凱旋式
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2022/11/04 18:00 UTC 版)
ローマの凱旋式（がいせんしき、triumphus）は、古代ローマにおける市民儀式、および宗教的典礼であり、国家の勝利に貢献した司令官を民衆の前で讃えるイベントである。
- ^ A summary of disparate viewpoints regarding the Truimph are in Versnel, 56–93: limited preview via Books.Google.com
- ^ Versnel, p. 386.
- ^ Beard, p. 77.
- ^ Beard, p. 7.
- ^ Denis Feeney, Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History, University of California Press (2008) p. 148.
- ^ Beard, 72-5. See also Diodorus, 4.5 at Thayer: Uchicago.edu
- ^ Beard et al, 85-7: see also Polybius, 10.2.20, who suggests that Scipio's assumption of divine connections (and the personal favour of divine guidance) was unprecedented and seemed suspiciously "Greek" to his more conservative peers.
- ^ See also Galinsky, 106, 126-49, for Heraklean/Herculean associations of Alexander, Scipio, and later triumphing Roman generals.
- ^ Versnel, p. 380.
- ^ Various Roman sources describe the different charms employed against envy during triumphs, not necessarily at the same event; they include an assemblage of miniature bells (tintinnabulum) and a whip on the chariot's dashboard. In Pliny, a sacred phallos loaned by the Vestal Virgins is slung between the chariot wheels; see Beard, pp. 83–85.
- ^ The very few accounts are from the Imperial era of a public slave (or other figure) who stands behind or near the triumphator to remind him that he "is but mortal" or prompts him to "look behind", and are open to a variety of interpretations. Nevertheless, they imply a tradition that the triumphing general was publicly reminded of his mortal nature, whatever his kingly appearance, temporary godlike status, or divine associations. See Beard, pp. 272–5.
- ^ Emperor Vespasian regretted his triumph because its vast length and slow movement bored him; see Suetonius, Vespasian, 12.
- ^ The "2,700 wagonloads of captured weapons alone, never mind the soldiers and captives and booty" on one day of Aemilius Paulus's triumphal "extravaganza" of 167 BCE is wild exaggeration. Some modern scholarship suggests a procession 7 km long as plausible. See Beard, p. 102.
- ^ Summary based on Versnel, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Beard, pp. 159–161, citing Suetonius, Augustus, 41.1.
- ^ Beard, pp. 93–95, 258. For their joint triumph of 71 CE, Titus and Vespasian treated their soldiers to a very early, and possibly traditional "triumphal breakfast".
- ^ See map, in Beard, p. 334, and discussion on pp. 92–105.
- ^ The location and nature of the Porta Triumphalis are among the most uncertain and disputed aspects of the triumphal route; some sources imply a gate exclusively dedicated to official processions, others a free-standing arch, or the Porta Carmentalis by another name, or any convenient gate in the vicinity. See discussion in Beard, pp. 97–101.
- ^ Sometimes thought to be the same route as the modern Via dei Fori Imperiali
- ^ This is where Jugurtha was starved to death and Vercingetorix was strangled.
- ^ Beard, pp. 258–259; cf Livy's "soldiers feasting as they went" at the triumph of Cincinnatus (458 BCE).
- ^ Beard, p. 49.
- ^ Beard, pp. 263–264.
- ^ Beard pp. 19–21,
- ^ Flower, Harriet I., Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 33.
- ^ Taylor, Lily Ross, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, American Philological Association, 1931 (reprinted by Arno Press, 1975), p. 57, citing Cicero, To Atticus, 1.18.6, and Velleius Paterculus, 2.40.4. Faced with this reaction, Pompey never tried it again.
- ^ Beard, pp. 23–25.
- ^ Beard, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Fergus Millar, "Last Year in Jerusalem: Monuments of the Jewish War in Rome", in Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome, J. C. Edmondson, Steve Mason, J. B. Rives (eds.), pp. 101–124.
- ^ Beard, 196−201.
- ^ See discussion in Beard, pp. 199–206, 209–210. Livy's "triumphal laws" hark back to earlier, traditional but probably reinvented triumphs of Republican Rome's expansion to Empire and its defeat of foreign kings; his notion was that triumphal generals must possess the highest level of imperium (Livy, 38.38.4, in the 206 BCE case of Scipio Africanus), but this is contradicted in Polybius 11.33.7 and Pompey's status at his first triumph.
