714.45). It takes effect on Jan. 1, 1988, and remains in effect for exactly 10 years, until the Calif. legislature, shocked by revelations from secret documents, strips the industry's immunity away again from the legislation, effective Jan. 1, 1998.

1987: BUSINESS: Philip Morris execs are blessed by Cardinal Cooke. For the Treasures of the Vatican exhibit, Terence Cardinal Cooke, then the Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York, led a prayer for former Philip Morris CEO George Weissman and his Philip Morris colleagues. After the benediction, Frank Saunders, PM VP, said, "We are probably the only cigarette company on this earth to be blessed by a cardinal."

1987: LITIGATION: INDONESIA: Lawyer R.O. Tambunan, on behalf of Indonesian youth, files a class-action suit for Rp 1 trillion against cigarette producer PT Bentoel, for allegedly violating the law by using the words Remaja Jaya (Successful Youth) as the brand name of its product. The Central Jakarta District Court dismissesthe suit, saying that Tambunan had no right to take action as a representative of Indonesian youth.

1987: SMOKEFREE: Congress bans smoking on domestic flights of less than two hours. Takes effect in 1988.

1987: SMOKEFREE: CO: Aspen, Colo., becomes the first city in the United States to ban smoking in restaurants.

1987-04-13: SMOKEFREE: CA: Beverly Hills restaurant smoking ban goes into effect peacefully, until it is fought by Tobacco Institute front group. TI hired Rudy Cole to create the "Beverly Hills Restaurant Association." BHRA was organized by Rudy Cole, according to Consumer Reports. BHRA files 2 lawsuits, both of which fail. BHRA then takes a survey of Beverly Hills restaurants which find business decreased 30% durng the 1987 smoking ban. A restaurant trade publication ad runs, "What if they Passed a Law That Took Away 30 Percent of Your Business?" Within 4 months, the Beverly Hills city council voted 5-0 to rescind the ban. In 1994, Barry Fogel, the restaurateur who had been the nominal head of the BHRA, wrote to the NYC council. He said the BHRA had been organized and financed almost exclusively by the tobacco industry. He wrote that since his Jacopo restaurants went nonsmoking, "sales have risen". Fogel: "There was no Beverly Hills Restaurant Association before the smokefree ordinance. We were organized by the tobacco industry. The industry even flew some of our members by Lear Jet to another California city considering smokefree restaurant legislation. . . . I regret my participation with the tobacco industry." BHRA was represented by then-partner Mickey Kantor of Manatt, Phelps & Phillips law firm in Los Angeles

1987: FIRES: 1984'S Cigarette Safety Act study group reports to Congress that the production of more fire-safe cigarettes is indeed technically and economically feasible and within the capabilities of the tobacco industry at that time. The industry denies this. "Toward a Less Fire-Prone Cigarette," Final Report to the Congress,Technical Study Group on Cigarette and Little Cigar Fire Safety, Cigarette Safety Act of 1984, 1987.

1987: Tobacco Instutute Testing Laboratory takes over tar/nicotine tests from the FTC Test Center.

1987: SMOKEFREE: Department of Health and Human Services goes smoke-free.

1987: REGULATION: AUSTRALIA: The province of Victoria is the first to use a tobacco tax to create tobacco control foundation.

1987: ADVERTISING: Joe Camel Debuts in USA. A North Carolina advertising agency uses Joe Camel to celebrate "Old Joe's" 75th anniversary.

1987: JAPAN: A tobacco trade jcournal reports on a group of Japanese "smoke lovers" who participated in a panel discussion on smoking. One panelist said, "The life expectancy of Japanese is said to be the world's longest now, and why must we be so timidly concerned about health? Let's enjoy life and smoking" (World Tobacco, Sept 87, p.18). (LB)

1987: JAPAN: The Tokyo Customs Office attributes the increase in cigarette imports to the permeation of promotional activities of the suppliers of foreign tobacco products. (World Tobacco, Sept 87, p.7).(LB)

1987: BUSINESS: Ross Johnson attempts a leveraged buyout of RJR Nabisco.

1987: BUSINESS: Introduction of "Go to Hell" cigarettes. Each pack comes with two messages, first, "I like'em and I'm going to smoke'em", second, "Cheaper than psychiatry, better than a nervous breakdown". (Tobacco International, p.31). (LB)

1987: Former "Marlboro Man" ad icon David Millar Jr. dies from emphysema.

1987-09: BUSINESS: Premier Introduced. RJR's F. Ross Johnson introduces the smokeless Premier cigarette at a press conference in New York's Grand Hyatt Hotel.

1987-11-18: UK: Fire, thought caused by a dropped cigarette, engulfs the King's Cross Underground station, killing 31. As a result, a 1985 ban on trains is expanded to cover the entire system, including London Underground stations.

1988: 20TH Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction, A Report of the Surgeon General (C. Everett Koop) calls nicotine "a powerfully addicting drug." In 618-page summary of over 2,000 studies of nicotine and its effects on the body, Koop declares, "It is now clear that . . . cigarettes and other form of tobacco are addicting and that actions of nicotine provide the pharmacologic basic of tobacco addiction," .

1988: LEGISLATION: Pennsylvania's preemptive Clean Indoor Air Act is passed; it requires restaurants with 75 or more seats to provide a nonsmoking section. Restaurants with fewer seats either must provide a nonsmoking section or post signs saying there is no such section. The law preempts any further restrictions on public smoking by localities.

1988: LITIGATION: FINLAND: First tobacco trial in Europe, in the case of Pentti Aho, 66. In 2001, 7 years after his death, the supreme court rules Aho is responsible for his own ill health.

1988: LITIGATION: CIPOLLONE: New Jersey Judge Lee H. Sarokin, presiding over the Cipollone trial, says he has found evidence of a conspiracy by 3 tobacco companies that is vast in its scope, devious in its purpose, and devastating in its results."

1988: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: CIAR is created by Philip Morris, Lorillard and R. J. Reynolds in 1988. CIAR’s Board of Directors, who were employees of Philip Morris, Lorillard, and R.J. Reynolds, controlled CIAR’s activities (DOJ) It's purpose was to fund research on ETS, and to communicate the results of that research.

1988: DOCUMENTS: .Cipollone trial reveals "Motives and Incentives in Ciragette Smoking," a 1972 confidential report prepared by the Philip Morris Research Center of Richmond, Virginia. It reads in part, The cigarette should be conceived not as a product but as a package. The product is nicotine. . . . Think of the cigarette as a dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine. . . . Think of a puff of smoke as the vehicle of nicotine. . . . Smoke is beyond question the most optimized vehicle of nicotine and the cigarette the most optimized dispenser of smoke.

1988: CONSUMPTION: New Teen Smokers: 710,000
1988: SMOKEFREE: Northwest Airlines bans inflight smoking, the first major airline to ban smoking on all North American flights.
1988: BUSINESS: Philip Morris report, "Smoking Among High School Seniors" suggests fewer youngsters were smoking in the early 1980s because participation in athletic programs was increasing.

1988: BUSINESS: Philip Morris pays $13.6 billion for Kraft, Inc. As in the General Foods deal, most of the financing is provided by non-U.S. sources.

1988: BUSINESS: Philip Morris revenues reach nearly $32 billion; net earnings top $2.3 billion.
1988: BUSINESS: Richemont is formed.
1988: ADVERTISING: McCann-Erickson ad agency creates "Smooth Character" line for Joe Camel campaign.

1988: SPORTS: Olympics goes smoke-free. When the 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary, Alberta, Dr. John Hamilton Read successfully lobbies to have the Games smoke-free. All subsequent Games also ban smoking.
1988-01-06: LITIGATION: Merrell Williams begins work for lawfirm Wyatt, Tarrant & Combs analyzing secret Brown & Williamson tobacco documents.
1988-04-07: CESSATION: First World No-Tobacco Day, sponsored by World Health Organization as part of WHO's 40th anniversary. Slogan: Tobacco or health: The choice is yours

1988-04-18: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Shook Hardy recommends renewal of $484G Feinstein "CTR Special Project" "Dr. Alvan Feinstein has requested a renewal of his CTR Special Project on improved scientific methods in clinical epidemiology. Funding is requested for two years in the amount of $484,960." Bates #:2015006928-6929 http://my.tobaccodocuments.org/tdo/view.cfm?ShowCitation=yes&CitID;=2292049
1988-06: LITIGATION: Liggett Group (L&M;, Chesterfield) ordered to pay Antonio Cipollone $400,000 in compensatory damages for its contribution to his wife's death. In the years before the 1966 warning labels, Liggett found to have given Cipollone an express warranty its products were safe. First ever financial award in a liability suit against a tobacco company; award later overturned on technicality; plaintiffs, out of money, drop case
1988-Fall: BUSINESS: Ross Johnson informs RJR Nabisco board he intends to lead a management buy-out, and purchase the company for $17 billion. The ensuing debacle will become the largest LBO ever, with Henry Kravitz' KKR emerging the winner in 1989, paying a record $24.9 billion.

1988-11-17: Great American Smokeout; ex-Winston model David Goerlitz quits smoking after 24 years.

1988-12 to 1993-03:Jeffrey Wigand works at Brown & Williamson.

