ライフサイエンスコーパス: sorting

1 l to generate sufficient SCs for timely axon sorting.

2 ace receptor expression and enriched by cell sorting.

3 example of intramolecular, narcissistic self-sorting.

4 s free of enzymatic dissociation and nucleus sorting.

5 f 16 weeks using fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

6 luorescence in situ hybridization after cell sorting.

7 esent a key signal controlling APP endosomal sorting.

8 onsistent with raft-mediated plasma membrane sorting.

9 roteins may be effectors of PI3P for protein sorting.

10 OGD-induced GluA2 endocytosis and lysosomal sorting.

11 solated from CD154(+) cells purified by cell sorting.

12 rane dynamics during endosome maturation and sorting.

13 ntitative PCR in fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

14 , which is indicative of selective endosomal sorting.

15 for protein recognition, translocation, and sorting.

16 os)/CD45(neg)/DAPI(pos)) and subsequent FACS sorting.

17 c mesoderm with high efficiency without cell sorting.

18 c alleles-is described as incomplete lineage sorting.

19 ular functions such as signaling and protein sorting.

20 eviously proposed differential adhesion cell sorting.

21 ole for receptor ubiquitination in endocytic sorting.

22 disease by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

23 through differential adhesion-mediated cell sorting.

24 with single-molecule dynamics and molecular sorting.

25 The class III PI3K Vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) plays a role in both canonical and no

26 tor protein), RAB5A, VPS35 (vacuolar protein sorting 35 homolog), and M6PR (mannose 6-phosphate recep

27 ival, as well as fluorescence-activated cell sorting according to fluorescent reporter phenotypes are

28 Chiral self-sorting (also known as chiral self-recognition or chiral

29 ell-surface properties as shown by cell-cell sorting analyses.

30 was detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis in the CD90(+) fibroblasts.

31 se microscopy or fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis.

32 d rodent Tau isoforms differ in axodendritic sorting and amyloid-beta-induced missorting and that the

33 ata redefine the mechanics of retromer-based sorting and call into question whether retromer indeed f

34 This would enable sorting and characterization of specific SWCNTs and othe

35 A combination of flow cytometric cell sorting and deep sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene was use

36 is, an essential function that aids in cargo sorting and degradation.

37 iochemical properties, due to impaired cargo sorting and dense core formation.

38 ansitions in the importance of environmental sorting and dispersal, and (ii) the negative effects of

39 y node to coordinate CCP formation and cargo sorting and ensure high spatial and temporal regulation

40 nce-activated cell sorting and magnetic cell sorting and expanded in vitro.

41 d and is it related to its function in cargo sorting and export?

42 and spleens for fluorescence-activated cell sorting and hearts for 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chlori

43 amlined suite of tools for quick assessment, sorting and hole masking of electron micrographs.

44 heral membrane protein HID-1 in neuropeptide sorting and insulin secretion.

45 me and the vacuole membrane to mediate cargo sorting and intra-luminal vesicle formation.

46 ated by means of fluorescence-activated cell sorting and magnetic cell sorting and expanded in vitro.

47 luidic devices for applications such as cell sorting and micromixing.

48 itionally, marine biomonitoring involves the sorting and morphological identification of benthic macr

49 ed and if each molecule controls both axonal sorting and myelination is unclear.

50 ticles to the system results in hierarchical sorting and packing of clusters.

51 retory granules and thereby regulate hormone sorting and secretion.

52 The molecular events leading to hormone sorting and secretory granule formation at the level of

53 e growth of high-throughput sequencing, cell sorting and single cell biology.

54 role of predators in enhancing or disrupting sorting and spatial pattern among prey in experimental l

55 redators can strongly influence prey species sorting and spatial patterning in metacommunities in way

56 e with GFP-expressing HCs, coupled with FACS sorting and tandem mass spectrometry, to define the most

57 Sorting and trafficking of lipidated proteins has tradit

58 were assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and viral-mediated overexpression in Cre-depende

59 stained by dynamic processes of trafficking, sorting, and degradation.

