BAVARIA
See also : CITY OF MUNICH PALATINATE AT THE RHINE (RHEINPFALZ) GERMAN MEDIATIZED HOUSES ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN BAVARIA 1848 - 1945 PROTESTANT CHURCHES IN BAVARIA
KINGDOM OF BAVARIA
A tribal duchy of the Bajuvars emerged in the 6th century. It was integrated into the Kingdom of the Franks in 788 and later became one of the major states and an Electorate (1623 - 1777) of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1806 it became an independent Kingdom, which was successively a member of : - the Rhine Confederation 1806 - 1813 - the German Confederation 1815 - 1848 and 1849 - 1866 (1) - the German Empire 1848 - 1849 and since 1871 (2) At the end of the monarchy the Kingdom consisted of two non-adjacent territories separated from each other by territories of Baden and Hessen : - the Palatinate at the Rhine (Rheinpfalz), united with Bavaria in 1777 and fully integrated into the Bavarian state in 1803. - Bavaria right of the Rhine consisting of : - the ancient Bavarian lands - a large number of former "immediate" German states (the Abbeys of Berchtesgaden and Kempten, the Bishoprics of Würzburg and Bamberg, the Free Imperial Cities of Nürnberg and Kempten, the Principalities of Ansbach and Bayreuth, etc, etc) annexed to Bavaria between 1803 and 1815. (1) During the German War of 1866 parts of Northern Bavaria were briefly (Jul - Sep) occupied by Prussian forces. Commanders-in-Chief of the Prussian Main Army Oberbefehlshaber der preussischen Mainarmee (in charge of all operations in Southern Germany) 1866 InfGen. Ernst Eduard Vogel von Falckenstein 1797 - 1885 1866 CavGen. Karl Rochus Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel 1809 - 1885 Commander of the 2nd Prussian Reserve Army Corps Befehlshaber des Preussischen 2. Reserve-Armeecorps (in charge of the occupation forces in Bavaria) 1866 GenFieldMar. Friedrich Franz II. Grossherzog von Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1823 - 1883 Civil Commissioner (of the occupied Bavarian territories) Zivilkommissar 1866 ... The occupation ended after the signing of the Treaty of Berlin whereby Bavaria : - had to pay a war indemnity of 30 million guilders, - agreed to place its forces under Prussian command in wartime, - ceded to Prussia : - Gersfeld and Orb, parts of the Regierungsbezirk Unterfranken - Kaulsdorf (an exlave in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt) part of the Regierungsbezirk Oberfranken. (2) The adhesion of Bavaria to the German Empire was achieved after the signing of the so-called "November Treaties" (of 1870) whereby Bavaria was allowed to retain some special rights, the so-called Sonderrechte or Reservatrechte, including the right to retain its - military sovereignty in peacetime, - diplomatic missions in foreign countries (s.b.), - own postal and railway administration, - own taxes on alcoholic drinks and beer. __________________________________________________________________________________HEADS OF STATE
Kings Könige Full style (as at the end of the monarchy) : ... by the Grace of God King of Bavaria, Count Palatine at the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria, Franconia and in Swabia, etc ... von Gottes Gnaden König von Bayern, Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern, Franken und in Schwaben, usw House of Wittelsbach [the House of Wittelsbach ruled since 1180 - the Royal Line (actually : Line of the Pfalz - Sub-line of Simmern-Zweibrücken - Branch of Zweibrücken - Sub-branch of Birkenfeld) since 1799] 1825 - 1848 Ludwig I. (Karl Ludwig August), deposed 1786 - 1868 1848 - 1864 Maximilian II. (Maximilian Josef), son 1811 - 1864 1864 - 1886 Ludwig II. (Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm), son, declared unfit to rule 1845 - 1886 Regent for the insane King (by the Grace of God Royal Prince of Bavaria, Regent von Gottes Gnaden Königlicher Prinz von Bayern, Regent 1886 Prince Luitpold Karl Josef Wilhelm Ludwig, uncle of the King 1821 - 1912 1886 - 1913 Otto I. (Otto Wilhelm Luitpold Adelbrecht Waldemar), brother of King Ludwig II (s.a.), declared unfir to rule 1848 - 1916 Regents for the insane King (style s.a.) 1886 - 1912 Prince Luitpold Karl Josef Wilhelm Ludwig s.a. 1912 - 1913 Prince Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloysius Alfred, son 1845 - 1921 1913 - 1918 Ludwig III., before regent, deposed, left the country without abdicating s.a. __________________________________________________________________________________MINISTERS
Prime Ministers Heads of Government (de facto) 1847 - 1849 The Ministers of State of the Royal Household and of the Exterior s.b. Presidents of the Council of Ministers Vorsitzende im Ministerrat 1849 - 1859 Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr von der Pfordten 1811 - 1880 1859 - 1864 Karl Ignaz Freiherr von Schrenck von Notzing 1806 - 1884 1864 Max von Neumayr* 1810 - 1881 1864 - 1866 Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr von der Pfordten (2x) 1866 - 1870 Chlodwig Karl Viktor Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Fürst von Ratibor und Corvey 1819 - 1901 1870 - 1871 Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von Bray-Steinburg 1807 - 1899 1871 - 1872 Friedrich Adam Justus Freiherr von Hegnenberg-Dux 1810 - 1872 1872 - 1880 Adolph von Pfretzschner 1820 - 1901 1880 - 1890 Johann Freiherr (1884) von Lutz 1826 - 1890 1890 - 1903 Krafft Graf von Crailsheim 1841 - 1926 1903 - 1912 Clemens Freiherr (1911 : Graf) von Podewils-Dürnitz 1850 - 1922 1912 - 1917 Georg Friedrich Freiherr (1914 : Graf) von Hertling 1843 - 1919 1917 - 1918 Otto Ritter von Dandl 1868 - 1942 Ministers of Foreign Affairs Ministers of State of the Royal Household and of the Exterior Staatsminister des königlichen Hauses und des Äussern 1847 - 1848 Ludwig Kraft Ernst Fürst von Öttingen-Wallerstein, Herr von Oberwallbach, Unterwallbach und Eberstall, also head of the government 1791 - 1870 1848 Klemens