1988-89: CANADA: LEGISLATION: Federal laws are enacted to prohibit tobacco advertising and ensure smoke-free workplaces. Cigarette packs must carry one of four specified health warnings: "Smoking reduces life expectancy;" "Smoking is the major cause of lung cancer;" "Smoking is a major cause of heart disease;" or "Smoking during pregnancy can harm the baby." (NCTH)

1989: 21st Surgeon General's Report: Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking, 25 Years of Progress, a Report of the Surgeon General

1989: US Congress investigates movie smoking
1989: BUSINESS: RJR releases Premier, its smokeless cigarette, for test-marketing.
1989: BUSINESS: PM spends $300,000 test-marketing a version of its Next brand called "De-Nic," as well as a "Benson & Hedges De-Nic," each containing only .1mg nicotine. The Kansas City Star reported that apparently the major market for Philip Morris De-Nic cigarettes was tobacco researchers, who ran out and bought them for use in studies in which it was found that though they tasted very similar to regular cigarettes, and were smoked in much the same way, smokers brain waves did not change as they do with nicotine cigarettes.
1989: BUSINESS: PM combines Kraft Inc. and General Foods Corp. to form Kraft General Foods, the largest food company in the United States.
1989: BUSINESS: Spurred by the Kraft Inc. business, Philip Morris Cos. revenues increase 41 percent to nearly $45 billion; net earnings jump 26 percent to nearly $3 billion. Operating companies income from Philip Morris International tops $1 billion for the first time.
1989: BUSINESS: Richemont acquires Philip Morris' 30% interest in Rothmans International
1989: ADVERTISING: Saatchi and Saatchi design Northwest Airlines' Smoke-free Skies campaign; RJ Reynolds withdraws its Oreo account, which Saatchi had had for 18 years.

1989: BUSINESS: BRAND CONSUMPTION: Marlboro has 25% of the American market

1989: BUSINESS: RJR abandons Premier, its smokeless cigarette, after unsuccessful test-marketing in Arizona and Missouri.
1989: CANADA: The government requires cigarette manufacturers to list the additives and amounts for each brand. RJ Reynolds temporarily withdraws its brands, and reformulates them so they are different from their US versions. Philip Morris withdraws its cigarettes from the Canadian market entirely.

1989: UAR: Dubai Islamic Bank in the United Arab Emirates has banned smoking by staff and customers because Islam forbids harming the body. (Reuters, 27 July 19189). (LB)
1989: SMOKEFREE: Maine is the first state to ban smoking in hospitals.
1989-01: B&W; hires Wigand as Vice President for Research and Development, ostensibly to develop a safer cigarette.
1989-02-08: BUSINESS: KKR buys RJR Nabisco for $24.88 Billion (or, according to some accounts, $29.6 billion). Lou Gerstner from American Express is appointed CEO

1989-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: The female smoker: at added risk
1989-11-20: Philip Morris U.S.A. sends a letter to Sega Enterprises demanding that the company cease all use of the Marlboro trademark on its "Super Monaco GP" video arcade game and recall all games where the Marlboro trademark appears. http://tobaccodocuments.org/pm/2046855732.html
1989-11-21: Smoking banned on domestic airlines. The bill by Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) is enacted.

1989-12-29: CANADA: Smoking banned on domestic flights. Smoking ban, part of the Non-Smokers' Health Act, takes effect.

The Nineties
The Millenia Approaches

1990: 22nd Surgeon General's Report: Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation, A Report of the Surgeon General

1990: BUSINESS: BRAND CONSUMPTION:

RANK

BRAND

BILLIONS SOLD

1

Marlboro

134.43 billion(?)

2

Winston

45.81 billion

3

Salem

32.01 billion

4

Kool

25.67 billion

5

Newport

24.09 billion

1990: CONSUMPTION: Smokers: 25.5% overall; Males: 28.4%; Females: 22.8%; Whites: 25.6%; Blacks: 26.2% (CDC)
1990: CONSUMPTION: Americans smoke fewer than 3 billion cigars annually.
1990: REGULATION: Dr. David Kessler comes to the FDA. He will stay till 1997, his tenure marked by the attempt, invalidated by the Supreme Court in 1999, to regulate cigarettes as nicotine delivery devices.
1990: REGULATION: FRANCE: Social Affairs Minister Claude Evin severely restricts tobacco advertising.
1990: FIRES: Moakley shepherds the Fire Safe Cigarette Act of 1990 into public law. It mandates the development of a standard test method for cigarette fire safety.
1990: LITIGATION: Mississippi jury rules that cigarettes killed Nathan Horton, but does not award damages, finding both Horton and American Tobacco shared culpability equally.
1990: US tobacco companies revise their advertising code and promise not to pay for movie product placement.
1990: UNIVERSITIES: Harvard sells off its shares in tobacco companies.
1990: Ben and Jerry's ice cream boycott by dropping Oreo cookies from its ice cream.

1990: USA: Ellis Milan, president of the Retail Tobacco Distributors of America said, "President George Bush often talks of 1,000 points of light. I'd like to think those points of light are coming from the glowing ends of cigars, cigarettes and pipes across the country, and symbolize the cornerstone of this nation -- tobacco"(LB)
1990: BUSINESS: 1964 Cigarette Advertising Code is revised. "The 1990 Ad Code prohibited billboards located within 500 feet of any school and prohibited paid movie product placements. In addition, the 1990 Code contained a number of provisions designed to address the relatively new practice of distributing branded promotional items. In this regard, the Code prohibited mail distribution of branded incentive items without verification that the addressee was a smoker 21years or older who wished to receive such items, and prohibited any other distribution of nontobacco incentive items to persons under 21 years of age with one exception: such incentive items could be distributed to legal age smokers at retail with the purchase of a package or carton of cigarettes. -- Written Direct: David R. Beran., US v. PM, 99-cv-02496 .
1990: BUSINESS: Philip Morris acquires Jacobs Suchard AG, a Swiss-based coffee and confectionery company, for $4.1 billion.
1990: BUSINESS: Philip Morris' revenues reach $51 billion; operating companies income reaches $3.5 billion.
1990: BUSINESS: BAT merges Appleton Papers with British and French papermakers and spins off the resulting operation
1990: FIRES: INDIA: 86 people are killed when a train in Patna catches fire after a passenger throws a cigarette on a girl's sari, which catches fire.
1990: INDIA: A tobacco trade journal reports that India is selling its first cigarette specifically aimed at women, MS Special Filters, "the sort of market targeting that can get you pilloried in the US." (World Tobacco, March 1990, p. 11). (LB)
1990: PEOPLE: Philip Morris CEO Hamish Maxwell, a heavy smoker, undergoes quadruple bypass surgery.
1990: REGULATION: NYC Passes Tobacco Sampling Law. Prohibits giveaway or discounted distribution of tobacco products in public places and at public events. Exempts tobacco retailers in their stores and wholesalers or manufacturers.
1990: BUSINESS: The Uptown Fiasco. RJR begins test-marketing "Uptown" cigarettes targetting blacks. Health and Human Services secretary Louis Sullivan, along with many black civic and religious leaders denounce the cigarette. RJR cancels the cigarette. The success of the campaign leads to the founding of the National Association of African Americans for Positive Imagery (NAAAPI) in 1991.
1990: BUSINESS: Los Angeles, CA, restaurant Remi holds its first cigar night for women, the "George Sands Society Night."
1990-01-01: Airline smoking ban. The smoking ban on all domestic flights of less than 6 hours, except to Alaska or Hawaii, takes effect. Smoking is also banned on interstate buses.

1990-02: BUSINESS: Marketing firm Spector M. Marketors, under contract for R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company developed plans to promote "Dakota" brand cigarettes to the "virile female," including 18- through 20-year-old women
1990-02-10: LITIGATION: Miles v Philip Morris is filed In Madison County, IL. under the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act. The plaintiffs claim that Philip Morris committed fraud by claiming its Marlboro Lights and Cambridge Lights delivered lower tar and nicotine than the regular Marlboro and Cambridge cigarettes.
1990-05-19: Belgium bans smoking in pulic places--railway stations, town halls, hospitals, nursing homes, etc.
1990-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Childhood and youth without tobacco
1990-08-02: REGULATION: San Luis Obispo, California becomes the first city in the world to ban smoking in all public buildings -- including bars and restaurants.
1990-08-22: RUSSIA: Scores of angry smokers block street near Moscow's Red Square for hours in protest of summer-long cigarette shortage

1991: REGULATION: FRANCE: France passes the Evin law banning smoking in public areas and requiring non-smoking areas in restaurants. It is almost completely ignored.

1991: LITIGATION: Mildred Wiley, a nonsmoker, dies of lung cancer at 56. Her husband, Philip of Marion, Indiana, will bring a suit that in December, 1995 will be the first to establish second hand smoke as a workplace injury eligible for workers' compensation.

1991: LITIGATION: Grady Carter is diagnosed with lung cancer.

1991: ADVERTISING: Joe Camel's own line of merchandise is touted by RJR as bringing in $40 Million/year in advertising billings.
1991: ADVERTISING: JAMA publishes 2 noted studies of Joe Camel and kids:
One finds that 91% of 6 year olds can match Joe Camel to his product (cigarettes), and is as recognized by preschoolers as Mickey Mouse

The other study, by Joe DiFranza, finds that since the inception of the Joe Camel campaign in 1987, Camel's share of the under-18 market had risen from 0.5% to 32.8%.

1991: ADVERTISING: Saatchi and Saatchi unit Campbell Mithun tests a campaign for Kool that featured a cartoon smoking penguin wearing shades, a buzzcut and Day-Glo sneakers.

1991: BRITAIN: The British government will no longer provide financial aid to tobacco companies in developing countries. (AP, 9 Feb 1991). (LB)
1991: BUSINESS: Johns Hopkins University announces that it will sell all its $5.3 million worth of tobacco stock. (LB)
1991: BUSINESS: Marlboro Medium is introduced

1991: BUSINESS: PM Chairman Hamish Maxwell (1981-1991) retires. Michael A. Miles (1991-1994) becomes chairman & CEO, the first non-tobacco man to do so.