60 ph of gene and iTerms that allows filtering, sorting, and grouping, which can aid biologists in devel

61 ndergoes constitutive endocytosis, endocytic sorting, and recycling, which delivers nutrients to the

62 vered in yeast that regulates the retrieval, sorting, and retrograde transport of membrane receptors.

63 agnitude higher than previous adhesive-based sorting approaches.

64 nfarct size, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting assessed cell composition.

65 tromer components SNX-3 and vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 (VPS-35) did not affect HG

66 dissociation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting at day 3 following surgery.

67 resulting in corresponding changes in cargo sorting at the endosome.

68 g blocks for a DNA robot that performs cargo sorting at the molecular level.

69 Here, we demonstrate quantum parametric mode sorting based on nonlinear optics at the edge of phase m

70 supramolecular terpolymerization via a self-sorting behavior among three sets of monomers possessing

71 ed supramolecular terpolymerization via self-sorting behavior among three sets of monomers possessing

72 By taking advantage of self-sorting between peptide beta-strands and hydrocarbon cha

73 e erythroblasts, nor at the membrane protein-sorting boundary in human erythroblasts, which do not ha

74 trict microtubule movements so that polarity sorting by cytoplasmic dynein can occur in a manner unim

75 dynamics of competing species has shown that sorting by habitat patch type and spatial patterning can

76 We demonstrate self-sorting by NMR, rheology and small angle X-ray scatterin

77 Recent theory suggests that spatial sorting can favour the rapid evolution of life history t

78 usion is essential for intracellular protein sorting, cell growth, hormone secretion, and neurotransm

79 eneity requires technology for measuring and sorting cells based on the fluorescence levels before an

80 At the Golgi complex, the biosynthetic sorting center of the cell, the Arf GTPases are responsi

81 mentation of machine-learning techniques for sorting class averages of these complexes into discrete

82 ts effector homotypic fusion/vacuole protein sorting complex (HOPS) to (phago)lysosome membranes, whe

83 monstrate a specific role for this endosomal sorting complex in the trafficking of AMPA receptors dur

84 livered to endosomes and sorted by endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery

85 The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery

86 es Tsg101, a component of cellular endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery

87 is no more apparent than when the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery

88 Components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery

89 he CFS1 protein interacts with the ENDOSOMAL SORTING COMPLEX REQUIRED FOR TRANSPORT I (ESCRT-I) compo

90 idase 4 (DPP4) along with multiple endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III)-a

91 ted by both dynamin and the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery.

92 A to suppress expression of ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins and fou

93 af also coprecipitates with ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-associated exoso

94 r HOPS (homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting) complex in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae t

95 Here we identified the endosomal-sorting-complex-required-for-transport (ESCRT) protein C

96 yrosine kinase substrate (Hrs), an endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCORT-0) comp

97 Microdomains containing endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-0 compo

98 e specific recruitment of critical endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs).

99 Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport III (ESCRT-III)

100 y using a dominant negative ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) component VPS4

101 analytical separation of biological species, sorting, concentration, positioning, enumeration, and ch

102 Cell death, autophagy and endosomal sorting contribute to many physiological, developmental

103 molecules that have enabled carbon nanotube sorting, controlled assembly, and biosensing and bioimag

104 rturbed by Abeta, in regulating the membrane sorting decision that ultimately determines the number o

105 n-Induced Degradation (RapiDeg), to test the sorting defects caused by these mutants.

106 strictly dependent on complex formation and sorting determinants that regulate the association of RN

107 ity of retromer, an evolutionarily conserved sorting device that orchestrates cargo export from the e

108 However, what drives cell sorting during regeneration of Hydra from cell aggregate

109 ell motility exist among cell types and that sorting dynamics follow a power law with an exponent of

110 cellula evidence that PI3P located at early/sorting endosomes regulates the postsynaptic clustering

111 daptation, stochastic vesicle release, spike sorting errors, and common input.