August Graf von Waldkirch*, also head of the government 1806 - 1858 1848 - 1849 Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von Bray-Steinburg, also head of the government s.a. 1849 - 1880 The Presidents of the Council of Ministers s.a. 1880 - 1903 Krafft Graf von Crailsheim, also President of the Council of Ministers since 1890 s.a. 1903 - 1918 The Presidents of the Council of Ministers s.a. Ministers of Defence Ministers of War Kriegsminister 1847 - 1848 LtGen. Leonhard Freiherr von Hohenhausen* 1788 - 1872 1848 MajGen. Heinrich von der Mark* 1782 - 1865 1848 MajGen. Carl Weishaupt 1787 - 1853 1848 - 1849 LtGen. Georg Wilhelm von Le Suire 1787 - 1852 1849 - 1855 MajGen. Ludwig von Lüder 1795 - 1862 1855 - 1859 MajGen. Georg Wilhelm von Manz 1804 - 1867 1859 - 1861 LtGen. Ludwig von Lüder (2x) 1861 MajGen. Moritz von Spies 1805 - 1862 1861 - 1862 LtGen. Hugo Ritter von Bosch* 1782 - 1865 1862 MajGen. Bernhard von Hess 1792 - 1869 1862 MajGen. Moritz von Spies (2x) 1862 - 1863 MajGen. Bernhard von Hess* (2x) 1863 Philipp Karl Friedrich von Liel 1799 - 1863 1863 LtGen. Hugo Ritter von Bosch* (2x) 1863 MajGen. Bernhard von Hess* (3x) 1863 - 1866 MajGen. Eduard von Lutz 1810 - 1893 1866 MajGen. Eduard Freiherr von Rotberg* 1799 - 1884 1866 - 1875 LtGen. Sigmund Freiherr von Pranckh 1821 - 1888 1875 - 1885 InfGen. Joseph Maximilian Fridolin von Maillinger 1820 - 1901 1885 - 1890 InfGen. Adolph von Heinleth 1823 - 1895 1890 - 1893 LtGen. Benignus von Safferling 1825 - 1899 1893 - 1905 LtGen. Adolph Freiherr von Asch zu Asch auf Oberndorff 1839 - 1906 1905 - 1912 ColGen. Carl Graf von Horn 1847 - 1923 1912 - 1916 ColGen. Otto Freiherr von Kress von Kressenstein 1850 - 1929 1916 LtGen. Max Freiherr von Speiddel* 1856 - 1943 1916 - 1918 CavGen. Philipp von Hellingrath 1862 - 1939 Ministers of the Interior Ministers of State of the Interior Staatsminister des Innern 1847 - 1848 Franz von Berks* 1792 - 1873 1848 Gottlieb Carl Freiherr von Thon-Dittmer 1802 - 1853 1848 Gustav Freiherr von Lerchenfeld 1806 - 1866 1848 Moritz von Weigand* 178. - 18.. 1848 - 1849 Hermann von Beisler 1790 - 1859 1849 Georg Friedrich von Forster* 1775 - 1857 1849 - 1852 Theodor von Zwehl 1800 - 1875 1852 - 1859 August Lothar Graf von Reigersberg 1815 - 1888 1859 - 1865 Max von Neumayer s.a. 1865 - 1866 Nikolaus Ritter von Koch* 1807 - 1866 1866 Johann Georg Carl von Vogel* 1866 - 1868 Johann Wilhelm Freiherr von Pechmann 1809 - 1868 1868 - 1869 Winfried Hörmann von Hörbach 1821 - 1896 1869 - 1871 Paul von Braun 1820 - 1892 1871 - 1881 Sigmund Heinrich von Pfeufer 1834 - 1891 1881 - 1907 Maximilian "Max" Freiherr von Freilitzsch 1834 - 1913 1907 - 1912 Maximilian "Max" Friedrich Ritter von Brettreich 1858 - 1938 1912 - 1916 Maximilian Graf von Soden-Fraunhofen 1844 - 1922 1916 - 1918 Maximilian "Max" Friedrich Ritter von Brettreich (2x) Ministers of State of the Interior for Church and School Affairs Staatsminister des Innern für Kirchen- und Schulangelegenheiten 1847 - 1848 Ludwig Kraft Ernst Fürst von Öttingen-Wallerstein, Herr von Oberwallbach, Unterwallbach und Eberstall s.a. 1848 Hermann von Beisler* s.a. 1848 - 1849 none. (Ministry abolished) 1849 - 1852 Friedrich von Ringelmann 1803 - 1870 1852 - 1864 Theodor von Zwehl s.a. 1864 - 1866 Nikolaus Ritter von Koch s.a. 1866 - 1869 Franz von Gresser 1807 - 1869 - 1890 Johann Freiherr (1884) von Lutz s.a. 1890 - 1895 Ludwig August von Müller 1846 - 1895 1895 - 1902 Robert August Ritter von Landmann 1845 - 1926 1902 - 1903 Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürnitz s.a. 1903 - 1912 Anton Ritter von Wehner 1850 - 1915 1912 - 1918 Eugen Ritter von Knilling 1865 - 1927 Ministers of Justice Ministers of State of Justice Staatsminister der Justiz 1847 - 1848 Hermann von Beisler* s.a. 1848 - 1849 Carl Friedrich von Heintz 1802 - 1868 1849 - 1854 Karl Joseph von Kleinschrod 1797 - 1866 1854 Joseph von Aschenbrenner* 1798 - 1858 1854 - 1859 Friedrich von Ringelmann s.a. 1859 - 1864 Karl Christoph Freiherr von Mulzer 1805 - 1875 1864 - 1867 Eduard von Bomhard 1809 - 1886 1867 Anton von Fischer* 1792 - 1877 1867 - 1871 Johann von Lutz s.a. 1871 - 1887 Johann Nepomuk von Fäustle 1828 - 1887 1887 - 1902 Leopold Freiherr von Leonrod 1829 - 1905 1902 - 1912 Ferdinand von Miltner 1856 - 1920 1912 - 1918 Heinrich von Thelemann 1851 - 1923 Ministers of Finances Ministers of State of Finances Staatsminister der Finanzen 1847 - 1848 Karl Friedrich von Heres* 1848 Gustav Freiherr von Lerchenfeld s.a. 1848 - 1849 Moritz von Weigand s.a. 1849 - 1858 Joseph von Aschenbrenner s.a. 1858 - 1859 Anton von Fischer* s.a. 1859 - 1866 Benno Heinrich von Pfeurer 1804 - 1871 1866 - 1872 Adolph von Pfretschner s.a. 1872 - 1877 Georg von Berr 1830 - 1919 1877 - 1904 Emil von Riedel 1832 - 1906 1904 - 1912 Hermann Ritter von Pfaff 1846 - 1933 1912 - 1918 Georg von Breunig 1855 - 1933 Ministers in charge of Economic Affairs Minister of State of Commerce and Public Works Staatsminister des Handels und des öffentliche Arbeiten 1848 - 1849 Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von Bray-Steinburg s.a. 1849 - 1859 Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr von der Pfordten s.a. 1859 - 1864 Karl Ignaz Freiherr von Schrenck von Notzing s.a. 1864 - 1865 Benno Heinrich von Pfeurer* s.a. 1865 - 1866 Adolph von Pfretzschner s.a. 1866 - 1871 Gustav von Schlör 1820 - 1883 1871 : Ministry abolished. Tasks transferred to the Ministry of the Interior and later (1904) to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ministers of State for Traffic Affairs Staatsminister für Verkehrsangelegenheiten 1903 : The Direction of Railways was detached from Foreign Affairs to become the new department of Traffic Affairs. 1904 - 1912 Hermann Ritter von Frauendorfer 1855 - 1921 1912 - 1918 Lorenz Ritter von Seidlein 1856 - 1935 __________________________________________________________________________________MILITARY LEADERS