- ^ The tradition was probably an indication of esteem and popularity that triumphal generals in the Republic had been spontaneously proclaimed as imperator by their troops in the field; it was not an absolute requirement (see Beard, p. 275). Taking divine auspices before battle might have been formally reserved to the highest magistrate on the field, while a victory proved that a commander must have pleased the gods – whatever the niceties of his authority. Conversely, a lost battle was a sure sign of religious dereliction; see Viet Rosenberger, "The Gallic Disaster", The Classical World, (The Johns Hopkins University Press), 96, 4, 2003, p. 371, note 39.
- ^ Valerius Maximus, 2. 8. 1.
- ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 26, 21; cf. Plutarch Marcellus 19–22.
- ^ Beard, p. 265.
- ^ Romulus' three triumphs are in Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Antiquitates Romanae, 2.54.2 & 2.55.5). Dioysius may have seen the Fasti. Livy (1.10.5-7) allows Romulus the spolia opima, not a "triumph". Neither author mentions the two triumphs attributed by the Fasti to the last king of Rome, Tarquin. See Beard, 74 and endnotes 1 &2.
- ^ Beard, 61-2, 66-7. The standard modern edition of the Fasti Triumphales is that of Attilio Degrassi, in Inscriptiones Italiae, vol.XIII, fasc.1 (Rome, 1947)
- ^ Versnel considers it an invocation for divine help and manifestation, derived via an unknown pre-Greek language through Etruria and Greece. He cites the chant of "Triumpe", repeated five times, which terminates the Carmen Arvale, a now-obscure prayer for the help and protection of Mars and the Lares. Versnel, pp. 39–55 (conclusion and summary on p. 55).
- ^ Beard et al, vol. 1, 44-5, 59-60: see also Plutarch, Romulus (trans. Dryden) at The Internet Classics Archive MIT.edu
- ^ Bowersock, 1994, 157.
- ^ Ovid, The Erotic Poems, 1.2.19-52. Trans P. Green.
- ^ Pliny attributes the invention of the triumph to "Father Liber" (identified with Dionysus): see Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 7.57 (ed. Bostock) at Perseus: Tufts.edu
- ^ Bosworth, 67-79, notes that Arrian's attributions here are non-historic and their details almost certainly apocryphal: see Arrian, 6, 28, 1-2.
- ^ Beard, p. 74.
- ^ Beard, p. 235.
- ^ Beard, p. 42; four were clustered in one year (71 BCE), including Pompey's second triumph.
- ^ Cicero, Brutus, 62.
- ^ See also Livy, 8, 40.
- ^ Beard, 79, notes at least one ancient case of what seems blatant fabrication, in which two ancestral triumphs became three.
- ^ Beard, 67: citing Valerius Maximus, 4.4.5., and Apuleius, Apol.17
- ^ Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.34.3.
- ^ Livy, 39.6-7: cf Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 34.14.
- ^ Beard, p. 162.
- ^ Beard, 16; he was aged 25 or 26 in some accounts.
- ^ Dio Cassius, 42.18.3.
- ^ Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 8.4: Plutarch, Pompey, 14.4.
- ^ Beard, 16, 17.
- ^ Beard, 39-40, notes that the introduction of such vast sums into the Roman economy would have left substantial traces, but none are evidenced (citing Brunt, (1971) 459-60; Scheidel, (1996); Duncan-Jones, (1990), 43, & (1994), 253).
- ^ Beard, 9, cites Appian's very doubtful "75,100,000" drachmae carried in the procession as 1.5 times his own estimate of Rome's total annual tax revenue (Appian, Mithradates, 116).
- ^ Beard, 15-16, citing Plutarch, Pompey, 45, 5.
- ^ Beard, 16. For further elaboration on Pompey's 3rd triumph, see also Plutarch, Sertorius, 18, 2, at Thayer Uchicago.edu: Cicero, Man. 61: Pliny, Nat. 7, 95.
- ^ Beard, 35: Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 37, 14-16.
- ^ Beard, pp. 297–298.
- ^ Syme, 272-5: Google Books Search
- ^ Southern, 104: Google Books Search
- ^ Very occasionally, a close relative who had glorified the Imperial gens might receive the honor.