1991: BUSINESS: PMI's volume tops 400 billion units.
1991-03: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: International ETS Management Committee (IEMC) is established in an effort to undertake better planning to deal with ETS related public policy. (DOJ)
1991: SPORTS: Health and Human Services Secretary Louis W. Sullivan asks sports fans to boycott events sponsored by tobacco companies, and urges promotors to shun tobacco money. His plea is ignored.

1991-02-21: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Sues Sega over Marlboro trademark. Philip Morris sues Sega in United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, claiming that Sega Enterprises of San Jose, Calif., failed to comply with a March 20, 1990, agreement to have the Marlboro trademark removed from its "Super Monaco GP" video game. Sega agrees to settle in May, 1992, offering video game owners $200 to have their video games revamped.
1991-05-31: Philip Morris and the AIDS activist group ACT-UP (Aids Coalition To Unleash Power) announce an end to boycotts against Miller Beer and Marlboro cigarettes in return for more funding to fight AIDS and anti-gay bias. Tthe boycott originated in 1990 in protest of Philip Morris's support of Sen. Jesse Helms, R-N.C., regarded in the homosexual community as anti-gay. "This settlement . . . represents us taking money from walking over the bodies of those killed by cigarettes," William Dobbs of the New York chapter said.He called the agreement "despicable," saying that taking money from a cigarette company was like "stepping over thousands of dead" to help AIDS victims. "Is it linked to the peopole you kill every year?" he asked PM VP of Corparate Affairs Guy Smith IV.
1991-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Public places and transport: better be tobacco-free
1991-06: BUSINESS: Domini Social Equity Fund is created by Amy Domini to exclude war-related, alcohol and tobacco stocks.
1991-07: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Consumers' Research Magazine publishes "Passive Smoking: How Great a Hazard?" by Huber, Gary L; Brockie, Robert E; Mahajan, Vijay K. "ETS is so highly diluted that it is not even appropriate to call it smoke."

1992: CONSUMPTION: Among smokers age 12 to 17 years, a 1992 Gallup survey found that 70% said if they had to do it over again, they would not start smoking, and 66% said that they want to quit. Fifty-one percent of the teen smokers surveyed had made a serious effort to stop smoking--but had failed.
1992: 23rd Surgeon General's Report: Smokmg and Health in the Amencas: A 1992 Report of the Surgeon General, in Collaboration with the Pan Amencan Health Organization
1992: STATISTICS: Per-capita consumption of cigarettes stands at 7 per day among adult Americans
1992: Congress passes the Durbin Amendment, which prohibits the USDA from using the Market Promotion Program to promote the sale and export of U.S. tobacco abroad. In 1993, Congress broadens the prohibition to apply to the entire Foreign Agricultural Service within USDA.
1992: CESSATION: Nicotine patch is introduced.
1992: LITIGATION: Supreme Court rules that the 1965 warning label law does not shield tobacco companies from suits accusing them of deceiving the public about the health effects of smoking.

1992: LEGISLATION: NYC passes Vending Machine Law. Bans distribution of tobacco products through vending machines except those placed at least 25 feet from the door of a tavern.
1992: LEGISLATION: NY State passes Adolescent Tobacco Use Prevention Act. Prohibits free distribution of tobacco products to the public, tobacco sales through vending machines or to minors. Requires merchants to post signs saying no sales to minors and to ask for age identification of anyone under 25. Allows parent of a minor who purchased tobacco to bring a complaint against the vendor.
1992: LEGISLATION: Australia: Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act
1992: LITIGATION: U.S. Attorney in Brooklyn, N.Y., begins criminal probe of industry.
1992: ENTERTAINMENT: Pinkerton Tobacco Co., under pressure from the FTC, agrees to cease advertising its products on TV during the "Red Man Pulling Series.".

1992-Fall: MEDIA: Marvin Shanken publishes first issue of Cigar Aficionado
1992: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Magazine folds

1992: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. revenues approach the $60 billion mark; net earnings fall just short of $5 billion. Operating companies income tops $5 billion at PM U.S.A.; $2 billion at both PMI and KGF; and $1 billion at the international food business.
1992: BUSINESS: Marlboro Adventure Team contest is introduced. Philip Morris has called the MAT one of the most successful advertising campaigns in history.

1992: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world's No. 1 most valuable brand (value: $31.2 billion)

1992: BUSINESS: HUNGARY: BAT acquires Pcsi Dohnygyr, Hungary's largest cigarette manufacturer.
1992: Camel model Will Thornbury dies of lung cancer at age of 56.
1992-04: INDUSTRY RESEARCH: Consumers' Research Magazine publishes "Passive Smoking And Your Heart" by Huber, Gary L; Brockie, Robert E; Mahajan, Vijay K.
1992-04: "Marlbor Man" Wayne McLaren asks Philip Morris to limit its advertising. Dying of lung cancer, McLaren appears at PM's annual shareholders meeting in Richmond, VA, and asks the company to voluntarily limit its advertsing. Chairman Michael Miles responds: We're certainly sorry to hear about your medical problem. Without knowing your medical history, I don't think I can comment any further.

1992-05: AUSTRALIA: LITIGATION: ETS: Leisel Sholem wins $50,000 in second-hand smoke suit, based on knowledge about ETS between 1975 and 1986.

1992-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Tobacco-free workplaces: safer and healthier
1992-07-22: Former "Marlboro Man" ad icon Wayne McLaren, 51, dies of lung cancer.

1993: CONSUMPTION: 70% of adults who smoke wanted to quit completely; Smoking prevalence among U.S. adults (18 years of age and older) is estimated to be 25%, compared with 26.3% for 1992. Forty-six million adults currently smoke (24 million men, 22 million women). Thirty-two million American smokers (70% of all adult smokers) report that they want to quit smoking completely. Women (73%) are more likely to want to quit smoking than men (67%). By 1993, an estimated 38.2% of high school dropouts who had ever smoked had quit, compared with 45.3% of high school graduates and 65.4% of college graduates. --"Cigarette smoking among adults--United States, 1993," CDC, December 23, 1994, issue of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
1993: CONSUMPTION: About 3 million Americans smoke cigars.
1993: Incoming President Bill CLINTON bans smoking in the White House.

1993: BUSINESS: US Tobacco introduces Cherry-flavored Skoal long-cut.
1993: BUSINESS: Separation of Richemont's tobacco and luxury goods operations into Rothmans International BV/PLC and Vendôme luxury goods SA/PLC
1993: SMOKEFREE: VERMONT is the first state in the nation to ban indoor smoking; bars are exempt.

1993: SMOKEFREE: CA: Davis bans smoking in restaurants.
1993: SMOKEFREE: CA: Los Angeles bans smoking in restaurants.
1993: BUSINESS: Philip Morris is the nation's #2 advertiser, behind Proctor and Gamble.

1993: BUSINESS: Cigarette promotional expenditures reach $6.03 billion, an increase of 15.4 percent over 1992.
1993: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world's No. 1 most valuable brand (value: $39.5 billion)

1993: BUSINESS: Philip Morris buys RJR Nabisco's North American cold cereal operation.

1993: BUSINESS: Philip Morris' revenues reach nearly $61 billion.
1993: BUSINESS: Con-Agra's Charles Harper becomes CEO of RJR

1993: BUSINESS: UST introduces low-nicotine, cherry-flavored Skoal Long Cut

1993: "Allies: The ACLU and the Tobacco Industry" reveals an otherwise undisclosed $500,000 given by Philip Morris to the ACLU between 1987 and 1992, along with additional sums from RJR Nabisco and the Tobacco Institute.. The report was written by Morton Mintz in cooperation with Public Citizen, the Advocacy Institute, the American Heart Association and Ralph Nader.
1993: The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is first suggested to the WHO by Ruth Roemer, Professor of Health Law at the UCLA School of Public Health.
1993: CANADA: LEGISLATION: Federal law is enacted to raise the legal age for buying tobacco to 18. (NCTH)

1993: Major League Baseball institutes a tobacco prohibition policy for all minor-league teams, coaches and staff.
1993-01 FRANCE: LEGISLATION: Tobacco advertising is banned; Grand Prix auto race canceled because of tobacco advertising. In February, Grand Prix is re-instated, without direct tobacco advertising; drivers still allowed to wear sponsors' colors.

1993: SOUTH AFRICA: First tobacco control law passed--The Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act bans sale of cigarettes to those under 16; this is largely ignored

1993-01: HEALTH: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) releases 510-page report, "Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer and Other Diseases;" declares cigarette smoke a Class-A carcinogen.

1993-01-28: LITIGATION: SCOTLAND: Alfred McTear launches civil case against Imperial Tobacco at Court of Session in Edinburgh.
1993-01-28: Michael Fumento's "Is EPA Blowing Its Own Smoke? How Much Science Is Behind Its Tobacco Finding?" is published in the Investor's Business Journal. It quotes Alvan Feinstein, Gary Huber, and James E. Enstrom critiquiing the EPA report.
1993-04-02: BUSINESS: "Marlboro Friday"--PM Slashes Marlboro Prices

1993-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Health services: Our window to a tobacco-free world
1993-07-15: USA: Tobacco BBS goes online, as a FirstClass BBS.
1993-09-29: LITIGATION: Wyatt, Tarant files suit against Merrell Williams over "secret" tobacco papers.
1993: LEGISLATION: NYC passes Tobacco Product Regulation Act. Bans out-of-package tobacco sales. Places age restrictions on handling. Prohibits sale of tobacco products to minors. Requires one public health message for every four tobacco ads appearing on city property. Bans use of tobacco products on school property.