Quartermasters General Generalquartiermeister 1847 - 1848 Majgen. Wilhelm Freiherr von Jeetze 1785 - 1852 1848 - 1853 LtGen. Anton von der Mark 1796 - 1869 1853 - 1856 MajGen. Philipp Freiherr von Brand zu Neidstein 1796 - 1870 1856 - 1866 LtGen. Anton von der Mark (2x) 1866 MajGen. Hermann von Schintling 1816 - 1870 1866 - 1878 LtGen. Max Graf von Bothmer (*1866 - 1867) 1816 - 1878 1878 ...* Chiefs of the General Staff of the Army Chefs des Generalstabes der Armee 1878 - 1881 MajGen. Adolph von Heinleth 1823 - 1896 1881 - 1883 InfGen. Hugo Ritter von Diehl 1821 - 1883 1883 ...* 1883 - 1888 LtGen. Maximilian Graf von Verri della Bosia 1824 - 1909 1888 - 1893 LtGen. Wilhelm von Staudt 1825 - 1917 1893 - 1895 LtGen. Karl Ritter von Hoffmann 1832 - 1903 1895 - 1896 LtGen. Maximilian Ritter von Giehrl 1840 - 1896 1896 ...* 1896 - 1901 LtGen. Karl Ritter von Lobenhoffer 1843 - 1901 1901 ...* 1901 - 1905 LtGen. Ernst Freiherr von Barth zu Harmating 1849 - 1934 1905 ...* 1905 - 1907 LtGen. Karl Ritter von Endres 1847 - 1907 1907 ...* 1907 - 1908 LtGen. Karl von Fasbender 1852 - 1933 1908 ...* 1908¨- 1912 LtGen. Oskar Ritter von Xylander 1856 - 1940 1912 ...* 1912- 1914 MajGen. Konrad Krafft von Dellmensingen 1862 - 1953 1914 - 1918 none. (the commanders of the various field forces under the direct authority of the central military authorities) __________________________________________________________________________________DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES
After the signing of the "November Treaties" of 1870 Bavaria continued to have the right to maintain missions in foreign countries. Its envoys were then however only concerned with cultural, economical and dynastic affairs (like the arrangements of weddings with members of foreign houses) concerning only Bavaria. (Only to the other German Kingdoms and to some major powers) AUSTRIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1847 - 1849 Friedrich Graf von Luxburg 1783 - 1856 1849 - 1859 Maximilian "Max" Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld auf Köfering 1799 - 1859 1860 - 1870 Otto Camillus Graf von Bray-Steinburg s.a. 1870 - 1871 Karl Ignaz Freiherr von Schrenck von Notzing s.a. 1871 - 1896 Otto Camillus Graf von Bray-Steinburg (2x) 1896 - 1902 Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürnitz s.a. 1903 - 1918 Heinrich Freiherr Tucher von Simmelsdorf 1853 - 1925 FRANCE Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1847 - 1850 none Chargé d'Affaires Geschäftsführer 1847 - 1850 August Wendland 1806 - 1884 1850 - 1866 August (1853 : Freiherr von) Wendland s.a. 1866 - 1868 Maximilian Freiherr von Pergler von Perglas 1817 - 1893 1868 - 1871 Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Quadt zu Wykradt und Isny 1818 - 1892 Chargés d'Affaires Geschäftsführer 1871 - 1877 Gideon Ritter von Rudhart 1833 - 1898 1877 - 1889 Johann Evangelinus Ritter von Reithen 1831 - 1916 1889 - 1896 Heinrich Freiherr Tucher von Simmelsdorf s.a. 1896 - 1903 Rudolph Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen 1855 - 1942 1903 Georg Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg 1858 - 1935 1903 - 1906 Karl Graf von Moy de Sons 1863 - 1932 1906 - 1909 Friedrich Graf zu Ortenburg und Tambach 1871 - 1940 1909 - 1914 Lothar Freiherr von Ritter zu Groenesteyn 1868 - 1945 1914 : Relations broken off. Mission not re-established after the end of the war. GERMANY (Central authorities) GERMAN CONFEDERATION Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary (Federal Assembly at Frankfurt) Ausserordentlicher Gesandter und bevollmächtigter Minister (Bundesversammlung in Frankfurt) 1847 - 1848 Carl Ritter von Gasser 1783 - 1853 GERMAN EMPIRE Plenipotentiary to the Provisional German Central Authorities (Frankfurt) Bevollmächtigte bei der provisorischen deutschen Zentralgewalt 1848 - 1849 Karl Freiherr von Closen 1786 - 1856 represented by : 1848 - 1849 Joseph Ritter und Edler von Xylander 1794 - 1854 GERMAN CONFEDERATION Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary (Federal Assembly at Frankfurt) Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister (Bundesversammlung in Frankfurt) 1850 - 1851 Joseph Ritter und Edler von Xylander s.a. 1851 - 1859 Karl Ignaz Freiherr von Schrenk von Notzing s.a. 1859 - 1864 Karl Ludwig Heinrich Freiherr von der Pfordten s.a. 1864 - 1866 Karl Ignaz Freiherr von Schrenk von Notzing (2x) GERMAN EMPIRE Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister (also accredited to Prussia) 1871 - 1877 Maximilian Freiherr von Pergler von Perglas s.a. 1877 - 1880 Gideon Ritter von Rudhart s.a. 1880 - 1918 Hugo Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld auf Köfering 1843 - 1925 GREAT BRITAIN Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1825 - 1867 August Freiherr von Cetto (2x) 1794 - 1879 1868 - 1871 Ferdinand Graf von Hompesch-Bolheim 1824 - 1913 1871 : Mission closed after the founding of the German Empire. HANNOVER Chargé d'Affaires Geschäftsführer 1847 - 1851 Ludwig de Garnerin Graf de Montgelas 1814 - 1892 Ministers Resident Ministerresidenten 1851 - 1854 Ludwig de Garnerin Graf de Montgelas s.a. 1854 - 1860 Maximilian Freiherr von Pergler von Perglas s.a. 1860 - 1864 Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Quadt zu Wykradt und Isny s.a. