A tdM.te t t/or it (Honolulu)
Why Manchu dd Juchen Look
SoNon'Tunsusic?
Mdchu md Jmh€n e lqically md sl,acnlally very diffmr even
fion their closestrclatives in the Southeh Tusuic 0{saic) subgoup,
m1 to n€ntion the rest of Tugusic. Ilis divdgae hs fooled before a
nmber of scholm inchding nlslf (rr'ovin l99J), who hied to deE in
favor of a specialMdchu subgiou! wi$in Tmgusic noslly or the bsis
ofth€ gEat lqical diverserce dnibiled by Maohu and Jmnen as conpd€d to tlE Est ofth€ fanily, Eowevq, ifw€ look at tne shed imora,
liou in photrolosy ad moQholosy ir becones quite appent rhat both
Mdchu dd lucheo belons nr the sme South.m Tungusicsubsrcups
Neai, Uilta (Orok). dd Ulcha (c6rsi 2004: 55).
Ite uu,l expldatior for lle lexicr.l dd strEtunl peculi&ines of
Mtuchu ed Jwhen is bsed on the dsmption lhat rhey de dn to rhe
ftd i.duence of Khitla se, e.g. (Jadiuen 2003: 400). I beli€v€ lnar
this ssm!'tion is bsicolly @dec! since n cm be well supponed by
pm-Mongolic egbologies for a nuba of peculid Mdchu edor
Jwhd bncal ilems. includins thosebelongingto basicvocabularymd
not lound itr orlE. ,mcstr rCuges. lhd \ledb lool lit€ paBMonsoh. e.g. va.' ,q?, belly, wt'c,.d
be oolJ be de-i\ed liom
pe-Mo4olic ik€leli, dd not fron prcto-Monsolic *kex€li (MM &'d,,
wM nlselt. Ther€ensin Jurchen.
Ma.l,rsd Jraal 'eleventh
tnonthl,'
'fineen',
Ma rarr,,
md theMmchudd J@hennumerals
for tas ale
l@k like loewordi nom lm-Moneolio (Jdhunen 1993). In addition,
Mmhu dd Jurcletr norlhology looks nore sinp[ned thm ]n other
da closly Elar€d Idguages. inclurlins Southem Tueusic. fte abTbe rollowingabbcviatiotr arcu$d ror laneuss: EM , Erly Moidrii, EMC Edly Middle chinee, EMK Ealy MiddleKo@, E*. , E{ed, Ewk.- Elolli,
Ju. Jmhq lMc - r:t Middlechines, Ma. - Mdchu, MdK - dodd xoEd,
eorisn,Nd Nma| Nce., N.djdi| oK
- old KoEs, or. - O@h, PK - pDb-Korcan,s.l. solon,Ud - Ud.h.,Uil. , Uilb
(orck) Ul, - Ulch., wM - wftm Monsolisn.
'lugusic
dd utypical for Monsenceof veibal aCreenenl.lypical lor
golic, is especiallyFvealing. Ho$€vd, I shouldnole lhat lhe lack ofv€F
bal agreenent is also found in the e6ten neishborof Jurcnened MmTherefore,this uual explmtion, althoughudoubledly conec! is not
sufficien!, There is no doubr rh,l1he weslen neighbon of Manchu md
.,urchencontributed cousideEbly to theseldguges' q?oloey md lqicon, bu1 therc is no re6on ro believe thar this weslem influence nom
pd Mongolic wa solely responsibleaorthe non-Tungusiclook ofMffchu md Jurchen.We have to considd Insl $e int€rylay of hislory ad
linguistics. Altnough the Liao enpiE ws eslablishedin 916 AD.md lhc
Knilm tlbes cditainly maderhedselvesknown on rhe nonhen iiontier of
China long befo.e that, it v.s not belor 926 D lhat Liao desllo'€d the
Pdhae (Bohai) stale,dd incorporatedthe tdilorics of SouthManchuia
ud present-dayNorth-Edten KoEa thal wee lhe honeland of Juchen
lribes, dd who were beforc 926 AD subjeclsof lhe Padae. It is ulikely
that srong Khiid inilEnce could $an liior to this dare Nevedheless.