1994: STATISTICS: Of those who smoke, 70 percent expressed an interest in quitting. Another 28 percent said they had no desire to give up smoking. Forty-eight percent said they want to quit and have tried to do so but failed, and 22 percent want to quit but have not tried. (Source: USA Today/CNN/Gallup Poll, March 1994)
1994: 24th Surgeon General's Report: Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General

1994: OSHA proposes severe workplace smoking restrictions.
1994: Brown & Williamson tries to force Rep. Henry Waxman, D-Calif., to hand over confidential documents that Waxman's subcommittee obtained in its investigation of the tobacco industry. B&W;'s case was argued in court, and lost, by Kenneth Starr.
1994: MEDIA: Frank Blethen's Seattle (Wash.) Times becomes the largest US newspaper to refuse tobacco advertising.
"These ads were designed to kill our readers," said Times president H. Mason Sizemore, "so we decided to refuse them."
1994: SMOKEFREE: McDonald's bans smoking in all 11,000 of its restaurants

1994: SMOKEFREE: Dept. of Defense imposes restrictions on smoking at all US military bases worldwide

1994: BUSINESS: William Murray is appointed chairman of Philip Morris Cos.; Geoffrey C. Bible is named president and CEO.
1994: During the presidential campaign, Senator Robert Dole publicly questions the addictiveness of tobacco, comparing the dangers of smoking to those of drinking milk.
1994: Tobacco Control Begins in China. China institutes restrictions on tobacco advertising, puts health warnings on cigarette packs and sanctions antismoking education efforts.
1994: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world's No. 2 most valuable brand behind Coca-Cola (value: $33 billion)

1994: BUSINESS: Philip Morris sends out an estimated 19 million Marlboro promotional items; briefly becomes #3 mail order house in the US

1994: SPORTS: Billie Jean King's Virginia Slims Tennis tour ends. The Women's Tennis Assn. event began in 1971.

1994: CANADA: LEGISLATION: Bigger and stronger warning messages are required on cigarette packs: (NCTH)

"Cigarettes are addictive;"

"Tobacco smoke can harm your children;"

"Cigarettes cause fatal lung disease;"

"Cigarettes cause cancer;"

"Cigarettes cause strokes and heart disease;"

"Smoking during pregnancy can harm your baby;"

"Smoking can kill you;"

"Tobacco smoke causes fatal lung disease in non-smokers."

1994: First International Quit & Win (IQW) competition
1994: LEGISLATION: Federal Pro-Children Act of 1994. Public Law 103-227, Title X, Part C—Environmental Tobacco Smoke, also known as the Pro-Children Act of 1994 (Act), imposes restrictions on smoking in facilities where federally funded children's services are provided. The Act specifies that smoking is prohibited in any indoor facility owned, leased, or contracted for and used for the routine or regular provision of kindergarten, elementary, or secondary education or library services to children under the age of 18. In addition, smoking is prohibited in any indoor facility or portion of a facility owned, leased, or contracted for and used for the routine or regular provision of federally funded health care, day care, or early childhood development (Head Start) services to children under the age of 18. The statutory prohibition also applies if such facilities are constructed, operated, or maintained with Federal funds. The statute does not apply to children's services provided in private residences, facilities funded solely by Medicare or Medicaid funds, portions of facilities used for inpatient drug or alcohol treatment, or facilities where Women, Infants and Children (WIC) coupons are redeemed.
1994: Congressional Research Service report criticizes 1993 EPA secondhand smoke report. EPA responds: Two economists from CRS [Gravelle and Zimmerman], citing material largely prepared by the tobacco industry, included a discussion of EPA's risk assessment in an economic analysis of a cigarette excise tax proposal to fund health care reform. In EPA's view, the CRS economists' cursory look at the issues is not comparable to the exhaustive analyses and rigorous review process which EPA undertook when examining the extensive database on secondhand smoke and respiratory health.
1994: FIRES: INDIA: 66 passengers die when a fire breaks out on Mumbai-Howrah Express after a passenger throws a bidi on a packet of crackers.
1994-02: CANADA: Tobacco taxes are slashed to curb runaway bootlegging from the US.

1994-02-22: SCIENCE: Scientists from Canada reported finding evidence of cigarette smoke in fetal hair, the first biochemical proof that the offspring of non-smoking mothers can be affected by passive cigarette smoke.
1994-02: LEGISLATION: FDA commissioner David Kessler announces plans to consider regulation of tobacco as a drug.

1994: LEGISLATION: NY State passes PRO-KIDS Law. Prohibits smoking on school grounds in all schools, kindergarten through 12th grade. Bans out-of-package cigarette sales. Prohibits smoking in child-care centers, youth centers, group homes, public institutions or residential treatment facilities that serve young people.
1994-03: ADVERTISING: Brown & Williamson Tobacco yanks cigarette accounts from Saatchi unit Campbell Mithun. Gives Kool account to Grey Advertising.

1994-02-28 & 03-07: TV: ABC airs "Day One" segments "Smokescreen" and "The List" concerning tobacco industry manipulation of nicotine
1994-03-24: LITIGATION: Philip Morris sues ABC for $10 billion over the 2 "Day One" segments. (Two other events were occurring this year: ABC was in the process of being sold to Disney, and the huge communications bill was going through Congress. Lobbyists swarmed Congress, especially the powerful chairman of the House Commerce Committee, VA Republican Tom Bliley, often dubbed"The Congressman from Philip Morris.")
1994-03-24: Wall St. Journal publishes, "Smoke & Mirrors: EPA Wages War on Cigarettes," by Jacob Sullum. The article takes issue with the EPA's 1993 report on secondhand smoke, quoting industry-paid scientists--Alvan Feinstein, James Enstrom and Gary Huber.
1994-03-29: LITIGATION: New Orleans, LA. Castano case begins; a 60-attorney coalition files what will become the nation's largest class-action lawsuit plaintiffs charge tobacco companies hid their knowledge of the addicting qualities of tobacco.
1994-04: IRAN:
1994-04: BUSINESS: BAT Industries agrees to buy American Tobacco from American Brands for $1 billion.

1994-04-13: Tobacco Industry releases "The List" of 599 cigarette additives

1994-04-14: Seven Tobacco Company executives begin testimony in Congressional hearings

1994-04-28: ex-Philip Morris scientist Victor J. DeNoble testifies on his research into nicotine and addiction in rats; claims PM suppresed his findings.

1994-04: MEDIA: Time and US News and World Report each run cover stories on tobacco; as with the June 6, 1983 Newsweek, neither has a single tobacco advertisement.
1994-05-07: New York TImes front-page article reviews "secret" Brown & Williamson tobacco papers.
1994-05-12: Stanton Glantz at UCSF receives a box of "secret" Brown & Williamson tobacco papers from "Mr. Butts."
1994-05-16: National Review publishes "Just how bad is secondhand smoke? (Cover Story)," by Jacob Sullum, who quotes James Enstrom, Gary Huber and Alvan Feinstein.
1994-05-23: LITIGATION: MISSISSIPPI becomes the first state to sue tobacco companies to recoup health care costs associated with smoking. (The State of Mississippi v. American Tobacco et. al., filed in the Chancery Court of Jackson County, Mississippi (Case No. 94-1429). Case brought by Miss. A-G Michael Moore.
1994-05-26: RJR reprints Sullum's WSJ article in a full-page ad, with the caption, "IF WE SAID IT, YOU MIGHT NOT BELIEVE IT." Reynolds' EPA assault includes as well a major multi-city tour of RJR representatives and scientists who meet with editors, writers and talk show hosts. The ad emphasizes that Mr. Sullum "is not associated with the tobacco industry." See: http://texts.cdlib.org/dynaxml/servlet/BookView?source=eschol/6838/6838.xml&style;=eschol/xsl/dynaxml/dynaxml.xsl&doc.view;=popup&fig.ent;=6838_00005.gif or http://texts.cdlib.org/dynaxml/servlet/BookView?source=eschol/6838/6838.xml&style;=eschol/xsl/dynaxml/dynaxml.xsl&doc.view;=0&chunk.id;=d0e6242&toc.depth;=1&toc.id;=d0e6242&query;=sullum#1
1994-05-31: LITIGATION: David Burton, who lost both legs due to peripheral vascular disease (PVD) files suit in Federal Court in Manhattan, KS, against RJR and American Tobacco Co.
1994-05-31: FTC Clears Joe Camel

1994-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: The media and tobacco: Getting the health message across
1994-06-02: LITIGATION: West Virginia sues tobacco companies to recoup smokers' Medicaid costs.
1994-06-27: Philip Morris reprints Sullum's March, 1994 Forbes MediaCritic article (a longer version of his WSJ item), "Passive Reporting on Passive Smoke," in full, in a series of 6 full-page ads in newspapers throughout the country, including the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Miami Herald, Boston Globe, and Baltimore Sun, under the heading, "SECONDHAND SMOKE FACTS FINALLY EMERGE / How Science Lost Out To Politics On Seconhand Smoke" Philip Morris paid Sullum $5,000 for the right to reprint. See: http://texts.cdlib.org/dynaxml/servlet/BookView?source=eschol/6838/6838.xml&style;=eschol/xsl/dynaxml/dynaxml.xsl&doc.view;=popup&fig.ent;=6838_00006.gif The introductory ad began, "Were you misled? Ever since the EPA issued its report ... serious questions have been raised about the report's validity." The banner atop the following four-part reprint series proclaim "Secondhand Smoke: Facts Finally Emerge"; the bottom banner concludes, "In any controversy, Facts Must Matter." Finally, in 40 Sunday papers, the full article is reprinted. "We felt that this report was particularly objective," said PM vice president Ellen Merlo. Elizabeth Whelan said, "Wall Street Journal, Reason, Forbes and National Review all recently carried essentially the same article by the same author--Jacob Sullum--who defies the now nearly unanimous view of scientists that [secondhand smoke] can be harmful." The ads were such blockbusters that they received media coverage, which reported Philip Morris' views also.
1994-07: Ex-tobacco lobbyist Victor Crawford makes first national appearance for tobacco control. Dying of cancer, Crawford is featured with ex-surgeon general C. Everett Koop in a Coalition on Smoking and Health radio spot which urges a $2 federal cigarette tax to help fund health care reform.