112 e of internalized receptors, and whether the sorting events directing them to distinct endosomal path

113 The critical sorting events mediated by AP-4 and the pathogenesis of

114 rate cells using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and control cellular functions with light

115 This allows for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and single-cell deposition and thereby el

116 ve weeks without fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) enrichment of haploid cells.

117 the capacity of fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for multicolor sorting to simultaneously

118 put screening by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) is a common task in protein engineering a

119 We employed fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to sort for cells that are recognized by

120 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-purified Tbx18-expressing cells behaved a

121 by fluorescence- and magnetic-activated cell sorting (FACS/MACS).

122 Molecular chaperones and chaperone-sorting factors, such as yeast Cur1 protein, play key ro

123 ATAC-seq with fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) to identify and map open chromatin and TF

124 uman brain by fluorescence-activated nuclear sorting (FANS).

125 k together in proteostasis: the recognition, sorting, folding, and disaggregating of the cell's many

126 jected to flow cytometric quantification and sorting followed by qRT-PCR, and to DNA methylation anal

127 docytosis (CME) and subsequent intracellular sorting for degradation or recycling regulates the stren

128 ovel cell retention device based on inertial sorting for perfusion culture of suspended mammalian cel

129 regation from below-rather than fluid-driven sorting from above-while also providing new insights on

130 ere separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from postmortem DLPFC of 36 PDS and 26 age-match

131 Consistent with the role of BLOC-1 in sorting from the endosome, we find that disrupting the r

132 responses, we performed single memory B cell sorting from the peripheral blood of a rhesus macaque im

133 We propose that CTL1 regulates protein sorting from the TGN to the PM through its function in l

134 myloid-beta-induced disruptions, the AIS/TDB sorting function failed, causing AD-like Tau missorting.

135 hine (SVM) algorithm that identifies optimal sorting gates based on machine learning using positive a

136 nt FACS software requires the user to define sorting gates by intuition and is practically limited to

137 d us to determine strategies for biasing the sorting gates in order to reduce the required number of

138 x that plays a specialized role in endosomal sorting, have been linked to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

139 by the homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting (HOPS) complex.

140 Endosomes are the major protein-sorting hubs of the endocytic pathway.

141 By sorting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and per

142 In silico cell sorting identified macrophages/microglia, CD4(+) T lymph

143 polymorphisms because of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and/or introgression following secondary c

144 zes, leading to extensive incomplete lineage sorting (ILS).

145 cial tensions are sufficient to explain cell sorting in aggregates of Hydra cells.

146 tion of the physical mechanisms driving cell sorting in Hydra cell aggregates.

147 esults in hypomyelination and delayed axonal sorting in mice leading to electrophysiological and moto

148 e test this prediction by disrupting spatial sorting in replicated invasions of the bean beetle Callo

149 tein (AP) complex family involved in protein sorting in the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells.

150 ement model, we characterize the dynamics of sorting in the microdevice and link differential sorting

151 odel system for carrying out studies of cell sorting in three dimensions, because of its unique abili

152 n has focused on a mechanism called polarity sorting, in which microtubules of opposite orientation a

153 thelia can be isolated by pipetting and FACS sorting into a population of corneal epithelial-like pro

154 ed plasma membrane proteins due to deficient sorting into a retromer-mediated recycling pathway.

155 ophagy-deficient cells, leading to GLUT1 mis-sorting into endolysosomal compartments.

156 , lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of RNA sorting into EVs, and limitations of conventional RNA-se

157 We show that Prx1 sorting into the intermembrane space likely involves the

158 ceptor-containing early endosomes and proper sorting into the MHC class II antigen-presenting compart

159 otation-dependent depletion, PolyPhen-2, and sorting intolerant from tolerant predictions) were ident

160 by Protein Variation Effect Analyzer and/or sorting intolerant from tolerant scores.