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Ausserordentlicher Gesandter und bevollmächtigter Minister 1864 - 1866 Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Quadt zu Wykradt und Isny s.a. 1866 : End of Hannoverian independence. ITALY Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1865 - 1868 Ferdinand Graf von Hompesch-Bolheim s.a. 1868 - 1870 Ludwig Graf von Paumgarten-Frauenstein 1821 - 1883 1870 - 1872 Wilhelm Ritter von Dönniges 1814 - 1872 1872 - 1880 Alfred Ludwig Freiherr von Bibra 1827 - 1880 1880 - 1885 Rudolf Freiherr von Tautphöus 1838 - 1885 1886 - 1887 Karl Graf von Moy de Sons 1827 - 1894 1887 - 1896 Clemens Freiherr von Podewils-Dürnitz s.a. 1896 - 1903 Heinrich Freiherr Tucher von Simmelsdorf s.a. 1903 - 1915 Rudolph Freiherr von und zu der Tann- Rathsamhausen s.a. 1915 : Relations broken off. Mission not re-established after the end of the war. PRUSSIA and the CONFEDERATION OF NORTHERN GERMANY Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1839 - 1849 Maximilian "Max" Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld auf Köfering s.a. 1849 - 1854 Konrad Freiherr von Malsen 1792 - 1867 1854 - 1858 Ludwig de Garnerin Graf von Montgelas s.a. 1858 - 1860 Otto Camillus Hugo Graf von Bray-Steinburg s.a. 1860 - 1867 Ludwig de Garnerin Graf von Montgelas (2x) 1868 - 1877 Maximilian Freiherr von Pergler von Perglas, envoy to Prussia and to the Confederation of Northern Germany until 1871, first envoy to the German Empire thereafter s.a. 1877 - 1918 The Envoys to the German Empire s.a. RUSSIA Chargés d'Affaires Geschäftsführer 1843 - 1848 Otto Camillus Graf von Bray-Steinburg s.a. 1848 - 1849 Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Quadt zu Wykradt und Isny* s.a. 1849 - 1858 Otto Camillus Graf von Bray-Steinburg (2x) 1858 - 1860 Ludwig de Garnerin Graf von Montgelas s.a. 1860 - 1866 Maximilian Freiherr von Pergler von Perglas s.a. 1867 - 1869 Karl Graf von Tauffkirchen-Guttenberg 1826 - 1895 1870 - 1877 Friedrich Freiherr Truchsees von Wetzhausen 1825 - 1894 1877 - 1880 Friedrich Graf Fugger von Kirchberg und Weissenhorn, acting for Truchsees 1876 - 1877 1825 - 1896 1880 Rudolf Freiherr von Tautphoeus s.a. Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1880 - 1883 Gideon Ritter von Rudhart s.a. 1883 - 1903 Rudolf Freiherr von Gasser 1829 - 1904 1903 - 1906 Georg Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg s.a. 1906 - 1909 Karl Graf von Moy de Sons s.a. 1909 - 1914 Ernst Freiherr von Grunelius 1864 - 1943 1914 : Relations broken off. Mission not re-established after the end of the war. SAXONY Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1847 - 1868 Maximilian Freiherr von Gise 1817 - 1890 1868 - 1869 August Lothar Graf von Reigersberg s.a. 1870 - 1874 Ludwig Graf von Paumgarten-Frauenstein s.a. 1874 - 1883 Rudolf Freiherr von Gasser s.a. 1883 - 1887 Gideon Ritter von Rudhart s.a. 1887 - 1903 Friedrich Freiherr von Niethammer 1831 - 1911 1903 - 1916 Eduard de Garnerin Graf von Montgelas 1854 - 1916 1916 - 1918 Ernst Freiherr von Grunelius s.a. WÜRTTEMBERG Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1841 - 1849 Konrad Adolf Freiherr von Malsen s.a. 1849 - 1959 Max Ritter von Neumayr 1810 - 1881 1859 - 1868 August Lothar Graf von Reigersberg s.a. 1868 - 1874 Rudolf Freiherr von Gasser s.a. 1874 - 1895 Karl Graf von Tauffkirchen-Guttenberg s.a. 1895 - 1907 Kurt Freiherr von der Pfordten 1847 - 1907 1907 - 1909 Otto Freiherr von Ritter zu Groensteyn s.a. 1909 - 1918 Karl Graf von Moy de Sons s.a.
FREE STATE OF BAVARIA
The formative years of the Free State of Bavaria 1918 - 1920 1918 Nov 07 : 1st Revolution : formation of a Central Worker's, Soldier's and Peasant's Council (Chairman : Franz Schmitt) The council proclaimed the end of the monarchy and formed a provisional government of the People's State of Bavaria [Chairman : Kurt Eisner (1867 - 1919) on Nov 08. (1) Nov : Following the German defeat part of Bavaria (the Palatinate of the Rhine/ Rheinpfalz) was occupied until 1930 by allied (French) forces. (For more see Germany and RheinPfalz - both to be added) 1919 Feb 22 : 2nd Revolution : After the assassination of Eisner (Feb 21) the Worker's, Soldier's and Peasant's Council transferred all power to a Central Council [Zentralrat, Chairman : Ernst Karl August Niekisch (1889 - 1967)] Apr 07 : 3rd Revolution : The Central Council proclaimed the Conciliar Republic of Bavaria, which for a month controlled parts of the country. The legal government of Hoffmann fled to Bamberg in Northern Bavaria. May 01 : End of the Conciliar Republic : the unity of the country was restored. Aug 14 : The new imperial constitution came into effect : the Bavarian Sonderrechte (s.a.) were abolished. Sep 15 : The constitution of the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern) came into effect. 1920 Mar 14 : Although both the civilian and military authorities of Bavaria remained loyal to the legal German government during the righist "Kapp-Putsch" in Berlin, the regional military commander, InfGen. Arnold Ritter von Möhl (1867 - 1944) forced the leftist government of Hoffmann (s.b.) to resign in favour of a rightist government headed by Gustav Ritter von Kahr (1862 - 1934) Jul 01 : The Free State of Coburg merged with Bavaria (the Landkreis and the Stadtkreis of Coburg within the Regierungsbezirk Oberfranken) (1) Heads of the Bavarian Royal House after 1918 1918 - 1921 former King Ludwig III. s.a. 1921 - 1955 Rupprecht Maria Luitpold Ferdinand, Königlicher Prinz von Bayern, Herzog von Bayern, son 1869 - 1955 __________________________________________________________________________________MINISTERS
The governments of Feb - Mar 1919 After the assassination of Eisner (Feb 21) some members of his government resigned, while others continued in office as acting ministers. On Mar 01 the Central Council appointed a new government headed by Martin Segitz (1853 - 1927) which was however not recognized by the provisional assembly (National Council/Nationalrat) and did not really function (and is therefore omitted from most lists). On Mar 17 the National Council appointed the government headed by Johannes Hoffmann (1867 - 1930), who is generally seen as the successor of Eisner. S = a member of the Segitz government Minister Presidents - Minister of State of the Exterior Ministerpräsidenten - Staatsminister des Äussern 1918 - 1919 Kurt Eisner, assassinated s.a. 1919 Martin Segitz (S) s.a. 1919 - 1920 Johannes Hoffmann, only in part of the country in Apr 1919, deposed s.a. 1920 - 1921 Gustav Ritter von Kahr s.a. 1921 - 1922 Hugo Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld auf Köfering und Schönburg 1871 - 1944 1922 - 1924 Eugen Ritter von Knilling (2) 1865 - 1927 1924 - 1933 Heinrich Held (* since 1930) 1868 - 1938 Ministers of Defence Ministers of State for Military Affairs Staatsminister für militärische Angelegenheiten 1918 - 1919 Albert Rosshaupter, resigned after the assassination of Eisner 1878 - 1949 1919 ... Scheid (S) 1919 Ernst Schneppenhorst 1881 - 1945 1919 : Ministy abolished after Bavaria had given up its military Reservatrechte. Ministers of the Interior and of Justice Ministers of State of the Interior Staatsminister des Innern 1918 - 1919 Erhard Auer, resigned after the assassination of Eisner 1874 - 1945 1919 Martin Segitz (S) s.a. 1919 Martin Segitz s.a. 1919 - 1920 Fritz Endres 1877 - 1963 1920 - 1921 Gustav Ritter von Kahr s.a. 1921 - 1924 Franz Schweyer 1868 - 1935 1924 - 1933 Karl Stützel (* since 1930) 1872 - 1944 Ministers of State of Justice Staatsminister der Justiz 1918 - 1919 Johann Friedrich Heinrich Timm, resigned after the assassination of Eisner 1866 - 1945 1919 Fritz Endres (S) s.a. 1919 Fritz Endres s.a. 1919 - 1920 Ernst Müller-Meiningen 1866 - 1944 1920 - 1921 Christian Roth 1873 - 1934 1921 - 1922 Hugo Graf von und zu Lerchenfeld auf Köfering und Schönburg s.a. 1922 - 1932 Franz Grütner (* since 1930) 1881 - 1941 1932 - 1933 Heinrich Spangenberger* 1870 - 1942 Ministers of Finances, Economic and Social Affairs Ministers of State of Finances Staatsminister der Finanzen 1918 - 1919 Edgar Jaffé, continued as acting minister after the assassination of Eisner 1865 - 1921 1919 Edgar Jaffé (S) s.a. 1919 Paul von Merkel* 1864 - 1949 1919 Karl Neumaier 1873 - 1947 1919 August Sigmund Karl Ulrich fFreiherr Haller von Hallerstein* 1861 - 1936 1919 - 1920 Karl Friedrich Speck 1862 - 1942 1920 Karl Gustav Kofler 1866 - 1924 1920 - 1927 Wilhelm Krausneck 1875 - 1927 1927 - 1930 Hans Schmelzle 1874 - 1955 1930 - 1931 Karl von Deybeck* 1866 - 1944 1931 - 1933 Fritz Schäffer* 1888 - 1967 Ministers of State for Commerce, Industry and Trade Staatsminister für Handel, Industrie und Gewerbe 1919 : Office of Commerce and Industry detached from the Ministry of the Exterior to form the new department of Commerce, Industry and Trade. 1919 Josef Simon (S) 1865 - 1949 1919 Josef Simon s.a. 1919 Martin Segitz s.a. 1919 - 1922 Eduard Hamm 1878 - 1944 1922 - 1927 Wilhelm von Meinel 1865 - 1927 1927 - 1932 Heinrich Held (* since 1930) s.a. Ministers of State for Agriculture Staatsminister für Landwirtschaft 1919 : Office for Agriculture detached from the Ministry of the Interior to from the new department of Agriculture. 1928 : the Ministry took over part of the responsabilities of the defunct Ministry of Social Assistance and became the Ministry for Agriculture and Labour (Landwirtschaft und Arbeit = LA) 1919 Theodor Dirr (S) 1857 - 1931 1919 Martin Steiner 1864 - 1950 1919 - 1920 Karl Freiherr von Freyberg-Jetzendorf 1866 - 1940 1920 - 1923 Johannes Wutzlhofer 1871 - 1939 1923 - 1924 Karl Lang* 1924 - 1930 Anton Fehr (LA since 1928) 1881 - 1954 1930 - 1932 Heinrich Held* (LA) s.a. 1932 : Ministries of Agriculture and Labour and of Commerce, Industry and Trade merged into the new Ministry for Economy. Minister of State for Economy Staatsminister für Wirtschaft 1932 - 1933 Heinrich Held* s.a. Minister of State for Traffic Affairs Staatsminister für Verkehrsangelegenheiten 1918 - 1920 Heinrich Ritter von Frauendorfer, continued in office as acting minister after the assassination of Eisner, also minister of traffic in the Segitz government, confirmed as minister under Hoffmann (2x) 1855 - 1921 1920 : Ministry abolished after the central government toke over the administration of the Bavarian railways. Ministers of State for Social Welfare Staatsminister für soziale Fürsorge 1918 - 1919 Hans Unterleitner, continued in office as acting minister after the assassignation of Eisner, also Minister of social welfare in the Segitz government 1890 - 1971 1919 Hans Gasteiger* 1919 - 1920 Martin Segitz s.a. 1920 - 1928 Heinrich Oswald 1866 - 1929 1928 : Ministry abolished. Part of its tasks taken over by the Ministry of Agriculture. Ministers in charge of Cultural Affairs Ministers of State for Education and Cult Staatsminister für Unterricht und Kultus 1918 - 1920 Johannes Hoffmann, continued in office after the assasination of Eisner s.a. 1919 Ernst Karl August Niekisch (S) s.a. 1920 - 1926 Franz Matt 1860 - 1929 1926 - 1933 Franz Xaver Goldenberger (*1930 - 1933) 1867 - 1948 Commissioners of State (Coordinated the economic activities, before the creation of the actual "economic ministries" in 1919) Commissioner of State for Economical Demobilization Staatskommissar für wirtschaftliche Demobilmachung 1918 - 1919 Martin Segitz s.a. Commissioner of State for Commerce and Trade Staatskommissar für Handel und Gewerbe 1918 - 1919 Lujo Brentano 1844 - 1931 (2) Bavaria in Sep - Nov 1923 Sep 26 : In order to stop the growing unrest caused by the fear for leftist agitation, by the increasing inflation, by the popular opposition to the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, etc, the Bavarian government appointed former prime minister Gustav Ritter von Kahr (s.a.) General Commissioner of State (Generalstaatskommissar) with nearly dictatorial powers. Sep 27 : Considering this action unconstitutional and fearing that it was the prelude of a rightist Bavarian coup, the Central government proclaimed a state of emergency in the whole country and entrusted all executive power in Bavaria to the regional military commander LtGen. Otto von Lossow (1863 - 1938). Oct 23 : After having been dismissed by the central government for refusing to act against the rightist NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche ArbeiterPartei), von Lossow rallied to von Kahr and was appointed commander of the Bavarian forces "until the re-establishment of normal relations between Bavaria and the Empire" Together with Hans Ritter von Seisser (1874 - 1973), the chief of the Münchner police, von Kahr and von Lossow formed a triumvirate, planning a "March on Berlin" to depose the government and restore "law and order" in the whole country. Nov 08 : Disappointed by the hesitations of von Kahr to start his "March on Berlin, the leader of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler (1889 - 1945) toke the initiative of starting his own "National Revolution", the so-called Hitler or Beer Hall Putsch. In the course of the night he : - emprisoned von Kahr, von Lossow and von Seisser as well as most members of the Bavarian government of von Knilling (s.a.) - declared the central German government deposed and forced von Lossow and von Seisser to become members of his own Provisional National Government. (see Germany for more) - declared the Bavarian government of von Knilling deposed and appointed : - Gustav Ritter von Kahr "Landesverweser und Statthalter" (Regent) until a possible restoration of the monarchy. - Ernst Pöhner (1870 - 1925) Minister President of Bavaria. Nov 09 : Having taken refuge in Regensburg, the escaped members of the legal Bavarian government - now headed by Franz Matt (s.a.) the Minister of Education and Cult - called for resistance against the "Prussians". Having escaped, von Kahr, von Lossow and von Seisser organized the military suppresion of the revolt. After these events Bavaria remained under Martial Law until 1924 with von Kahr as General Commissioner of State (until Feb 18) and von Lossow as military commander (until Mar 20) __________________________________________________________________________________MILITARY LEADER
Divisional Head of the Central Office of the General Staff - 1919 : Leader of the Liquidation Office of the Central Office of the General Staff Abteilungschef der Zentralstelle des Generalstabes - 1919 : Leiter der Abwickelungsstelle der Zentralstelle des Generalstabes 1918 - 1920 LtCol. Hermann Ritter von Lenz 1872 - 1959 1920 : General Staff abolished after Bavaria had given up its military Sonderrechte __________________________________________________________________________________DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES
Only the missions to Austria-Hungary and to Switzerland (both until 1920), to the Holy See (until 1934) and to the former German kingdoms survived the fall of the Monarchy and the abolition of the Sonderrechte. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1918 - 1919 Heinrich Freiherr Tucher von Simmelsdorf s.a. 1919 Friedrich Ackermann 1876 - 1949 1919 - 1920 none 1920 : Mission closed GERMAN EMPIRE and PRUSSIA Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1918 - 1919 Hugo Graf von und zu Lechenfeld auf Köfering 1843 - 1925 1919 Friedrich Muckle 1883 - 1919 - 1932 Konrad Ritter von Preger, also accredited to Sachsen 1919 - 1923 and since 1925 1867 - 1933 1932 - 1933 Franz Sperr 1878 - 1945 SAXONY Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1918 - 1919 Ernst Freiherr von Grunelius s.a. 1919 - 1923 The Envoys to the German Empire and Prussia s.a. 1923 - 1925 none. (no diplomatic relations) 1925 - 1932 The Envoys to the German Empire and Prussia s.a. 1932 : Mission closed WÜRTTEMBERG Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary Ausserordentliche Gesandte und bevollmächtigte Minister 1918 - 1920 Karl Graf von Moy de Sons s.a. 1920 - 1933 Emil Tischer 1873 - 1938 1933 : Mission closed
BAVARIA 1933 - 1945
After the formation of a NSDAP German central government in 1933, Bavaria lost its selfgovernment and was degraded to a merely territorial and administrative division. __________________________________________________________________________________REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GERMAN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Reichskommissar 1933 LtGen. Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp (1) 1868 - 1946 Reichsstatthalter 1933 - 1945 InfGen. (1935) Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp s.a. (1) At this moment the government Held still was in office and von Epp headed a "parallel" administration of Commissioners of State (Staatskommissare) : - for Foreign Affairs : Hermann Esser 1900 - 1981 - for the Interior : SA-Obergruppenf. Adolf Wagner 1890 - 1944 - for Justice : Hans Michael Frank 1900 - 1946 - for Finances : Ludwig Siebert 1874 - 1942 - for Agriculture : Georg Luber - for the Sturmabteilung (SA - Party Militia) : SA-Stabschef Ernst Röhm 1887 - 1934 __________________________________________________________________________________MINISTERS
(all NSDAP) Prime Ministers, Ministers of the Interior and of Justice Minister Presidents Ministerpräsidenten 1933 LtGen. Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp, also (last) Minister of State of Foreign Affairs s.a. 1933 - 1942 Ludwig Siebert s.a. 1942 - 1945 SA-Obergruppenf. Paul Giesler 1895 - 1945 Ministers of State of the Interior Staatsminister des Innern 1933 - 1944 SA-Obergruppenf. Adolf Wagner s.a. 1944 - 1945 SA-Obergruppenf. Paul Giesler s.a. Minister of State of Justice Staatsminister der Justiz 1933 - 1934 Hans Michael Frank s.a. 1934 : Ministry abolished. Tasks taken over by the Imperial Ministry of Justice. Ministers of Finances, Economy and Cultural Affairs Minister of State of Finances Staatsminister der Finanzen 1933 - 1942 Ludwig Siebert s.a. 1942 - 1945 SA-Obergruppenf. Paul Giesler* s.a. Ministers of State for Economy Staatsminister für Wirtschaft 1933 Eugen Graf von Quadt zu Wykradt und Isny 1887 - 1940 1933 Hans Dauser* 1877 - 1933 - 1934 Ludwig Siebert s.a. 1934 - 1935 Hermann Esser s.a. 1935 - 1936 Hans Dauser* (2x) 1936 - 1943 Ludwig Siebert*(2x) 1943 - 1945 SA-Obergruppenf. Paul Giesler (* since 1944) s.a. Ministers of State of Education and Cult Staatsminister für Unterricht und Kultus 1933 - 1935 Hans Schemm 1891 - 1935 1935 - 1936 Ernst Boepple* 1887 - 1949 1936 - 1944 SA-Obergruppenf. Adolf Wagner (*1936 - 1942) s.a. 1944 - 1945 SA-Obergruppenf. Paul Giesler* s.a. Commissioners of State Staatskommissare 1933 - 1935 -Georg Luber, Commissioner of State for Agriculture (until dec 1933) s.a. -SA-Stabschef Ernst Röhm, Commissioner of State for the SA (until jun 1934) s.a. -Hermann Esser, Commissioner of State for Foreign Affairs s.a. __________________________________________________________________________________PARTY LEADERS