- ^ Suetonius, Lives, Claudius, 24.3: given for the conquest of Britain. Claudius was "granted" a triumph by the Senate and gave "triumphal regalia" to his prospective son-in-law, who was still "only a boy." Thayer: Uchicago.edu
- ^ Beard, 61–71.
- ^ On triumphal entrances to Rome in the fourth century, see discussion in Schmidt-Hofner, pp. 33–60, and Wienand, pp. 169–197.
- ^ Beard pp. 322–323.
- ^ http://www.livius.org/person/theodosius-i/
- ^ Claudian (404). Panegyricus de Sexto Consulatu Honorii Augusti 2013年8月21日閲覧。
- ^ Beard, 326.
- ^ Gibbon, Edward (1776–89). “Chapter XXX”. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. pp. 39–41 2013年8月21日閲覧. "After the retreat of the barbarians, Honorius was directed to accept the dutiful invitation of the senate, and to celebrate, in the Imperial city, the auspicious aera of the Gothic victory, and of his sixth consulship."
- ^ Wace, Henry (1911). “Entry for "Honorius, Flavius Augustus, emperor"”. Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies 2013年8月21日閲覧. "The customary games took place with great magnificence, and on this occasion St. Telemachus sacrificed himself by attempting to separate the gladiators."
- ^ Theodoret (449-50). “Book V, chapter 26”. Ecclesiastical History 2013年8月21日閲覧. "When the admirable emperor was informed of this he numbered Telemachus in the array of victorious martyrs, and put an end to that impious spectacle."
- ^ Foxe, John (1563). “Chapter III, section on "The Last Roman 'Triumph.'"”. Actes and Monuments (a.k.a. Foxe's Book of Martyrs) 2013年8月21日閲覧. "[F]rom the day Telemachus fell dead ... no other fight of gladiators was ever held there."
- ^ Dell'Orto, Luisa Franchi (June 1983). Ancient Rome: Life and Art. Scala Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-935748-46-8
- ^ Beard, 318–321. Procopius' account is the source for a "marvelous set piece" of Belisarius' triumph, in Robert Graves' historical novel Count Belisarius.
[続きの解説]
凱旋式
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2021/10/01 09:15 UTC 版)
「ルキウス・アエミリウス・パウルス・マケドニクス」の記事における「凱旋式」の解説
しかしローマに戻ると、あまりに取り分が少なかった兵たちは不満の声を挙げ、トリブヌス・ミリトゥムであったセルウィウス・スルピキウス・ガルバ (紀元前144年の執政官)が中心となって、凱旋式に反対した。可否は民会の投票にかけられ、最初に投票したトリブスが反対したことが知れ渡ると、人々はあまりのことに嘆き悲しみ、元老院議員たちは一丸となって投票を中止させ、マルクス・セルウィリウス・プレクス・ゲミヌスが兵たちを説得し、凱旋式の挙行が可決された。 プルタルコスは、壮麗な凱旋式の様子を書き残しているが、その中でも、ペルセウスの子供たちが列に加わっている様子は人々の憐憫を誘ったとしている。ペルセウス自身は凱旋式で引き回すことを止めて欲しいと懇願したが、パウッルスは冷淡にはねつけたという。ただ、降伏直後には礼節をもって接し、ギリシア語で励ました逸話が残っている。この前後にパウッルスの二人の息子が亡くなっており、プルタルコスは「ペルセウスは負けたが子が残り、アエミリウスは勝ったが子を失った」と書いている。 この功績を讃えて、元老院は彼にマケドニクスの称号を与えることを決議した。 彼の勝利によって国庫は豊かになり、戦時特別税（tributum）の取り立ては廃止されたが、パウッルスの私財は増えなかったという。この戦時特別税は、紀元前43年まで取られなかったとプルタルコスは記している。 ペルセウスとの戦いの前、家に帰ると娘のテルティアが悲しそうにしており、どうしたのかと尋ねると、大事なペットの子犬のペルサが死んでいた。これはペルセウスを倒す予兆であったのだという伝説が残っている。この勝利は、白馬に乗った双子の神によってレアテの若者に伝えられ、当初は皆に信用されなかったが、勝利が確認された後に市民に取り立てられたという話もある。この話は、プルタルコスによればアヘノバルブス家の由来となっている。
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