1994-08-17: LITIGATION: Minnesota and Blue Cross/Blue Shield sue tobacco companie for violating anti-trust laws by failing to disclose addictive qualities of tobacco..
1994-11: California: Prop. 188 is overwhelmingly defeated. The tobacco industry spent $18 M to pass a measure sponsored by "Californians for Statewide Smoking Restrictions" that would have pre-empted stronger local laws, along with the coming 1995 statewide ban on smoking in restaurants.
1994-12: SOUTH AFRICA: Health Minister Nkosazana Zumaout mandates health warnings on cigarette packs and advertising.

1994-12: POLITICS: FDA gets letters from Congress. 124 members of the House sent a sharply worded letter to the FDA, claiming the agency's tobacco proposal would put 10,000 jobs at risk and "trample First Amendment rights to advertise legal products to adults." Two weeks later, 32 senators signed a virtually identical letter. (According to Common Cause, those senators who signed the letter had received an average of $31,368 from tobacco, compared to $11,819 for those senators who did not sign. Similarly, the House signatories received an average of $19,446, in contrast to $6,728 for other Congress members.)--Mother Jones, 4/96

1995: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE BY COMPANY:
1. PM 43%
2. RJR 28%
3. Brown & Williamson 11%
5. American Tobacco Co. 7%
3. Lorillard 7%
3. Liggett & Myers 2%

1995: GOVERNMENT: Tobacco companies give the GOP $2.4 million in "soft" dollars. The top two soft money contributors to the GOP this year are Philip Morris ($975,149) and RJR Nabisco ($696,450). Tobacco industry PACs gave $841,120 to Republican members of Congress.
1995: SMOKEFREE: Italy amends its 1975 smoking ban to include any places open to the public, such as post offices, banks and government offices.
1995: SMOKEFREE: Utah bans smoking in restaurants.
1995: SMOKEFREE: New York City passes Smoke-Free Air Act. Strengthens Clean Indoor Air Act (1988) by banning smoking in the dining areas of all restaurants with more than 35 seats. Limits smoking to the bar area of restaurants, with certain specifications, and to a maximum of 25 percent of a restaurant's outdoor seats. Bans smoking in outdoor seating areas, such as in sports stadiums and recreational areas. Limits smoking in the workplace to a separately enclosed and ventilated room and to private offices as long as the door is kept closed and no more than three people are present, each of whom agrees to allow smoking. Prohibits smoking at all times in both indoor and outdoor areas of day-care centers. Exempts restaurants seating 35 people or less. Allows smoking in stand-alone bars. Allows smoking in sports arenas in separate smoking rooms, with some limitations.
1995: SMOKEFREE: Delta is the first U.S. carrier to voluntarily ban smoking on all flights. http://www.delta.com/about_delta/corporate_information/delta_stats_facts/delta_through_decades/index.jsp
1995: BUSINESS: Financial World ranks Marlboro the world's No. 2 most valuable brand behind Coca-Cola (value: $38.7 billion). The brand also has 29% of the US market--the highest market share it has ever had.

1995: BUSINESS: Geoffrey C. Bible becomes chairman and CEO of Philip Morris Cos.
1995: BUSINESS: KGF is reorganized into one operating company with category-based divisions, and the name changes to Kraft Foods, Inc.
1995: BUSINESS: For the first time, revenues from Philip Morris' international businesses ($32 billion) exceed those from North America ($31.4 billion).
1995: BUSINESS: Richemont buys out Rothmans International minority shareholders
1995: CANADA: LEGISLATION: The Supreme Court of Canada strikes down the federal ban on tobacco advertising. Tobacco companies launch an aggressive advertising campaign, using billboards, newspaper ads and event sponsorships. Ottawa releases A Blueprint to Protect the Health of Canadians, an outline of proposed legislation to reinstate the advertising ban, but no bill has yet been introduced in Parliament. (NCTH)
1995: UK: Nicotine is specifically excluded from the Disability Discrimination Act 1995.
1995-01: BUSINESS: BAT completes purchase of American Tobacco Co. for $1 Billion.
1995-01: REGULATION: CALIFORNIA bans smoking in restaurants. Assembly Bill 13, the state's smoke-free workplace law comes into effect.
1995-02-17: LITIGATION: CASTANO: US DIstrict Judge Okla B. Jones rules class action case may proceed.
1995-02-22: LITIGATION: Florida sues tobacco companies to recoup health care costs .
1995-03-19: CBS' "60 Minutes" airs segment featuring ex-tobacco lobbyist Victor Crawford
1995-05: USA: First appearance of Tobacco BBS on the internet.
1995-05-26: BUSINESS: Philip Morris announces unprecedented recall of 8 billion cigarettes due to a suspected chemical contaminant.
On May 19, a worker at the Philip Morris cigarette factory in Cabarrus County noticed an unusual odor. Tests found filters contaminated by methyl isothiocyanate. Later analysis show the contamination posed no additional health hazard.
1995-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Tobacco costs more than you think
1995-06-09: BATF Searches 1500 Brown & Williamson Tower, B&W;'s US HQ, investigating possible complicity in smuggling.

1995-06-27: Philip Morris announces "Action Against Access," a voluntary program aimed at preventing youth access to cigarettes. Philip Morris this year also instituted the"Ask first" and "Responsible Retailer Program"
1995-06-30: "Secret" B&W; papers become available on Internet one day after the California Supreme Court rejects B&W;'s attempts to suppress the information.

1995-07-12: AMA excoriates tobacco industry over "secret" B&W; papers. AMA devotes entire July 19, 1995 issue of JAMA to a study of the papers, finds The evidence is unequivocal -- the US public has been duped by the tobacco industry. No right-thinking individual can ignore the evidence. We should all be outraged, and we should force the removal of this scourge from our nation . . .

1995-07-13: FDA declares nicotine a drug

1995-07-21: US under-age smoking found rising.

1995-08-10: President Clinton declares nicotine an addictive drug; FDA sends President Clinton proposals for regulating the sale and marketing of tobacco products to minors

1995-08-10: LITIGATION: The 5 largest tobacco companies file suit in a North Carolina court challenging the FDA's authority to regulate tobacco and advertising.. The advertising industry files in North Carolina within days. Smokeless tobacco manufacturers U.S. Tobacco Co. and Conwood Co file suit in Tennessee.

1995-08-21:LITIGATION: ABC apologizes to Philip Morris for "Day One" program, pays PM an estimated $16 million in legal fees.
1995-08-31: LITIGATION: $1.9 million awarded plaintiff Milton Horowitz in Kent Micronite filter case; only the 2nd time an award has been given in a liability case against a tobacco company. However, the suit concerned asbestos, not tobacco

1995-09-04: "Winston Man" Alan Landers, 54, joins anti-smoking movement.

1995-09: RJR's faux-micro-smokery, Moonlight Tobacco Co., introduces its artsy brands to New York, Chicago and Seattle: Politix, Sedona, Jumbos, North Star.

1995-10-12: Former "Marlboro Man" ad icon David McLean dies of lung cancer at 73 [Original "Marlboro Man" William Thourlby is still alive as of 5/2002, living in NYC.]
1995-10-20: ART: Hans Haacke and 11 other artists hang their works with protests against their New York art show's sponsor, Philip Morris

1995-11-09: The NY Times reports that CBS has killed broadcast of a 60 Minutes interview with a former tobacco executive (soon revealed as Jeffrey Wigand). That day, a CBS affiliate in Los Angeles, KCBS, killed an anti-tobacco ad that had been running for weeks. Meanwhile, CBS was in in the process of being sold to Westinghouse.

1995-11-14: The CRS Report Congressional Research Service releases "Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer Risk", its official report assessing secondhand smoke dangers and the 1993 EPA report. While repeating industry arguments, authors Rowland and Redhead do not dispute the EPA's conclusions, and emphasize the danger of ETS to children.

1995-11-29: Ex-B&W; research executive Jeffrey Wigand testifies to federal and state prosecutors in Pascagoula, Miss.

1995-12-19: LITIGATION: Massachusettes sues tobacco companies for conspiring to "mislead, deceive and confuse" citizens on the hazardous effects of smoking.

1996: New Teen Smokers: 1.23 million

1996: SMOKEFREE: TURKEY bans smoking in most enclosed spaces.

1996: BUSINESS: PMI takes a stake in Poland's largest tobacco company, Zaklady Przemyslu Tytoniowego w Krakowie S.A., and in Brazil's leading chocolate company, Industrias de Chocolate Lacta S.A.

1996: BUSINESS: Richemont and the Rembrandt Group Limited merge their tobacco interests.

1996: IRELAND Bans smoking in cinemas.

1996-01-08: SCOTUS: Supreme Court refuses to hear an ACLU challenge to the city of North Miami's 1990 ban on hiring smokers. Lower insurance costs outweighed the privacy issue, the Florida Supreme Court had ruled in 1995. The argument was made that three members of the court -- Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas -- could not be hired in North Miami because they smoke. (Kurtz vs. North Miami, No. 95-545)

1996-01-31: LITIGATION: Florida state appeals panel allows Engle suit to proceed, but limits case to Florida residents.

1996-02: TOBACCO CONTROL: National Center for Tobacco-Free Kids given $30 M launch. Will incorporate previous group, "Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids," when it begins operation in June, 1996.

1996-02-04: CBS airs Wigand Interview on 60 Minutes. Wigand claims B&W; Chief Sandefur lied when telling Waxman's committed he believed nicotine was not addictive.

1996-02-05: POLITICS: Geoffrey Bible, CEO of Philip Morris Cos. Inc., chairs a dinner underwritten by Philip Morris for the Republican Governors Association, and speaks to the governors about tobacco's benefits to the economy. The gala dinner pulls in an unprecedented $2.6 million.

