バルト諸国占領とは? わかりやすく解説

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バルト諸国占領

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 (2024/01/25 16:13 UTC 版)

バルト諸国占領(バルトしょこくせんりょう)とは、エストニアラトビアおよびリトアニアが、初めは1939年のドイツ国ソ連が締結したモロトフ・リッベントロップ条約の条項に基づきソ連によって、続いて1941年から1944年まではドイツによって、さらに1944年から1991年までは再びソ連によって行われた占領のことである[1][2][3][4][5][6]


  1. ^ Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania at UK Foreign Office
  2. ^ a b The World Book Encyclopedia ISBN 0716601036
  3. ^ The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN 0313323550
  4. ^ Saburova, Irina (1955). “The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States”. en:Russian Review 14 (1): 36–49. doi:10.2307/126075. 
  5. ^ See, for instance, position expressed by European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." European Parliament (1983-01-13). “Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania”. Official Journal of the European Communities C 42/78. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Europarliament13011983.jpg. 
  6. ^ "After the German occupation in 1941-44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991." [1](European Court of Human Rights 17 January 2006)
  7. ^ The Soviet occupation and incorporation at Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-37264/Baltic-states Baltic states, WWII losses] at Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ a b c The Forty-Third Session of the UN Sub-Commission at Google Scholar
  10. ^ Baltic Military District globalsecurity.org
  11. ^ (英語) Latvia takes over the territory of the Skrunda Radar Station
  12. ^ (英語) Russia Pulls Last Troops Out of Baltics ザ・モスクワ・タイムズ.
  13. ^ Baltic League, タイム (雑誌), June 02, 1924
  14. ^ No Philosophical Abstractions, タイム (雑誌), April 16, 1934
  15. ^ a b c 独ソ不可侵条約秘密議定書
  16. ^ ドイツ・ソビエト境界友好条約秘密条項
  17. ^ Christie, Kenneth, Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy, RoutledgeCurzon, 2002, ISBN 0700715991
  18. ^ Moscow's Week at タイム (雑誌) on Monday, Oct. 09, 1939
  19. ^ a b The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by David J. Smith, Page 24, ISBN 0415285801
  20. ^ Tannberg. Tarvel. Documents on the Soviet Military Occupation of Estonia, Trames, 2006.
  21. ^ Maltjukhov, Mikhail. The missed opportunity of Stalin. The Soviet Union and the fight for Europe: 1939-1941 (documents, facts, judgements). 2002, Moscow.
  22. ^ Baltic states :: Soviet occupation - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  23. ^ Minus a Member at Time magazine on Monday, Dec. 25, 1939
  24. ^ SuursaariTytärsaariLavansaariおよびSeiskariの島々
  25. ^ Mikhail Meltyukhov Stalin's Missed Chance p. 198, available at [2]
  26. ^ Pavel Petrov, p. 153
  27. ^ Pavel Petrov, p. 154
  28. ^ (フィンランド語) Pavel Petrov at Finnish Defence Forces home page
  29. ^ (ロシア語) documents published from the State Archive of the Russian Navy
  30. ^ Pavel Petrov, p. 164
  31. ^ The Last Flight from Tallinn Archived 2009年3月25日, at the Wayback Machine. at American Foreign Service Association
  32. ^ a b Five Years of Dates at Time magazine on Monday, Jun. 24, 1940
  33. ^ a b The Occupation of Latvia Archived 2007年11月23日, at the Wayback Machine. at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
  34. ^ "Tragedy of Maslenki - Latvia's Tragedy, June 15, 1940" Archived 2007年5月6日, at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ 赤軍がエストニア、ラトビアに進駐(東京朝日新聞)昭和15年6月18日夕刊 『昭和ニュース辞典第7巻 昭和14年-昭和16年』p384 昭和ニュース事典編纂委員会 毎日コミュニケーションズ刊 1994年
  36. ^ Germany Over All, タイム (雑誌), June 24, 1940
  37. ^ For Lithuania see, for instance, Thomas Remeikis (1975). “The decision of the Lithuanian government to accept the Soviet ultimatum of June 14, 1940”. LITUANUS, Lithuanian Quarterly journal of Arts and Sciences 21 (No.4 - Winter 1975). http://www.lituanus.org/1975/75_4_02.htm 2007年3月3日閲覧。. 