161 ng SNPs associated with 41 rsIDs using SIFT (Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant) and PROVEAN (Protein V

162 roving microfluidic size-based particle/cell sorting is a challenge to better address the need for ge

163 ergy analysis suggest that the observed self-sorting is a symmetry-driven, kinetically controlled pro

164 Initial sorting is based on tyrosine-protein kinase Kit (c-Kit)

165 Thus, sorting is sensitive to cell adhesion but not to stiffne

166 amics relative to invasions in which spatial sorting is suppressed.

167 within ordered phase-like domains capable of sorting key regulators of BCR activation, and present a

168 Incomplete lineage sorting leads to random fixation of genetic markers and

169 mponent of the ubiquitin-dependent endosomal sorting machinery and highlight the dual role of Galphas

170 enetic screens to identify components of the sorting machinery required for vacuole membrane protein

171 To find acidic cluster sorting machinery, we performed a gene-trap screen and i

172 their egalitarian ethos, schools are social sorting machines, creating categories that serve as the

173 -like 1 (CTL1) as a new regulator of protein sorting may enable researchers to understand not only io

174 nt a computational model to test a "polarity sorting" mechanism for microtubule (MT) organization in

175 in-dependent as well as sortilin-independent sorting mechanisms target aggregated Golgi membrane prot

176 of the cells with the adhesive surfaces, the sorting method does not further activate the cells due t

177 s, we employed a fluorescence activated cell sorting method to isolate keratinocytes, dendritic cells

178 for Neo1 trafficking and identified an Snx3 sorting motif in the Neo1 N-terminus.

179 he membrane-proximal internal tyrosine-based sorting motif YXXL as a determinant that can affect the

180 ecognition of a specific WLM endosome-to-TGN sorting motif.

181 nsport, the targeting of the retromer-linked sorting nexin (SNX)-Bin, Amphiphysin, and Rvs (BAR) prot

182 5 trimer and a membrane-deforming subunit of sorting nexin (SNX)-Bin, Amphyphysin, and Rvs (BAR; SNX-

183 n c.212 + 1 G > T in the SNX10 gene encoding sorting nexin 10.

184 g endosomal signaling compartment containing Sorting Nexin 16 and a reduction in late endosomes conta

185 isoforms of the retromer-associated protein sorting nexin 3 (SNX3), including a novel isoform that b

186 and have identified essential roles for the sorting nexin 4 (SNX4)-mediated, signal-independent path

187 reported that IncE binds specifically to the Sorting Nexin 5 Phox domain (SNX5-PX) and disrupts retro

188 eracting retromer complex, consisting of the sorting nexin dimer (SNX-BAR) and the trimeric cargo sel

189 At the same time, retromer associated sorting nexin one (SNX-1) and its binding partner, J-dom

190 We further showed that the cargo-selective sorting nexin Snx3 is required for Neo1 trafficking and

191 s identified a requirement for the conserved sorting nexin Snx4 in the autophagic turnover of proteas

192 g an initial proteomic screen, we identified sorting nexin-9 (SNX9) and dynamins, key components of c

193 We identify five (clathrin, dynamin1, AP2, sorting nexins [SNX] SNX27, and SNX1) that increase and

194 Our results indicate that neither sorting nor plasticity is sufficient on its own to sharp

195 ressive hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting obscure well-defined taxonomic lineages.

196 Chiral self-sorting occurs among natural and synthetic molecules tha

197 We report conditions for size-based DEP sorting of 1.0, 10.2, 19.5, and 48.5 kbp dsDNA analytes,

198 rosophila melanogaster results in the linear sorting of a set of diverse isogenic female lines, unamb

199 dispersal ability may result in the spatial sorting of alleles during range expansion.

200 has been shown to regulate the intracellular sorting of AMPARs toward late endosomes for degradation.

201 sorting of Neo1 was required for the correct sorting of another Snx3 cargo protein, suggesting that t

202 trategy is the combination of flow cytometry sorting of antigen-binding B lymphocytes and single-cell

203 ive cytodomain-located lysines for endosomal sorting of APP.

204 wever, the mechanisms that regulate endosome sorting of BACE1 are poorly understood.