when we look allhe edliest extml Jurchenin$riflions nom the tw€rlh
cennly, we alreadyse dEre all ibe peculiar l}?ological fealues of Juchendd Mschu. L seensunlikelylhlt theKhnd innuencealohccould
be cr€dited for all these dEslic chmges, md thar they all look Place
wilhin 200 yem. I rhi.lk we should nol overlook a.olher possibilily:
mely, the nriuence from rhe lasi As menlionedabole, de iuchehs,
beforc being incorpoaled inlo ihe riao cnpne, weE subjects of the
The Pdhe slate wa lounded in 686 {D by'fay choyene, a fomer
Koguryo general.Thus, qe Nould expect rhal &e Pdhac lmeuase, or
nore preciselythe lucuaee of the Pa ae elite qas exerting a consideF
abh innuence on lhe Jurchen lmeDagclrior ro rhe Krilan conquestol
Pdbae in 926 D for nore thln 200 yeds. Although tne linsuislic dd
€rhnic idendry of tle Parhaeelile rcnains conbolersial (Jdnmen 1996:
138-19.152),dd nothinerenainsrodayoftbe Padae languge in rhe
fom of t*$, or eleo glosses,there de cenain bGlo cal and linguistic
facts rhat shonld not be overlooked.Fi$1, il h quiic clcar that lhere wN a
dirccl com*tion 6clw*n dE Koguryo and lahae elitesi as t mentioned
above. the fomder of Pehae $as a fomer Koguryo gencnl. Second,
Pdh@ incorlorated most of rhe lormd Koguryo tenilory. Theretirre,w€
should pGsume thal the erbnic dd linguistic prcpefies ol rhe Kosuryo
ed Prhae €liles weE essentiallythe sane.
It is &dusLly dshed fia' he Koculo tangLasewd Jdpotuc.
0mdj lnal ir m d l&suge .losetr Rla€d 'o Japme.etrd Ryuk)rd.
Tte b66 for lhis belkf-e!r atmoi er ircly on stose. of rhe Kogu4o
placen.lm tdud in volues 15 md 37 of the ,!a,l'"f
rab 0 147 .o),
Som or drse sloss ind*d renefl a tusxage appaenrtybetonginsio
oe rapolc l&glaee familj, a rta' eh otter cd be idebdr@a (oree
Ihe.iroD ol Lhw rhd rle r,og'oo ttrgurge oelonseob rhe Japoruc
rmry % sLppo4eaby a rmber otscbot/s, s{f as \. K.mm lto6{,
1981), Mmyma Shichir6 (t963) in the p6t, md nost rccqry tr {s
rguented in erealdeil by ( tr.s.opbe Becksi$ \'OO4) tf this uR
rue. gned $e hnbrcal tomecriol deNeenKogu4o ed ptr\ae, k
w o u l dq p € c r ' o f i n d a l e " ) r , o m el o d ! o r d s o t J d p o n o
, cr . s r ni b t h e J u .
\hfl sndo' Mmlu ldgrses. Buifi. F cldt) nor h< sd.ej6 uerc
e.sjmplyione. thfttoE. wh"e $e e$s.eae ot a Japol,claquo8e
spolenb lte pd otr rle (o@ penjNdla6 tu uden dbtefrr, jd all
pmbdbiliq Lb€exishe d lhr ttugue. oEda€. $e suk ot Xoguryo.
m a@!oD dr Ko8u4o ptre rmes lhar ctr be rFakd Etiaotr 6 Japonicm ford r d rerj iin ko tra in |ne erh or toeLDo. so it is
bekr lmed lhe Pseuoo-koslDo dgua€e rjanlMen tqoo: 2o!r. ln
rou! deumb: b:,o.n.at.pateogrdph(.
trd mgusuclnal speardgrinr -|e deluficatiotro dE iecrSe o,hese
plae luftr Mth lhe eglrce ot (osl4o. Hose\.., or cL.siorotihoJe
Fallsoutsideof the smDeof rhE Daber
lhn whal "a* |ne lmglai r$r borh fe KosuJo rd rhe pshae
elrle spokefSiocew. ao nor lr\e dt .e\rs q1en il des tdguags,
ihe turud shoid be b6ed on todnaofd.rord In Le dgu,se. ot Lhe
leopie, @ely Juchen, whon theseeliies ruled for alnosl sk hudr€d
y€m.! It tus oul rhal apod fton €rly lotus non sone Mongolic 10euee (Fobably Khir&, d 16 lointed out b€fo@).Jmhen ed Mechu
also have a layer of wods thar is Faceabteto a KoEm-liKe souce. Dur
relrecr neirhe'Middle (o'e& nor po'o-Kol@
noqadars. In the Aliaistic titeraturcsone of thse todwons m ueaEd
d rcognates' going b@k to proto-Altaic. rhh is. bowevd. hieNy
T adiboo'rXlfu h',ronoc'spt' le
d. ya' orKocu4o fomdd,o bd.