  38. ^ see report of Latvian Chargé d'affaires, Fricis Kociņš, regarding the talks with Soviet Foreign Commissar Molotov in I.Grava-Kreituse, I.Feldmanis, J.Goldmanis, A.Stranga. (1995) (latvian). Latvijas okupācija un aneksija 1939-1940: Dokumenti un materiāli. (The Occupation and Annexation of Latvia: 1939-1940. Documents and Materials.). pp. 348–350. http://www.historia.lv/alfabets/L/la/okupac/dokumenti/kocins/1940.21.06..htm 
  39. ^ for Estonia see, for instance, Tanel Kerikmäe, Hannes Vallikivi (2000). “State Continuity in the Light of Estonian Treaties Concluded before World War II”. Juridica International (I 2000): 30–39. http://www.juridica.ee/international_en.php?document=en/international/2000/1/22575.ART.0.pub.php 2007年3月3日閲覧。. 
  40. ^ nearly 650,000 according to Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb (2002). Historical Injustice and Democratic Transition in Eastern Asia and Northern Europe: Ghosts at the Table of Democracy. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 83. ISBN 0700715991. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=liV7upFWBb8C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&sig=EEeRpxGm9rGcZCT3B5dxPHpQiPQ&redir_esc=y&hl=ja#PPA79,M1 
  41. ^ a b c d e en:Stephane Courtois; Werth, Nicolas; Panne, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis & Kramer, Mark (1999). The en:Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. en:Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-07608-7.
  42. ^ The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania p.19 ISBN 0415285801
  43. ^ Estonia: Identity and Independence by Jean-Jacques Subrenat, David Cousins, Alexander Harding, Richard C. Waterhouse ISBN 9042008903
  44. ^ June 14 the Estonian government surrendered without offering any military resistance; The occupation authorities began...by disarming the Estonian Army and removing the higher military comman from power Ertl, Alan (2008). Toward an Understanding of Europe. Universal-Publishers. p. 394. ISBN 1599429837. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=X9PGRaZt-zcC&pg=PA394&dq=&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 
  45. ^ the Estonian armed forces were disarmed by the Soviet occupation in June 1940 Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 111. ISBN 0810849046. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=XKWRct15XfkC&pg=PA111&vq=&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 
  46. ^ Baltic States: A Study of Their Origin and National Development, Their Seizure and Incorporation Into the U.S.S.R. W. S. Hein. p. 280. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=_LRAAAAAIAAJ&q=Rahva+Omakaitse&dq=Rahva+Omakaitse&lr=&ei=dKhdSbqmFIvuMoea6OcM&client=firefox-a&pgis=1&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 
  47. ^ The President of the Republic acquainted himself with the Estonian Defence Forces”. Press Service of the Office of the President (2001年12月19日). 2009年8月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年1月2日閲覧。
  48. ^ (エストニア語)51 years from the Raua Street Battle at Estonian Defence Forces Home Page
  49. ^ 784 AE. “Riigikogu avaldus kommunistliku režiimi kuritegudest Eestis” (Estonian). en:Riigikogu. 2007年6月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年1月2日閲覧。
  50. ^ Lohmus, Alo (2007年11月10日). “Kaitseväelastest said kurja saatuse sunnil korpusepoisid” (Estonian). オリジナルの2009年8月21日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20090821190707/http://www.postimees.ee/161107/esileht/ak/294586.php 2009年1月2日閲覧。 
  51. ^ Põlva maakonna 2005.a. lahtised meistrivõistlused mälumängus” (Estonian). kilb.ee (2005年2月22日). 2008年6月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年1月2日閲覧。
  52. ^ in addition to the envoys accredited in Baltic countries, Soviet government sent the following special emissaries: to Lithuania: Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs Dekanozov; to Latvia: Vishinski, the representative of the Council of Ministers; to Estonia: Regional Party Leader of Leningrad Zhdanov. Analytical list of documents, V. Friction in the Baltic States and Balkans, June 4, 1940 – September 21, 1940” (html). Telegram of German Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Schulenburg) to the German Foreign Office. 2007年3月3日閲覧。
  53. ^ a b Attitudes of the Major Soviet Nationalities, Center for International Studies, en:Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1973
  54. ^ Mangulis, Visvaldis (1983). “VIII. September 1939 to June 1941”. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th century. Princeton Junction: Cognition Books. ISBN 0912881003. https://www.historia.lv/raksts/viii-september-1939-june-1941 
  55. ^ a b Švābe, Arvīds. The Story of Latvia. Latvian National Foundation. Stockholm. 1949.