1996-02-16: LITIGATION: : Gov. Kirk Fordice (R-Miss.) sues his own attorney general, Mike Moore, in order to block Moore's "Medicaid" lawsuit.

1996-03-02: Victor Crawford, tobacco lobbyist-turned-tobacco-control-advocate, dies.

1996-03-09: USA: Tobacco BBS registers tobacco.org as its domain name.

1996-03-13: LITIGATION: Liggett Group makes dramatic break with industry, offers to settle Medicaid and addiction-based lawsuits. .

1996-03-15: LITIGATION: Liggett settles with 5 states over Medicaid lawsuits, agreeing to pay over $10 million in Medicaid bills for the treatment of smokers.

1996-03-18: FDA releases statements of 3 more tobacco industry insiders (Dr. Ian L. Uydess, Dr. William A. Farone and Jerome K. Rivers) who claim Philip Morris carefully controls nicotine levels in cigarettes. FDA reopens comment period.

1996-05: SCOTUS: 44 Liquormart v. Rhode Island. Supreme Court strikes down liquor advertising ban as violating First Amendment

1996-05: MEDIA: The May Vanity Fair contains a massive, 22-page article by Marie Brenner on the inside story of the CBS/Wigand story. The issue contains no tobacco ads. Michael Mann will use this article to make the movie, "The Insider."

1996-05-15: BUSINESS: Philip Morris and United States Tobacco Co. offer their own plan to stop youth access, in order to avoid FDA control..

1996-05-20: MEDIA: The May 20, 1996 People Weekly carries 2 tobacco articles, a profile of Stanton Glantz, and an excerpt from Grisham's The Runaway Jury. The issue contains no tobacco ads..

1996-05-23: LITIGATION: Castano case is de-certified by Appeals Court..

1996-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Sports and arts without tobacco: Play it tobacco-free

1996-06: CDC adds prevalence of cigarette smoking as a nationally notifiable condition, bringing to 56 the number of diseases and conditions designated by Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) as reportable by states. This marks the first time a behavior, rather than a disease or illness, has been considered nationally reportable.(LB)

1996-07-19: LITIGATION: Massachusetts becomes the 10th state to sue tobacco companies..

1996-08-09: LITIGATION: FL: Brown & Williamson is ordered to pay the Grady Carters $750,000 in only the second financial judgement ever in a strictly-tobacco-oriented liability lawsuit. The eventual payment of $1.1 million on March 8, 2001, will be the first time an individual collects payment from the tobacco industry for a tobacco-related illness. Carter Atty: Norwood S. Wilner

1996-08-23: LEGISLATION: President Clinton approves proposed FDA regulations, giving FDA authority to regulate cigarettes as a "drug delivery device.".

1996-10-17: SCIENCE: Researchers disclose molecular link between a substance in tobacco tar and lung cancer: a benzo (a) pyrene derivative damages lung cancer-suppressor gene, p53, in the exact "hotspot" associated with lung cancer. Science magazine

1996-12: TRAVEL: St. Louis-based CLIPPER CRUISE LINE bans smoking anywhere on one of its cruise ships.

1997: STATISTICS: US: Forty-eight million Americans have quit in the 21 years since the first Smokeout in 1976; 48 million still smoke; about 34 million say they want to quit. Between 1965 and 1990, adult smoking declined from 42 percent to 25 percent. The average age of a first-time smoker is 13. More than 3 million American adolescents smoke cigarettes.

1997: CONSUMPTION: Americans spent an estimated $51.9 billion on tobacco products in 1997, or just under 1% of their disposable income. Of this amount, $48.7 billion (or 94%) was spent on cigarettes, $2.2 billion on smokeless and smoking tobacco, and $0.9 billion on cigars. (CRS)

1997: REGULATION: US Congress passes a bill prohibiting the Departments of State, Justice and Commerce from promoting the sale or export of tobacco. The bill restricts most of the US Trade Representative (USTR) activities in this area--unless the government determines tobacco companies are the victims of unfair trade practices.

1997: REGULATION: TURKMENISTAN: President bans smoking in public places. Earlier, President Saparmurat Niyazov underwent heart surgery and quit smoking; he then ordered his ministers to quit also, and instituted the ban.

1997: BUSINESS: PM U.S.A.'s market share tops 50 percent.

1997: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. revenues reach $72 billion; operating companies income is $11.7 billion.

1997: BUSINESS: China is by far the largest producer of cigarettes in the world; the second largest producer is the United States. In 1997 China produced an estimated 1.7 trillion pieces, almost two and one half times the 720 billion pieces produced in the United States. The United States is by far the largest cigarette exporting nation in the world, with exports in 1997 estimated about 217 billion pieces, or 21% of the world total. China is the largest consumer market in the world, with over 300 million smokers consuming 1.7 trillion cigarettes in 1997. (CRS)

1997: BUSINESS: Targacept is established as a wholly owned subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. It carries on work RJR has been doing in the 90s: designing, synthesizeing and testing nicotinic compounds for therapeutic uses.

1997-01: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Formula 1 boss Bernie Ecclestone donates 1million to the Labour Party.

1997-03-20: Liggett Tobacco and 22 states settle lawsuits; Liggett admits smoking is addictive, can cause cancer, and the industry markets cigarettes to teenagers; agrees to turn over documents and to warn on every pack that smoking is addictive.

1997-03-21: Liggett issues statement: "We at Liggett know and acknowledge that, as the Surgeon General and respected medical researchers have found, cigarette smoking causes health problems, including lung cancer, heart and vascular disease and emphysema. Liggett acknowledges that the tobacco industry markets to 'youth,' which means those under 18 years of age, and not just those 18-24 years of age."

1997-04-18: Attorneys General confirm they are talking with PM and RJR about a Settlement

1997-04-25: LITIGATION: NC Federal judge WILLIAM OSTEEN rules FDA may regulate tobacco as a drug because nicotine is addictive; strikes down provisions to regulate advertising.

1997-05-01: Tobacco Cos offer a Settlement that would include FDA regulation, money for anti-smoking campaigns, and bans on vending machines and outdoor advertising.

1997-05-05: Tobacco wins Connor suit. 6-member jury in Raulerson vs. RJ Reynolds Tobacco, et.al. fails to find RJR guilty of negligence in the lung cancer death of smoker Jean Connor.

1997-05-19: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Health Secretary Frank Dobson announces that Labour plans a complete ban on tobacco advertising and sponsorship in sport.

1997-05-28: Health advocates meet in Chicago to hear of SETTLEMENT Talks.

1997-05-28: ADVERTISING: FTC acuses Joe Camel ad campaign of illegally targeting underage youth.

1997-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: United for a tobacco-free world

1997-06: BUSINESS: Michael Szymanczyk becomes CEO of Philip Morris USA.

1997-06-02: LITIGATION: NORMA BROIN's airline attendants seconhand smoke trial begins jury selection in Miami.

1997-06-17: ADVERTISING: RJR Sues FTC over Joe Camel Complaint

1997-06-20: AGs, tobacco companies come to landmark settlement. Agreement provides for unprecedented restrictions on cigarettes and on tobacco makers' liability in lawsuits. Industry to spend $360 billion over 25 years, mainly on anti-smoking campaigns, use bold health warning on packs, curb advertising and face fines if youth smoking drops insufficiently. Subject to congressional approval.

1997-07-03: LITIGATION: First State Settlement: Tobacco Cos Settle Mississippi Medicaid lawsuit for $3.6 Billion.

1997-07: Gingrich, Lott and Barbour try to slip $50 Billion tax break for tobacco companies into balanced-budget bill. Tobacco lobbyist and former Republican National Committee chairman Haley Barbour convinces Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott to slip the huge tax break for tobacco into the bill just before it passes. The measure -- still included in the Budget Bill signed into law by Pres. Clinton Aug. 4, allows the tobacco industry to credit $50 billion in taxes from a 15-cent cigarette tax increase against what they would pay in the 1997 proposed $368.5 billion settlement. When Senators Richard Durbin and Susan Collins expose the effort in September, it is removed in the Senate (95-3) and House (unanimously). That Wednesday night, Sept. 17, GOP members of Congress board a UST jet to attend a tobacco industry fundraiser in New York City. Clinton signs the retraction into law Nov. 13, 1997. Public Citizen Report, "Burning Down the Houses: Big Tobacco's 1997 Congressional Lobbying": http://www.citizen.org/congress/civjus/prod_liability/tobacco/articles.cfm?ID=908

1997-07-09: RJR kills JOE CAMEL campaign, replaces Joe with darker, sexier "What You're Looking For."

1997-07-21: LITIGATION: BROIN: For the first time ever, a tobacco co. executive, LIGGETT CEO BENNETT LEBOW, testifies that cigarettes cause cancer.

1997-08-09: REGULATION: Clinton signs Executive Order 13058 mandating smokefree government workplaces. The order states that tobacco use is to be prohibited from all government-owned, rented or leased interior spaces or in exterior spaces near air intake ducts. The order also prohibits smoking in all recreational buildings and clubs aboard military installations. See https://osiris.cso.uiuc.edu/denix/Public/Legislation/EO/note63.html

1997-08-22: LITIGATION: In a video deposition, PM CEO Geoffrey Bible says smoking "might have" killed 100,000 people; RJR CEO Steven Goldstone links smoking with cancer the next day.

1997-08-25: LITIGATION: Tobacco Cos Settle Florida Medicaid lawsuit for $11.3 Billion.