lonsei
Thu. i2r s sll bt fie rird\ d,e
Bmorc retyno' 'o h4\e rspprrd oefoR
ro -4hlb
oc'3phr, @.ird rus irJ
in Tmgsic oulunlikelybecasenoneofthe $ods concenedis anested
side Juchen md Mdchd. I tninl lhal in all pobabilily thesewords we€
jst borcNed by JNben fiod ! vdiety or vdieties of old KoEn spok€n by the Prhae dd keuryo elites.I will pr€sentbelow a lisl ofthese
loewordsr followed by d€sciiplion of the structunl influenceof KoIu
Bnsic Vocabul!ry
(I) Ma. fntehe rool < *puleke,l nol attesledin my othd Tunsusic
'id < PK *puikuy.It
lssuase, including Juchen. Ct MKp,.rry LHr
is interesrins rhat Mmchu has doublels for this word: in addition 10
J'/er?,1here is also Ma. d" loor, which G appaEnlll a native Tungsic
@r4 ct Ewk. dasacadn, Sa). dagasd, Ot. daha, V\ .ladca(n), Nn.
Jur ?z(Kme 1989:206)
daa.,(cincius 1975:188-89),
(2) Jw.,idd'h€art' (Kane1989:892)md Ma. ,iydaa, hearr,'con_
traryto (Cincius1975:514) cannotbe Elatedto Erk. t&,, and.rh€r
sinild TugBic foms renectinglT 3niaw, becausethere de simplv
no resuld conespondences.Ct MK |yen thahg LL, Nnee thahg is z
$ffix for bodylans (Martin1992:8l 1).
l3) Jn. shinsun cold, chilly (Kiyose 1917 rI)2), Ma. sin:lketeh
'chillt' cmot be Elated to Ewk. J,grr'frcst.' Sol d/gtgdj cold. Ew
'cold,' Ud. l,sttrj'cold, Ul. st,sa,, 'cold,' Uil. ri,ss,, to tiere,
N&, r,t,gez 'to ccl cold.lo becom€stifwnhcold'(Cincius1975:321),
beoue foms wirhonr !n inilial r would be expsted in Juch€n md
Mechu. Ct EMK stn-,, (f+iR, Kycylin }!sa #204). M( srn L (aftnlu_
tivc formrtr-,,) 10becold <PK*si.t :sinlun"
(a) Ma. 6iord, tliff of Ed edth ' 'precipirousbdk (zalndov 1875
545), cliil of red oanh (I'loman l 9?8: 32). (Hu 1994: 98), cired wid
sonewhataberdl nemings as-clifil liecipice in (Cinciusi975: 84)
on rhereconshdion or Md.hu i&aoeLi. .rL N 1 k .nd Ma..liu intryolcali
The follo{ins abbtuliarioisare nsed
d d h o h $ , U t ear 6 t a h e r F a . i r , r { a b l a s .
t02, thekrd.smr
aBkd m.rfben. C:miu: oFsatonejderhe
M&c\u ro.n sot.rrsa,
rod@h.r(
mcrxstaTtr 84r ane,Ed.s ir seem! onlJ i I two\,kji.s
Meaqls., Nole,al^s he rregutd..J n \oNI coresporren.$
odwetr
ft Mschr ed Solonro*e's 11 te fiT,s) abre.
CI M\ pR, U P-r,l?, rL ttrlt. precipice.A,ldK,Je.,as .id. Kore d,d,a daE cot_
j'l uu*
re78..0t-0tr p,ob.bt)irdicare
rd \,1Kprerr
-
Lt
i":d Lr F mre imoqrire
p,?pv
ofole.iJ,) +M MdX pwl,,S, a tre.rara
tum dtreEediajekseemtosupponlneladerfom
'::.
^,1,. ropre,.rien..r..b enbm*Lsr
,yl
r.OorrrM ra78
+2) doer,noi
laLe pdath,s h o-|-fl Thgu"ic .esle;s. (t vK.d.LH, MrL ai.r# .|o prc$ doq. .ro".ehoo
l\*
I-oor l27a)
Do_an$|ed,.n ofir ThElr
t-g,.g"s I r Ur , H |Jl,s..k rs welt
ojM thalLhudpersr pmnors ofier olsindk
hoT d€ ' oNual.\s.
r & E u r c t a n g u a e (e s| V K , .