205 High throughput size based separation and sorting of bioparticles and cells is critical to a varie

206 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting of CD24 high versus low cells prospectively isol

207 r divisions of the nervous system using flow sorting of genetically labeled nuclei from bacTRAP mouse

208 ZnT8 expression and surface labeling enabled sorting of heterogeneous beta cells to subpopulations th

209 ed miRNAs into exosomes, plays a role in the sorting of highly abundant small ncRNA species, includin

210 s, but there are limited data concerning the sorting of K15P in KSHV-infected cells.

211 l to enable reproducible and automated spike sorting of larger scale recordings than is currently pos

212 synergistically regulate the trafficking and sorting of lipidated proteins.

213 Failure of fission caused defective sorting of mannose 6-phosphate receptor, with consequent

214 continuous-flow, high throughput size based sorting of millions of particles and cells in a minute w

215 ead-size dependent, which allows for digital sorting of multiple bead populations using automated fie

216 Of importance, the Snx3-dependent sorting of Neo1 was required for the correct sorting of

217 Biosynthetic sorting of newly synthesized transmembrane cargos to end

218 performed after fluorescence-activated cell sorting of oligodendrocyte and neuronal nuclei.

219 geting of proteins involved in the endosomal sorting of PC1 and PC2 could lead to new therapeutic app

220 ts a fast and versatile tool for single-cell sorting of peripheral plasmablasts, streamlining subsequ

221 dosomal tubular structures that mediates the sorting of protein cargoes to specialised compartments.

222 The synthesis of glycans and the sorting of proteins are critical functions of the Golgi

223 noncanonical roles for Galphas in endosomal sorting of receptors to lysosomes.

224 ding protein YBX1, which is required for the sorting of selected miRNAs into exosomes, plays a role i

225 icated in regulating endosomal recycling and sorting of several important neuronal receptors.

226 alization screening and flow cytometry-based sorting of single B cells using HIV envelope protein bai

227 nable quantitative measurement and selective sorting of single cells based on the uptake of radiolabe

228 for posttranscriptional modification in the sorting of some RNA species into EVs.

229 We performed cell sorting of the diagnostic material and assessed the freq

230 activation and is required for the efficient sorting of the lysosomal protein prosaposin.

231 between white and red wines, and allowed the sorting of the wines studied according to their oxygen c

232 le of these key amino acids in the substrate sorting of these specific channels, the reverse mutants

233 data demonstrate that MVP-mediated selective sorting of tumour suppressor miRNA into exosomes promote

234 In addition, there are defects in the sorting of virus particles such that particles, when for

235 s precludes high-throughput measurement (and sorting) of single cells.

236 enerated effector CD8(+) T cells enriched by sorting often have reduced viability, making it difficul

237 s at the single chirality level for nanotube sorting, on-chip passivation, and nanoscale lithography.

238 ditions and peptide mixtures that favor self-sorting or intimate comixing.

239 rithm should be generally useful for improve sorting outcomes and reducing effort when using FACS.

240 Cell stiffness was validated as a sorting parameter as nonviable cells were substantially

241 provide insight into "gentle" and stressful sorting parameters that had not been quantified previous

242 uncover an FcRn-dependent endosomal cellular-sorting pathway that has great importance in describing

243 nally diverged to organize multiple distinct sorting pathways.

244 We also show that docking of the sorting platform results in significant conformational c

245 ne export apparatus, and a large cytoplasmic sorting platform.

246 SOSIP.664, a native Env trimer mimetic, as a sorting probe to isolate monoclonal Abs (MAbs).

247 This sorting process promotes colocalization of Plexin-D1 wit

248 rgo into eHAV vesicles via a highly specific sorting process.

249 regulate the biogenesis of tubular endosomal sorting profiles.

250 We show that spatial sorting promotes rapid evolution of dispersal distance,

251 ; the M-P streams are more than a convenient sorting property in earlier stages of the visual system.

