リベラリスト【liberalist】
読み方：りべらりすと
自由主義
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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2024/02/23 11:17 UTC 版)
注釈
- ^ アダム・スミスは、見えざる手は著書において1度しか使用しておらず特に重要視もしていなかったという主張がある一方で、個人の経済的自由の追求は社会の福利厚生に貢献するとの記述は何度も展開されるとの反論が存在する。
- ^ ロールズの第1原理では、各個人は、他者の自由と両立しうる限り、基本的な自由を平等に享受するとしている。
- ^ なお、政府ではなくローカル共同体などの中間集団による再分配と相互扶助を主張する思想としてアナキズムがある。
- ^ この労働の果実としてのロック的な所有権は実際の歴史では特に不動産の場合においては稀であった。
- ^ 価値多元論をきわめて強く解釈したジョン・グレイは、固定化できない「自由」という論争的概念の追求は、多様な自我や差異の存在と真っ向から対立するものであるとして、自由主義はイデオロギー化できないという考え方を示している。ことにロールズの自由主義契約論は「社会的基本財」、すなわち自由の追求を前提に据えた議論であり、それゆえにロールズが示す「無知のヴェール」を纏った「閉じた社会」に対して、自由を是とする「開かれた社会」の優位性を前提とするこの議論の進化論的性格を、グレイは論理的に破綻していると結論している（ジョン・グレイ，2001，『自由主義論』，ミネルヴァ書房）。
出典
- ^ a b c 精選版 日本国語大辞典「自由主義」
- ^ "liberalism In general, the belief that it is the aim of politics to preserve individual rights and to maximize freedom of choice." Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan, Third edition 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-920516-5.
- ^ "political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for conservatism and for tradition in general, tolerance, and [...] individualism". John Dunn. Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future (1993). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43755-4.
- ^ "With a nod to Robert Trivers' definition of altruistic behaviour" (Trivers 1971, p. 35), Satoshi Kanazawa defines liberalism (as opposed to conservatism) as "the genuine concern for the welfare of genetically unrelated others and the willingness to contribute larger proportions of private resources for the welfare of such others" (Kanazawa 2010, p. 38).
- ^ “The Liberal Agenda for the 21st Century”. 2011年2月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年3月20日閲覧。
- ^ Nader Hashemi (2009). Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory for Muslim Societies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-971751-4. "Liberal democracy requires a form of secularism to sustain itself"
- ^ Kathleen G. Donohue (19 December 2003). Freedom from Want: American Liberalism and the Idea of the Consumer (New Studies in American Intellectual and Cultural History). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7426-0 2007年12月31日閲覧. "Three of them – freedom from fear, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion – have long been fundamental to liberalism."
- ^ “The Economist, Volume 341, Issues 7995–7997”. The Economist. (1996) 2007年12月31日閲覧. "For all three share a belief in the liberal society as defined above: a society that provides constitutional government (rule by law, not by men) and freedom of religion, thought, expression and economic interaction; a society in which [...]"
- ^ Sehldon S. Wolin (2004). Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11977-9 2007年12月31日閲覧. "The most frequently cited rights included freedom of speech, press, assembly, religion, property, and procedural rights"
- ^ Edwin Brown Firmage; Bernard G. Weiss; John Woodland Welch (1990). Religion and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-39-3 2007年12月31日閲覧. "There is no need to expound the foundations and principles of modern liberalism, which emphasises the values of freedom of conscience and freedom of religion"
- ^ John Joseph Lalor (1883). Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States. Nabu Press 2007年12月31日閲覧. "Democracy attaches itself to a form of government: liberalism, to liberty and guarantees of liberty. The two may agree; they are not contradictory, but they are neither identical, nor necessarily connected. In the moral order, liberalism is the liberty to think, recognised and practiced. This is primordial liberalism, as the liberty to think is itself the first and noblest of liberties. Man would not be free in any degree or in any sphere of action, if he were not a thinking being endowed with consciousness. The freedom of worship, the freedom of education, and the freedom of the press are derived the most directly from the freedom to think."
- ^ a b c Gould, p. 3.
- ^ "All mankind [...] being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions", John Locke, Second Treatise of Government
- ^ a b Kirchner, p. 3.
- ^ Steven Pincus (2009). 1688: The First Modern Revolution. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15605-8 2013年2月7日閲覧。
- ^ Milan Zafirovski (2007). Liberal Modernity and Its Adversaries: Freedom, Liberalism and Anti-Liberalism in the 21st Century. Brill. p. 237. ISBN 978-9004160521
- ^ Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2017). “The Politics of Cognition: Liberalism and the Evolutionary Origins of Victorian Education”. British Journal for the History of Science 50 (4): 677–699. doi:10.1017/S0007087417000863. PMID 29019300.
- ^ Martin Conway. "The Limits of an Anti-liberal Europe". In Dieter Gosewinkel, ed. (2014). Anti-liberal Europe: A Neglected Story of Europeanization. Berghahn Books. p. 184. ISBN 9781782384267. "Liberalism, liberal values and liberal institutions formed an integral part of that process of European consolidation. Fifteen years after the end of the Second World War, the liberal and democratic identity of Western Europe had been reinforced on almost all sides by the definition of the West as a place of freedom. Set against the oppression in the Communist East, by the slow development of a greater understanding of the moral horror of Nazism, and by the engagement of intellectuals and others with the new states (and social and political systems) emerging in the non-European world to the South"
- ^ "Liberalism in America: A Note for Europeans" by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (1956) from: The Politics of Hope (Boston: Riverside Press, 1962). "Liberalism in the U.S. usage has little in common with the word as used in the politics of any other country, save possibly Britain."
- ^ Worell, p. 470.
- ^ a b c d e f Gross, p. 5.
- ^ Kirchner, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Colton and Palmer, p. 479.
- ^ Emil J. Kirchner, Liberal Parties in Western Europe, "Liberal parties were among the first political parties to form, and their long-serving and influential records, as participants in parliaments and governments, raise important questions [...]", Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-521-32394-9.
- ^ "Liberalism", Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Rothbard, The Libertarian Heritage: The American Revolution and Classical Liberalism.
- ^ Puddington, p. 142. "After a dozen years of centre-left Liberal Party rule, the Conservative Party emerged from the 2006 parliamentary elections with a plurality and established a fragile minority government."
- ^ Grigsby, pp. 106–07. [Talking about the Democratic Party] "Its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism – modern liberalism."
- ^ Arnold, p. 3. "Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States."
- ^ 「15テーマを「政治哲学」で徹底解明--民主党の主要政策/日本の問題/世界の問題 （混迷する現代社会を生きるビジネスパーソンのための 実践的「哲学」入門）」『週刊東洋経済』第6278号、東洋経済新報社、2010年8月14日、41-49頁、NAID 40017218756。
- ^ リベラリズムの多義性 「思想」 2004年 第9号
- ^ 平野仁彦ほか (2002)「法哲学」有斐閣
- ^ Keynes, John M. (1926) The End of Laissez-Faire.
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