/ b J _ . j o o . , o s a J . p t _ h ) \ - .L b e
seqDrom' hy m pK N alv
s ,r tare,skge. o- he tdguaee cl:
q d K - { r i 1 0 m , t e s n M J ori,e"
. . , . a r - . . , e r o m o i V o k r a . r oq o .
s s e , , k e e t e 8 o :) 0 8 , o u n . r , d ( t i y o k
'r {no€ppffi, Ma.
'-,/
cog.,a,. no, ur.r"a ir orher ts8xsic
reguaa.9 (1 MK,!Gl, Lt.!srlof
amtet,
rvr \4a 4r%,.w*li. hded ro, .oto
rrz.a- 10 ofone rear,.Ju.
,rhz?--BaX, laded. mr dlesr{ rr o,nn ruCu
,serage.
I I Ml(
/,t€lr- L shaitow,pate(orcotorf - pK lnitvf-l[v
CultnratVoc.bnhry
O0)
,I,la
r,lrri .Bdodhd
lSjlYIl:-*
buooa-,No!*
-Dtti<t |
| U\ pdhre I | .,a . OK
t" t. ro-eM
p\acbd,f€l
m{ F.oi.od(e.
tha fie Mtr.hL roro h6 No Koree -edrRs:
.nidal
vorcerers'p-Elt€. rhd ,G. dnda "o a refle\ orLte
<oEd,lfc\ ik)..
(ll)
Ma. roorai ledue', nol artested
in JDichcnCt MKpop,,yRE
l€wel. lreasw < PK *po p^y. Ma.chu ould be allermtively a dnect
tod f@n EMC p"-'z,r+ (ffq), {hich is thc sourcc for rhe Kored
word, but n is not plllsible eiLherchionologically or linguistially (w€
would ralher expecl Marchu /f/ < 'p urder thG sceDlrio, and cenainly
cmhol expectEMC p?,' rvitl a rhing lone lo bc bodoRedas a long
vowel in Manchu). It h plroneticauyevennoto inpladsiblc thal Mmchu
' \laf J"1.l\'lpaprr.or
, " J r d lq o ' 1 .o . o " r .
(12) Ma.rtu 'conblike lo.l uscdfor workinssilkon the loon 0lor
nd 34), (Hu 260).Nor ak$ed in otherTLngusiclanelaees.Cl MK
porol LH conb of e loon' (HNngDons Il: l8a)
(13) Ma. tse, teed, rsit? millet also botro*ed inro someothei
(Cnrcius l9?7r38).ct MKr,JiH (?)'sed'
SoulhenTunsusiclmguages
Noninal Morpholos]
(14) One of the nosl sliknrs difeFnces betweenMrn.hu md Jurchen
on tnc onc ndd ad lhe olher'lunausiclanguages
or the otheris the
pesenceoflhe gennivecasein N4anchu
md Jurchenandits absncein
the other Tugusic lmguages.Typologically lhis taaturec& also be explained by paE-Moneolic nrfluence. snrce both M.ng.lic md (hito
bavea genitivecse ndker. Ilowever,it is more likely lhal this cse
orisinated nr Mmchu md lurchen u.de. KoEd .ather lhar under pda
MongolicinnuenceThe reaso.for this h quitesinplc the nai! allo
norpn oflne seniiive casenarkeL nr botb Mochu dnd JurchcnG ''. with
ihc allonorph d lound only ancr slens in -,s (nr borh Mmchu md
Juchenl ed stens in , rJurchcn) fhus. Ma dd lur. -i camol be a dit
rcc1loe fton the pda-M;nJrolic genni'd casendka rn It h a diifeF
eni slorr silh Korear Oneof the MK senilive iarkcs is ,r - -!/ < PK
r^'Ci- r-i-Ci,whcrc*-i hthe eenilivelocatirecasenarkd ilselI Nhile
*-i- reprcsent
voweh This
in all Frob.bililythe inlercalalnrg
casendker
by o( dara,Nherelhis gerilive/lo.ative
supporred
witlcn wirn the character+ (EMc rt'), c s.