1997-09-17: REGULATION: President Clinton refuses to endorse the proposed tobacco settlement, instead suggesting Congress work on sweeping legislation that first and foremost reduces teen smoking; second, gives FDA control of nicotine; third, penalizes the industry if teen smoking doesn't go down. "The tobacco bailout deal is dead," said Minnesota AG Hubert Humphrey III, "This gives us a new chance to move forward and do the right thing."

1997-09: Former Asbestos company RAYMARK sues tobacco.

1997-10-10: Tobacco Industry Settles BROIN--First-ever Secondhand Smoke Trial--for $350 Million.

1997-10-16: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Formula 1 chief Bernie Ecclestone, who previously had given Labour a one million pound donation, visits 10 Downing Street. The next day Tony Blair seeks an exemption for Formula One from the UK's upcoming tobacco ban.

1997-10-17: BARNES Suit--First of the "Little Castano" suits--is thrown out by Pennsylvania judge; Gives impetus to national settlement movemement.

1997-10-23: Philip Morris Announces "Accord" Smoking System

1997-11-04: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: It is disclosed that Health Minister Tessa Jowell has written to the European Union asking for motor-racing to be exempted from a EU-wide ban on tobacco advertising in sport. The "U-Turn" becomes the Labour party's first major scandal when it is found that Ms. Jowell's husband had been a non-executive director for an F1 company, and that Labour received a $1.7 million donation from Bernie Ecclestone in January.

1997-11-07: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: Tony Blair and Gordon Brown discuss the Ecclestone affair and decide that Labour should write a letter to the Neill Committee on Standards in Public Life seeking advice on whether they should accept a second donation from the tycoon.

1997-11-10: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: In a live interview with BBC Radio 4's Today programme, Brown denies any knowledge of the Ecclestone donation. Sir Patrick responds to Labour's letter and says it would be sensible both to hand back the original 1million donation and not to accept the second gift.

1997-11-16: UK: FORMULA 1 SCANDAL: In a TV interview , Blair claims Labour had turned down second Ecclestone donation 'before any journalist had been in touch'.

1997-12-05: EUROPE: European Union Health Ministers vote to phase out tobacco advertising.

1997-12-01: LIGGETT begins listing the Ingredients of its cigarettes on cartons, beginning with the 26 ingredients of its L&M; brand.

1997-12-18: Rep. Tom Bliley (R-VA) posts 843 sensitive Liggett documents on House Commerce Committee website.

1997-12-20: AP reporter Todd Lewan breaks story of "fumo louco," a high-nicotine variety of tobacco (Y-1) being developed by BAT in Brazil.

1997-12-30: LITIGATION: Lorillard Tobacco Co. pays over $1.5 million to the family of Milton Horowitz, the first time a U.S. cigarette maker has ever paid a smoking-related personal injury claim.

1997-12-31: LITIGATION: Asbestos fund Manville Personal Injury Settlement Trust announces that it has filed a lawsuit against 7 tobacco companies, asking they pay their "fair share."

1997-12-31: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA Judge Fitzpatrick fines BROWN & WILLIAMSON $100,000 for failure to turn over American Tobacco Co. documents now held by Gallaher in Britain. This is the most severe court sanction against a tobacco company in decades.

1998: CONSUMPTION: 26.4% of men are smokers; 22% of women are smokers (SG Report, "Womena and Smoking" CDC, 2002 Preview)

1998: BUSINESS: Sara Lee sells its loose-tobacco business, (Amphora, Drum, etc.) to Britain's Imperial Tobacco for $1.1 billion.

1998: LEGISLATION: CA: Willie Brown's "napkin statute" -- Code of Civil Procedure 1714.45--is amended to allow lawsuits against tobacco companies.

1998-03-23: Los Angeles, CA: Graydon Carter defies California smoke-free law. At the 1998 Vanity Fair Oscar Party at Morton's in smoke-free California, "all 150 diners arrived to discover a pewter ashtray and a Zippo lighter in their place settings. This was Graydon's way of letting people know it was okay to smoke." --Young, Toby "How to Lose Friends and Alienate People," Da Capo Press, 2002.

1998-01-01: REGULATION: CALIFORNIA becomes the first state in the nation to ban smoking in bars. AB-13, passed in 1994, finally comes into effect for bars.

1998-01-07: Justice Department files a criminal information against DNA Plant Technology Corp. of Oakland, CA accusing them of developing "Y-1" high-nicotine tobacco with an "unindicted coconspirator"

1998-01-14: SCIENCE: JAMA publishes major study that links both active and passive smoking with irreversible artery damage.

1998-01-14: LITIGATION: MANGINI Documents Released. RJR documents that appear to discuss targeting youths as young as 14 create a furor.

1998-01-16: LITIGATION: TEXAS settles its medicaid lawsuit for over $14 billion.

1998-03: PROPAGANDA: BAT leaks information to the London Telegraph on the 10-year, $2 million study by the International agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (an affiliate of WHO). BAT's information was printed uncritically. The ET author writes that the study was buried because it found no risk. The study in fact found a 16% increase in risk in lung cancer for non-smokers, a result consistent with earlier studies. Although the results were clear and comparable to those found by others, the number of people in the study was too small to reach statistical significance (at the 95 percent level). The findings were thus supportive of earlier studies showing that passive smoking increases cancer risk, but taken alone would not have been conclusive. However, the study was described by newspapers and the tobacco industry as demonstrating no increase in risk. . . Ong and Glantz analysed industry documents released in US litigation and interviewed IARC investigators. The Philip Morris tobacco company feared that the study (and a possible IARC monograph on second-hand smoke) would lead to increased restrictions in Europe, so they spearheaded a $2 million inter-industry, three-prong strategy to subvert IARC's work. The scientific strategy attempted to undercut IARC's research and to develop industry-directed research to counter the anticipated findings; the communications strategy planned to shape opinion by manipulating the media and the public; the government strategy sought to prevent increased smoking restrictions. For full links to items from IARC, ET, BAT secret docs, etc., see the ASH-UK Roundup

1998-01-26: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA: The massive Minnesota/Blue Cross-Blue Shield trial begins in Minneapolis.

1998-01-29: SETTLEMENT: Tobacco CEOs Appear Before the House Commerce Committee Laurence A. Tisch, Co-Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer, Loews Corporation, Geoffrey Bible, Chairman, Philip Morris Companies, Inc, Vincent A. Gierer Jr., Chief Executive Officer, UST, Inc., Steven F. Goldstone, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, RJR Nabisco and Nicholas G. Brookes, Chairman, Brown & Williamson Tobacco Companies.

1998-04-08: SETTLEMENT: Tobacco Walks Away. "> RJR's Steven Goldstone declares settlement negotiations "dead," and vows to take tobacco's case to the public. UST, PM, B&W; follow.

1998-04-22: 39,000 super-secret documents are posted on the House Commerce committe web site

1998-04-27: 24th Report of the Surgeon General on Smoking and Health:Tobacco Use Among U.S. Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups

1998-05-02: LITIGATION: NEW YORK: A New York State Judge places The TOBACCO INSTITUTE and the COUNCIL FOR TOBACCO RESEARCH under temporary receivership, in response to a state suit charging the organizations abused their tax-exempt status under New York law, where they were incorporated, by acting as tobacco -funded "fronts" that serve "as propaganda arms of the industry."

1998-05-07: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA: Tobacco Trial's last day; 6 tobacco lawyers give closing arguments; Ciresi was due to argue the next day.

1998-05-08: LITIGATION: MINNESOTA: Tobacco makes $6.1B settlement with Minnesota and Blue Cross/Blue Shield. In addition to the monetary penalties, the state's tobacco settlement results in the strongest ban in the nation against marketing cigarettes to children, disclosure of millions of pages of secret tobacco documents, closure of the tobacco research and propaganda arm (the Council for Tobacco Research) and bans on tobacco branded merchandise and secret payments for using cigarettes in movies.

1998-05-27: LITIGATION: WYNN: Alabama Circuit Judge William Wynn, files suit seeking to revoke the charters of the nation's five major cigarette companies. Wynn called for the criminal enforcement of tobacco companies' misdemeanors, and upon finding that the companies have broken the law, that the state should revoke the companies' charters to do business in Alabama.

1998-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Growing up without tobacco

1998-06-10: LITIGATION: WIDDICK Trial: Largest damages in tobacco litigation history are awarded. Jury finds for Widdick, orders B&W; to pay almost $1 million. This is Norwood S. Wilner's 2nd win against B&W.;

1998-06-17: LEGISLATION: On a procedural vote, Republicans in the US Senate kill the McCain tobacco bill, meant to curb teen smoking.

1998-06-22: LITIGATION: CARTER OVERTURNED. Florida's 1st District Court of Appeal votes 3-0 to overturn the Carter decision, ruling it had been filed a week too late.

1998-07-17: LITIGATION: Federal Judge overturns 1993 EPA secondhand smoke report; vacates six chapters and the appendices. Judge William L. Osteen of the Middle District of North Carolina rules that the EPA violated the Radon Act requirements, chiefly by not having a tobacco-industry representative on an advisory committee during the report process. Here's the decision

1998-08: TRAVEL: RENAISSANCE CRUISES claims the distinction of launching the world's first smoke-free ship: the "R1," in which only crew may smoke--in a room off limits to passengers. It tours the Mediterranean.

1998-08-13: LITIGATION: WIDDICK: A Florida appeals court rules that the Widdick trial was held in the wrong county.

1998-08-14: LITIGATION: 4th Circuit Court of Appeals overturns the 4/25/97 Osteen ruling, throws out FDA regulations. Here's the decision

1998-10-19: LITIGATION: BROWN v. PHILIP MORRIS, et. al. filed. The national civil rights class action lawsuit on behalf of African American smokers of mentholated cigarette brands was filed in Federal District Court in Philadelphia, PA.

1998-11-16: SETTLEMENT: An agreement is announced between state attorneys general and tobacco companies to settle lawsuits.