252 This strict sorting provides viscerosensory signals to CeA about vis

253 gh-throughput biological assays such as cell sorting, rare cell detection, and imaging flow cytometry

254 ngle-molecule in situ hybridization and cell sorting, rare cells positive for Lgr6 expression in immo

255 Sortilin is a multiligand sorting receptor responsible for the anterograde transpo

256 rk (TGN) toward lysosomes is mediated by the sorting receptor sortilin interacting with the lumenal s

257 her suggest that disruption of APP endosomal sorting reduces its sequestration in ILVs and results in

258 tracellular vesicle biology, including cargo sorting, release, and bioactivity.

259 Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, RNA sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, Wes

260 a Bayesian approach to predict the number of sorting rounds required to enrich a population from a gi

261 nt endocytosis have been identified, and the sorting sequence recognized by the microHD is unknown.

262 FACS sorting showed that these CD16(hi) eosinophils were sign

263 corroborated by fluorescence activated cell sorting showing a 48% yield of CD31(+)/VE-cadherin(+) ce

264 This specificity is tuned by the sorting signal binding conformation in which the first t

265 ized by SrtC proteins through a pentapeptide sorting signal, and while previous studies have sought t

266 Acidic clusters act as sorting signals for packaging cargo into clathrin-coated

267 t to occur at the TGN through recognition of sorting signals in the cytosolic tails of the cargos by

268 ics simulations of each SrtC enzyme with the sorting signals of RrgA, RrgB, and RrgC to determine the

269 inantly vesicular carriers by interaction of sorting signals with adaptor proteins, but proteins in t

270 ange expansion, invasions subject to spatial sorting spread 8.9% farther and exhibit 41-fold more var

271 Thus, intracellular sorting steps that occur after receptor internalization

272 We propose the use of a continuous-flow sorting strategy to facilitate future coupling to next g

273 casionally noted, association with recycling/sorting structures was not observed.

274 Finally, FC cell sorting studies confirm that FC-defined populations have

275 ion on DNA origami allows for distinct cargo-sorting tasks to take place simultaneously in one test t

276 Recent advances in cell-sorting techniques and single-cell technologies now make

277 genitor numbers using fluorescence-activated sorting techniques has resulted in wide-ranging estimate

278 ces, and it establishes new insights to cell sorting technology and artificial blood vessel fabricati

279 that is sorted using magnetic-activated cell sorting technology.

280 This review discusses chiral self-sorting-the process of choosing an interaction partner w

281 etics of the assembly and the degree of self-sorting through the choice of the assembly trigger, whic

282 sposon insertion library in tandem with cell sorting to assess genome-wide impact of gene deletions o

283 ing in the microdevice and link differential sorting to differences in dielectrophoretic mobility.

284 siology, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to enrich a library of hundreds of Escherichia c

285 After sorting to purity, these primordial lung progenitors exh

286 We therefore used FACS sorting to show that, in mixed neuron glia co-cultures,

287 activated cell sorting (FACS) for multicolor sorting to simultaneously screen for affinity and specif

288 in pattern formation, from protein and cell sorting to the generation of tissue shape.

289 Experience with human iPS cell culture and sorting via FACS will be of benefit for researchers perf

290 idated the role of a set of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) genes during infection, VPS51 to VPS54 (VP

291 Moreover, postendocytic sorting was investigated by assessing the co-localizatio

292 er adherence to plastic alone, without c-kit sorting, was sufficient to isolate reparative CMCs.

293 Using transcriptional single-cell sorting, we comprehensively map all immune populations i

294 serial dilutions and flow-based single-cell sorting, we show that viral proteins produced by a singl

295 Cell sorting, whereby a heterogeneous cell mixture organizes

296 One explanation is incomplete lineage sorting, which is commonly modeled by the coalescent pro

297 nisms responsible for this complex vesicular sorting will be critical to understand VGLUT's involveme

298 ubstituting the subjectivity of human visual sorting with a sensitive and semiautomated procedure.

299 adient centrifugation or antibody-based cell sorting with molecular labels of cell viability.

300 Sorting within the Golgi apparatus and trafficking along