EEB€R,R
Kilpha tiwalla,g-ctlr' imge NOM
hEse o/A,afa,g Kipha (Hlaska rv: t
oftles,/t
e,€4, (rllacka X: 3)
(15) anotherpuRb
f,potosi." teaue In +e rqtm
oboro$/n ru. hfl dd Moctl i. fe Mudion of he rdnber ot cses in
seneial trur tre0dprobabtj-bned uder Ko€tu.nnrerce, oL. rs frf_
tn€r rcinforcd by (p@ )Moncotic ilntuence.
Vcrb.t MorphotoF/
116l
M d a l ' n a . ! n o h e " " n . b r . , ! - b e . s t i t e t )b m i m l
The
h e M. K
a j t e m a r i o/ rn-- r r r ' e r ' + .
(U-) Ma, lnite ,6t is Nuny hken s a sren of r! .exisf (Sunik t962:
320-22),but il h srdge that a baE verbal sren h usd a a tnite indica_
tire |m. cI'he o\,on
, J p r r a - b'rr f f i h 6 4 0. o e. r r i e .c i v ] <
-rad r H 1xe / -tdp-i "n cdve,biat
zdriono- Jp \nb ,,A- R .6 be
tFaft€*10
ALH u AN-kworr-ra-p,
egg-ACC€nbnce-CONV{o-rVD F.tf
hn€l sd d'ar,, enbracing[bim sl d esg@yanekavl 4)
Pac viM
$mdbenphicaly
ii otd Korcen hb
t'b,,ndl
ft
rrn$ribed ii capibl td_
om,oeu.
. t e , , c * t o o ar,y , , n o , , \ , t 0 0 0 rr n .o *
dos polq:r,i$
.e 'c ytmo. "ro Re
m h.ort , .,
o.r,;,s.
jen D
H^Htt
KLILI'NU-N SALOMJ 1,Sra-pt
long |oIPRES-ATTR/REAL pe$on-NOM aa/ / D FaN
?le.e is a personsho h longcd lor (Hyu8la Ix: 8)
Thus, we c& se lhat Mancbu md .,urchenwere influened to a cer
tain degre by sone diatect of Old KoEm, spoken in lhe lcnnory of
Kosulyo md then ?arh,e This. alongsidcwith larer paF Mongolic i.nuence made Jurchenmd Mlnchu qrne diferdt lypologically even fton
their cloesr SoutbemTLDsusicElatives. Incid€ntally, this fact has cdlain rdcipocal vaine for the linguislic hislory of lhe KoEd peninsulaN
well. dmonsliating lhat the lmeuaec of 'psudo-Koguryo place nmes
w6 not &e ldguage of the Kogrryo state.s nentioned above.Since it
sr.Dnsiysucigeslstbal tbe Koguyo elile actuaUyspoke KoEan, we have
to cone 10 d undeniableconclusionthal the lineuGtic snuBtronon fte
KoEe pe.insula s6 much nore homogeneousin the lhtd-lenlh cmtu
ries than is usuaUydrougbt, with the Old Ko€an languag€nor being
Enigmrticllems
In @nclusion.I nust dd thar the paa-Mongolic dd Old Korqn lale$
in JNhen ud Mmchu lexicon andmotrholoeJ aE not Lheonly ohcslhat
m be foud. The ongin of Jurchcned Manchu appearsio be quite a
conplex phoonenon. Even a brief perusalol Jurcbcnand Manchub6ic
vocabulary rcveah a nunber ol elemenls tnat dc apprently noF
Tugsic ed haveno connection1oeider Mongolic or Kor€d. li is possible. of couse. 10 clainr that they rdpftsenl slecitc pda-Monsolic vocabulary,but since we do not hale independentelidence allowing us lo
rron
identiry dem 6 pa.a'Mongolic, it is safer ro ftat the6 as bs
some unlnoM lmguage or lanauages.IleE is a brief lisr of such €l€nents in lhe Mechu lecuaec witb added pdalleh fiom Jdchen (if
knowh) dd inl@l recoisliuclions that have no Tunsusic et nologts
ad cmot be explainedftom Mongolic or Koremi
(l) Md,fteli all <polo Ma 'ukeii.
(2) Ma. s,&r'bek. skin' < plolo Ma. 3s!nku.
(3) Ma.sar .to bitt <prcto Ma.'s!lcli..
l4l
Ma. rrarrrw tojd, < prcto-Ma\hakmn
a,P,t, rKme .o8a: 22or .firh
Prclo-va.