1998-11-23: AG SETTLEMENT: Attorneys General of 46 states and 5 territories sign agreement with tobacco companies to settle lawsuits. Here is the Smokeless Tobacco Settlement Agreement (STMSA): http://ussmokelesstobacco.com/content.cfm?id=6 . Here is the STMSA from the AG's site: http://www.naag.org/redirect.php?ID=22392

1998-12-8: MASTER SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT between the industry and AGs. The MSA and its amendments are listed here: http://www.naag.org/issues/tobacco/index.php?sdpid=919

1998-12-18: Department of Transportation announces that all U.S.-Carrier flights now completely smoke-free. http://www.dot.gov/affairs/1998/dot22198.htm

1998-12-18: AGRICULTURE: Flue-cured tobacco gets an 18 percent quota cut, shocking industry analysts.

1999: BUSINESS: MARKET SHARE: The big 3--PM, BAT and JT--hold about 40 per cent of a total world market that experts estimate to be around 5.34 trillion

Philip Morris: 16.5 per cent of the world market share
British American Tobacco: 15 per cent.
Japan Tobacco: about 8.1 per cent.

1999: CONSUMPTION:

China annual cigarette volume: around 1.6 trillion cigarettes
US: around 415 billion sticks.
Japan: 327 billion
Russia: 257 billion
Germany: 140 billion
India: just under 100 billion.
Brazil: 97 billion

1999: CONSUMPTION: About 10 million Americans smoke cigars.

1999: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Cos. revenues top $78 billion; operating companies income is $15.2 billion.

1999: BUSINESS: Philip Morris Companies Inc. launches its corporate online presence at philipmorris.com.

1999: BUSINESS: Merger of Rothmans International with British American Tobacco - Richemont holds 23.3% effective interest in the enlarged British American Tobacco.

1999: BUSINESS: Brown & Williamson is the first tobacco company to appoint an executive in charge of corporate and youth responsibility, a program designed to aggressively pursue ways of discouraging youth smoking.

1999: JTI formed as operating division of JT Group. JTI is based in Switzerland; its brands include Mild Seven and international versions of former RJR brands Camel, Salem and Winston.

1999: North Carolina creates the Golden LEAF Foundation (Long-term Economic Advancement Foundation). It receives one half of the money coming to North Carolina from the tobacco master settlement agreement. Its mission: to improve the economic and social conditions of North Carolina's people, to promote the social welfare of North Carolinians "and to receive and distribute funds for economic impact assistance."

1999: UK: LITIGATION: A group action on behalf of 50 lung cancer sufferers is dismissed; judge rules that most of the claims were launched too long after the original diagnoses of the disease.

1999: SMOKEFREE: Maine bans smoking in restaurants.

1999-01: LITIGATION: BOLIVIA files suit against the tobacco industry in a Texas court.

1999-01: SETTLEMENTS: "Phase II" farmer payments established. The four largest U.S. cigarette-makers agree to establish a $5.15 billion trust fund to help compensate farmers and allotment holders for the expected drop in production resulting from the AG nationwide settlement

1999-01-21: AGRICULTURE: 4 major tobacco companies agree to set up a $5.15 billion trust fund for growers.

1999-01-27: LITIGATION: VENEZUELA files suit against the tobacco industry in a Miami court.

1999-02-04: AGRICULTURE: Tobacco companies agree to give growers $5.15 billion to compensate them for lost income because of the AG settlement.

1999-02-07: UK: Britain's royal family orders the removal of its seal of approval from Gallaher's Benson and Hedges cigarettes. The company is given till the year 2000 to remove the royal crest.

1999-02-09: LITIGATION: HENLEY V. PHILIP MORRIS: Patricia Henley wins $1.5 million from Philip Morris for medical costs, pain and suffering. This is the first California case to come to trial since the repeal of the "napkin deal."

1999-02-10: LITIGATION: HENLEY: CA: Patricia Henley wins $51.5 million in punitive damages.

1999-02-24: LITIGATION: WILLIAMS: OR: Opening arguments begin

1999-03-09: MSA: American Legacy Foundatiion established.

1999-03-09: BUSINESS: RJ Reynolds announces that it will sell its international tobacco unit to Japan Tobacco for $8 billion and split its US tobacco and food businesses.

1999-03-30: LITIGATION: WILLIAMS: JOANN WILLIAMS-BRANCH V. PHILIP MORRIS: Oregon jury returns $81 Million verdict against PM, giving Jesse Williams' family about $800,000 in compensatory damages and $79.5 million punitive damages. The award is later cut to $32M, then reinstated in June, 2002.

1999-04-26: LITIGATION: SCOTUS: The Supreme Court agrees to decide whether to give the Food and Drug Administration jurisdiction over tobacco. This is a Clinton administration appeal.

1999-05: WHO launches Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. World Health Organization member countries unanimously back a resolution calling for an international attempt to regulate tobacco use; a record-breaking 50 nations of 191 pledg financial and political support. WCTC is due to come into effect in 2003.

1999-05: BUSINESS: RJR Nabisco sells its international tobacco arm to Japan Tobacco for $7.8 billion; Japan Tobacco is not the world's third-largest tobacco group.

1999-05-10: LITIGATION: KARNEY VS. Philip Morris, et.al.: A jury in Memphis, TN, finds for the defense in a trial that consolidated the suits of 3 plaintiffs: Bobby Newcomb, James W. Karney and Florence Bruch (McDaniel). Jurors found RJR 30% responsible for Newcomb's lung cancer, and B&W; 20% responsible, but Tennessee law requires damages only if a company is found more than 50% responsible.

1999-05-13:LITIGATION: STEELE VS. BROWN & WILLIAMSON: A federal jury in Kansas City, Mo., finds the company was not at fault in the case of Charles Steele, a smoker who died of lung cancer in 1995.

1999-05-23: ENTERTAINMENT: RUPERT MURDOCH's Fox Network runs "Independence Day," the world's most expensive cigar commercial--and popular kid favorite--in prime time. Fox also produced the film (cigar product placement by Feature This).

1999-05-27: BUSINESS: PHILIP MORRIS board member Rupert Murdoch's Fox Entertainment Group announces that it will launch a new Web-cable property called The Health Network.

1999-05-31: World No-Tobacco Day. Slogan: Leave the pack behind

1999-06-15: BUSINESS: RJR NABISCO Split is completed. The stock of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc. begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "RJR." R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary of RJRHC.

1999-06: LITIGATION: 4th Circuit Court of Appeals hears appeal of Osteen EPA decision.

1999-06: LITIGATION: WILLIAMS: Oregon Appellate Court sends Jesse Williams case back to the original court and orders the jury to reenter the original award. Philip Morris says it will appeal to the Oregon Supreme Court.

1999-07-07: LITIGATION: : ENGLE jurors rule that smoking causes diseases such as lung cancer and that U.S. cigarette makers hid the dangers of their products from the public.

1999-09-22: LITIGATION: DOJ: US Justice Department sues the tobacco industry under the racketeering and health care recovery laws (1) a Medical Care Recovery Act claim, which allows the United States to recoup money it spent on treating Medicare or military patients injured by a third party, and 2) a civil RICO claim that accuses cigarette-makers of a "coordinated campaign of fraud and deceit.") In the same press release, the DOJ indicates its 5-year criminal investigation of the industry has been dropped.

1999-10: WHO's first Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Working Group meets.

1999-10-06: BUSINESS: Tabacalera and Seita announce plans to join forces. The new combined company will be known as Altadis.

1999-10-13: BUSINESS: Philip Morris launches website; for first time, acknowledges scientific consensus on smoking. "There is an overwhelming medical and scientific consensus that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema and other serious diseases in smokers,'' its website, http://www.philipmorris.com, states. ``there is no safe cigarette . . . cigarette smoking is addictive, as that term is most commonly used today.'' In 2003, William Ohlemeyer, noting the occasion, said the admission "meant we were becoming less literal in our view of the effects of tobacco."

1999-10-20: LITIGATION: ENGLE: 3rd District Court of Appeal clears the way for a lump-sum, punitive damage decision in the Penalty Phase.

1999-11: BUSINESS: Philip Morris begins $100 Million ad campaign touting its charitable contributions.

1999-11-12: LOBBYING: New York Lobbying Commission hits Philip Morris with the largest fine in commission history, $75,000; forbids PM's chief Albany representative Sharon Portnoy from lobbying in New York state for three years.

1999-12-01: LITIGATION: SCOTUS: Supreme Court hears FDA arguments.

1999-12-07: REGULATION: Defense Secretary William Cohen issues a policy letter granting a three-year grace period for all Morale, Welfare and Recreational facilities to comply with new no-smoking rules.

1999-12-08: LITIGATION: FRANCE: SEITA is found partly responsible for the death of smoker Richard Gourlain. This is the first time a tobacco company has been held responsible in a health liability case in France.

1999-12-10: BUSINESS: Altadis shares begin trading on Paris and Madrid exchanges.

1999-12-22: LITIGATION: CANADA: Canada sues 3 manufacturers over smuggling issues in a NY court (Attorney General of Canada v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Holdings Inc.).

Next Chapter: The New Millennium

NAVIGATION

Chapter 1: Discovery
Chapter 2: The Sixteenth Century--Sailors Spread the Seeds
Chapter 3: The Seventeenth Century--"The Great Age of the Pipe"
Chapter 4: The Eighteenth Century--Snuff Holds Sway
Chapter 5: The Nineteenth Century--The Age of the Cigar
Chapter 6: The Twentieth Century, 1900-1950--The Rise of the Cigarette
Chapter 7: The Twentieth Century, 1950-1999--The Battle is Joined
Chapter 8: The New Millennium
Notes

This document's URL is: http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History20-2.html

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