GAULEITERS OF THE NSDAP Gau Leader of the Gau Bayreuth Gauleiter der Gaues Bayreuth The NSDAP Gau Bayreuth - named Bayerische Ostmark until 1942 - was formed in 1933 by the merger of the pre-existing Gaue of Niederbayern, Oberfranken and Oberpfalz. Since 1939 the Gau also comprized the party organizations in the southwestern part of the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia. 1933 - 1935 Hans Schemm s.a. 1935 Ludwig Ruckdeschel* 1907 - 1935 - 1945 SS-Obergruppenf. Fritz Wächtler 1891 - 1945 Gau Leader of the Gau Franken Gauleiter des Gaues Franken 1929 - 1940 SA-Obergruppenf. Julius Streicher 1885 - 1946 1940 - 1941 Hans Zimmermann 1906 - 1984 1942 - 1945 SA-Obergruppenf. Karl Holz* 1895 - 1945 Gau Leader of the Gau Mainfranken Gauleiter des Gaues Mainfranken Mainfranken was named Unterfranken until 1935. 1928 - 1945 Otto Hellmuth 1896 - 1968 Gau Leader of the Gau München-Oberbayern Gauleiter des Gaues München-Oberbayern 1933 - 1944 SA-Obergruppenf. Adolf Wagner s.a. 1944 - 1945 SA-Obergruppenf. Paul Giesler s.a. Gau Leader of the Gau Rheinpfalz Gauleiter des Gaues Rheinpfalz 1926 - 1935 SS-Gruppenf. Josef Bürckel 1895 - 1944 In 1935 the Gau Rheinpfalz was merged with the Gau Saar into a new Gau of Saarpfalz. Gau Leader of the Gau Schwaben Gauleiter des Gaues Schwaben 1928 - 1945 SS-Obergruppenf. Karl Wahl 1892 - 1981 __________________________________________________________________________________DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVE
Representative of Bavaria to the Empire Vertreter Bayerns beim Reich 1933 - 1934 Franz Sperr s.a. 1934 : Mission abolished by the central government.
CITY OF MUNICH (MÜNCHEN)
Munich was under the rule of the Bishops of Freising until 1240 when it became a possession of the ruling house of Wittelsbach. The city became the capital of the regional Duchy of Bayern-München in 1255 and of all of Bavaria in 1504. __________________________________________________________________________________CHIEF EXECUTIVES
First Mayors Erste Bürgermeister 1838 - 1854 Jakob Bauer 1787 - 1853 1854 - 1870 Kaspar von Steinsdorf 1797 - 1879 1870 - 1887 Alois von Erhardt 1831 - 1888 1888 - 1893 Johannes von Widenmayer 1838 - 1893 1893 - 1919 Wilhelm Georg von Borscht, with the honorific title of Oberbürgermeister since 1907 1857 - 1919 1919 - 1924 Eduard Schmid 1861 - 1933 1924 - 1933 Karl Scharnagl, with the honorific title of Oberbürgermeister since 1926 1881 - 1963 Head Mayors Oberbürgermeister 1933 - 1945 SS-Obergruppenf. Karl Fiehler 1895 - 1969 __________________________________________________________________________________PARTY LEADERS
The NSDAP District of München was part of the Gau München-Oberbayern. District Leaders Kreisleiter 1934 - 1935 Max Reinhard 1935 - 1937 Otto Nippold 1937 - 1941 Walter Ziehnert 1941 - 1945 Carl Lederer
PROTESTANT CHURCHES IN BAVARIA
The first attempts to introduce Protestantism in Bavaria were made in the early 16th century. They partly failed as a consequence of the fierce opposition of the Catholic rulers of Bavaria and for nearly two centuries important Protestant communities would only exist in some frontier regions, like the Upper Palatinate. It was only after the acquisition of some new territories [like the Palatinate at the Rhine (1777/1803), Ansbach (1806) and Bayreuth (1810), etc] that the Lutheran and Reformed communities - united for administrative purposes (1) - became really important and that they were organized into a single Protestant (or Evangelical) state church (Landeskirche) having the same rights as the Catholic Church (1817). In the period 1848 - 1945 the following changes occured : - 1848 : the Church was divided into : - the Evangelical Church in Bavaria "left of the Rhine", covering the Palatinate at the Rhine, became the independent United Protestant-Evangelical-Christian Church of the Palatinate (Vereinigte Protestantisch-Evangelisch-Christliche Kirche der Pfalz), - the Evangelical Church in Bavaria "right of the Rhine" (Evangelische Kirche in Bayern rechts des Rheins), covering all the rest of Bavaria. - 1856 : the Reformed Church "right of the Rhine" was given its own leadership, while formally remaining within the Evangelical Church in Bavaria "right of the Rhine". - 1919 : the Reformed Church "right of the Rhine" formally became an independent church, the Reformed Synod in Bavaria right of the Rhine (Reformierte Synode in Bayern rechts des Rheins). The main Bavarian Evangelical Church now adopted the name of Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the Rhine (Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Bayern rechts des Rheins) - 1921 : the Evangelical Land Church of Coburg (Evangelische Landeskirche Coburg) merged with the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Bavaria right of the Rhine. - 1928 : the Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria became a member of the League of Evangelical Reformed Churches of Germany (Bund Evangelisch-reformierter Kirchen Deutschlands). (For which see Germany - to be added) (1) Lutherans = followers of the teaching of Martin Luther (1483 - 1546) Reformed = followers of the teaching of Jean Calvin (1509 - 1564) __________________________________________________________________________________HEADS OF THE EVANGELICAL CHURCH IN BAVARIA AND OF THE EVANGELICAL-LUTHERAN CHURCH IN BAVARIA RIGHT OF THE RHINE