16) Ma. lur. rrt fe"d a possbc.bur 0o. rery
Kord
eumoros]!d be otreredro rhj" hd, Ml( /,"" Hr6@rve
.C.r. Sin*
rhi,
wumD mosr.4s modihes
rhefo||owing
noM (qrpr whm rl ts beft
sramd(atrrd a & adrqo wilb rie deturng.6rstl].J,, ,tu betua_
'ya asa 6 ceruh\ecemtn{.
the hignpir.h andrneiniratespi
EEo.omonturpor. ro a litet) pk rom .hkFs LH, trhich
coLtdha\e
DetrDorowed
6 yu bv speaters
ot Jmber aho.id normw h and
I be Eat prcbled hse i . wrn smdt:c.. trolnallJ
w ek o u d e y p q l r h e s m t u l t s L R . h e a
_d
. . t u J 1 . b Ln, o rv : . e\ e r s d .
!1i,,ii;,i'i.i, ffi.1fi.:ortu ru ,"4?sotu ,vse,a8o:
ur.,sarKiyokro/. I.r.din..
l1]. 1.1:.
:34 ;!r.'c",KMero3e.,
(a) Ma r,,Agau @d,.proro-Ma. rvonlee
ll0l Ma. tn, .losee,- orcto_M:I
t ) t ) U n . r c h p . t, u r ' r p r K r e i e S q t o . l . " ? / , P
ft)ose v,/.
$m., pob Ma.,veke. cr.p,o.or hltchl Km.tadd"r-ktiltri_n. r o o l
,.;L,x:.,***
rd 4are ft4e roso:2ri, .cr|
DrcrGMa.
lll) Ma.,,/2,4a, wam <prctcMa .buldrkd.
{r4'
r,gr,, Ju. e ,(tre Iq8o: to.,, /,8z, rKiyo.e to?7.
t0Ol
< proro Ma .jugd
bad .\4a
one lord @ r\is t6t I soe r ha a posrbtepddl,el
rtr CnLk hrKn
r
^
.
"
.
h
&
!
e
F
s
e
m
b
r
d
c
e
.
s
0
c
e
i n p r c h i s b Dd e
;tir(ca-^mthadat
,fi.,..'i"."y::,!e
langug$ Lere sped mrt hfLter b Loesou|nor
uer mseDr d@. r fac' rhar s suppotu
b tcrsl tod. found i^ rhe
I ueus t laneusesrpoGn in.he Russje Mdir,me
reeror s
a L,y
s o h ea r @ t e q u e s : u c tE ! . i . ) O r . i T r F . c . 8 : o 1 ) , ( p e qM
or 1994.
Ro^.\' b.rk,+rt"' \.ta.,so tu
,,eat,
tod 6on Monso,ib,eu, .e's
"'*L
;ilLmf.lH:#.":1"#?*,t:i:;:,1.
l,:r,;J:t-*
rrr I u\e
d3]nfu
l'Ll'bmg
d e qord n qhhl
ff: l;1,:'*ll,'.1,"j,f
r"'11*
m
ir 4 $d
,oud be
t 45). I should aho add that ihe preseNalionof iniiiat pTM :l- in Mmchu
&d Juclcn, which slificd to /.] in all oiner SoudremTususic Id,
guasesmr be due to Chukchi Kmchadd nmuence.Ir is quitc possible
rhat re will be able !r nnd other races of Chutchi Kdclkaa prcscnce
in Marchu locabular} ed st uctuE. The reseaEhin this ea is !r&ri,
cally non-erislent md badlyneeded.
cenainly, th€re de olher possibletaye.s in Mechu bd Jurclen, as
the abrye lisl dehonstrates Noie oI the Emainine words (exceprttone.)
Esenbles ardins in &y leg@ses I m fmitiar rvijh Maybe specid
6ts in olher ldsuges would be ablc to ide iry then souce(t. But it C
cqMlly possiblc lnat the lmeuages thal conliibured b the lexicon ot
Mdchu ed Jurhen have disappeEd fo€ver lon the face oflhe Eantr.
wirhout leavins my orherraces. In ihis clse we sill nevertnow, dd parr
ol lhe enigmaconceminaMmcnu dd Juclen linguislic o snrs will always Emain. However, one fact seens to be cted elen now: rhe linsuhric lthistory ol not only Mdchu md Jurchcn.bui of rhe whole oft.ner
dd Easl Asia is nuch morc conplex lhs we usedto thin|
Ala,atz, sixih eishth centuliesAD.
Hlruhhohg cahay. 1527 AD.
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