1817 - 1918 The Kings of Bavaria s.a. After the fall of the monarchy, the heads of the Evangelical consistory - who had managed daily affairs since 1817 - also became the heads of the Church. Supreme Presidents of the Consistory Oberkonsistorialpräsidenten 1828 - 1848 Karl Johann Friedrich von Roth 1780 - 1852 1848 - 1852 Friedrich Christian Arnold 1852 - 1879 Gottlieb Christoph Adolph von Harless 1806 - 1879 1879 - 1883 Johann Matthias von Meyer 1883 - 1896 Adolf von Stählin 1823 - 1897 1897 - 1909 Alexander von Schneider 1845 - 1909 1909 - 1917 Hermann von Bezzel 1861 - 1917 1917 - 1921 Friedrich Veith Church President Kirchenpräsident 1921 - 1933 Friedrich Veith s.a. Land Bishop Landesbischof 1933 - 1955 Hans Meiser 1881 - 1956 __________________________________________________________________________________HEADS OF THE UNITED PROTESTANT-EVANGELICAL-CHRISTIAN CHURCH
1848 - 1918 The Kings of Bavaria s.a. After the fall of the monarchy, the heads of the United consistory - who had managed daily affairs since 1816 - also became the heads of the Church. Directors of the Consistory Konsistorialdirektoren 1846 - 1851 Wilhelm Bettinger 1851 - 1861 Karl Eugen Prinz 1862 - 1872 Johann Ludwig von Glaser 1872 - 1886 ... 1886 - 1896 Theodor Michael von Wand 1896 - 1915 Ludwig von Wagner 1915 - 1921 Karl Fleischmann Church Presidents Kirchenpräsidenten 1921 - 1930 Karl Fleischmann 1930 - 1934 Jakob Kessler Land Bishop Landesbischof 1934 - 1945 Ludwig Diehl 1894 - 1982 __________________________________________________________________________________HEADS OF THE REFORMED SYNOD IN BAVARIA RIGHT OF THE RHINE
(very incomplete. All additional information is welcome) 1856 - 1918 The Kings of Bavaria s.a. After the fall of the monarchy, the heads of the "Moderamen" (Church Management) - who had managed daily affairs since 1856 - also became the heads of the Church. Presidents of the Church Management Präsides des Moderamens 1856 - 1876 ... 1876 - 1886 Johannes Heinrich August Ebrard 1818 - 1888 18.. - 1... Philipp Emil Haenchen 1906 - 1935 Ernst Friedrich Karl Müller 1892 - 1935 1935 - 1954 Friedrich Rudolf Julius Jung 1880 - 1954
CONCILIAR REPUBLIC OF BAVARIA
Chronology 1919 Apr 07 : 3rd Revolution : The Central Council [Chairmen : Ernst Karl August Niekisch (s.a.), followed on Apr 08 by Ernst Toller (1893 - 1939)] proclaimed the Conciliar Republic of Bavaria (Räterepublik Baiern), that would last for nearly a month. (1) The legal government of Hoffmann fled to Bamberg in Northern Bavaria. Apr 12 : Pro-Hoffmann forces [Leader : Heinrich Aschenbrenner] briefly toke control of München and arrested the leaders of the Conciliar Republic. Apr 13 : 4th Revolution : After the repression of the revolt the Central Council was abolished and replaced by an Action Committee (Aktionsausschuss) dominated by the German Communist Party (KPD - Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands) [Chairman : Eugen Leviné (1883 - 1919)] Despite its first defeat the Hoffmann government now started the gradual reconquest of Bavaria. Commander of the Bavarian troops and head of the executive power in the war zone 1919 InfGen. Arnold Ritter von Möhl 1867 - 1944 Commissioner of State for Bavaria right of the Donau Staatskommissar für Bayern rechts der Donau (in charge of the liberated areas) 1919 Hermann Georg Karl Ewinger 1887 - Apr 27 : As Hoffmann's troops approached München the Action Committtee was abolished and replaced by a - more moderate - Provisional Presidium of the Conciliar Republic [Chairman : Ernst Toller (s.a)] Apr 28 : A new Action Committee [Chairman : ...] was elected by the Soldier's and Worker's Council. Apr 29 : The Army of the Conciliar Republic [Commander-in-Chief : Rudolf Eglhofer (1896-1919)] seized power in encircled München and instored the so-called "Dictatorship of the Red Guard". (1) The authority of the new regime - consisting of anarchists and of members of the Independent German Social Democrat Party (USPD - Unabhängige Socialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) - actually only covered Munchen and its vicinity. Similar local Conciliar Republics were however also established in other cities like Amberg or Würzburg, but most of these were very shortliving, disappearing after one or two days. __________________________________________________________________________________PEOPLE'S PLENIPOTENTIARIES
Only the People's Plenipotentiaries of the first Conciliar Republic (07 - 13 Apr) are listed. With the exception of Manner (s.b.) those of the second Conciliar Republic (13 - 30 Apr) could not be traced. All information on this subject is welcome. Chairman of the Council of People's Plenipotentiaries - People's Plenipotentiary for Foreign Affairs Vorsitzender des Rates der Volksbeauftragten - Volksbeauftragter des Äussern 1919 Franz Lipp (2) 1855 - People's Plenipotentiary for Military Affairs Volksbeauftragter für militärische Angelegenheiten 1919 Wilhelm Jakob Reichart 1878 - 1942 People's Plenipotentiary for the Interior Volksbeauftragter des Innern 1919 Franz Soldmann 1878 - 1945 People's Plenipotentiary for Justice Volksbeauftragter der Justiz 1919 Konrad Kübler 1884 - 1974 People's Plenipotentiaries for Finances Volksbeauftragte der Finanzen 1919 Silvio Gesell 1862 - 1930 1919 Emil Karl Manner 1893 - People's Plenipotentiary for Agriculture and Forestry Volksbeauftragter für Landwirtschaft und Forstwirtschaft 1919 Martin Steiner 1864 - 1950 People's Plenipotentiary for Traffic Volksbeauftragter für Verkehr 1919 Gustav Paulukum 1894 - 1956 People's Plenipotentiary for People's Welfare Volksbeauftragter für Volkswohlfahrt 1919 August Hagemeister 1879 - 1923 People's Plenipotentiary for People's Enlightment Volksbeauftragter für Volksaufklärung 1919 Gustav Landauer 1870 - 1919 (2) In name only. The actual leader of the government was Ernst Toller (s.a.) On May 01 München was occupied by pro-Hoffmann troops and in the course of the days that followed, the last resistance was quelled. [Southern Bavaria remaining under Commissioner of State Ewinger (s.a.) until Jul 10 1919]
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