  56. ^ Justice in The Baltic at Time magazine on Monday, Aug. 19, 1940
  57. ^ Dunsdorfs, Edgars. The Baltic Dilemma. Speller & Sons, New York. 1975
  58. ^ Küng, Andres. Communism and Crimes against Humanity in the Baltic States. 1999 アーカイブされたコピー”. 2001年3月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年1月21日閲覧。
  59. ^ The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986)
  60. ^ see, for instance, Concurrent Resolution of the House and Senate: H. CON. RES. 128” (PDF) (2005年7月25日). 2006年12月9日閲覧。 “[e]xpressing the sense of Congress that the Government of the Russian Federation should issue a clear and unambiguous statement of admission and condemnation of the illegal occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union from 1940 to 1991 of the Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
  61. ^ Then acting U.S. Secretary of State, Sumner Wells described Soviet activities in the Baltic states as: "the devious process whereunder the political independence and territorial integrity of the three small Baltic republics - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - were to be deliberately annihilated by one of their more powerful neighbors."
  62. ^ European Parliament (1983-01-13). “Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania”. Official Journal of the European Communities C 42/78. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Europarliament13011983.jpg.  "whereas the Soviet annexations of the three Baltic States still has not been formally recognized by most European States and the USA, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and the Vatican still adhere to the concept of the Baltic States".
  63. ^ Van Elsuwege, P. (2003). “State Continuity and its Consequences: The Case of the Baltic States”. Leiden Journal of International Law 16: 377–388. doi:10.1017/S0922156503001195. 
  64. ^ Malksoo, Lauri (2005). “Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR”. The American Journal of International Law 99 (3): 734–736. doi:10.2307/1602324. 
  65. ^ Juda, Lawrence (1975). “United States' nonrecognition of the Soviet Union's annexation of the Baltic States: Politics and law”. en:Journal of Baltic Studies 6 (4): 272–290. 
  66. ^ Baltic states German occupation at Encyclopædia Britannica
  67. ^ The Baltic States: The National Self-Determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by Graham Smith, p. 91. ISBN 0312161921
  68. ^ Resistance! Occupied Europe and Its Defiance of Hitler by Dave Lande, p. 200. ISBN 0760307458
  69. ^ Mart Laar (2006) (Estonian). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis. Tallinn: Varrak 
  70. ^ By Royal Institute of International Affairs. Information Dept. Published 1945
  71. ^ Jewish Executions Carried Out by Einsatzgruppe A Franz Walter Stahlecker
  72. ^ The Holocaust in the Baltics Archived 2008年3月7日, at the Wayback Machine.
  73. ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Estonia
  74. ^ Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity
  75. ^ According to the most recent figures from the Latvian State Archives, 1,771 Latvian Jews were deported by the Soviets in June 1941, out of a total 15,424 deportees. Thus Jews made up 11% of the deportees at a time when their share of the total population of Latvia was only around 5%. See: Pelkaus, Elmārs (ed.) (2001) (Latvian, English, and Russian). Aizvestie: 1941. gada 14. jūnijā. Rīga: Latvijas Valsts arhīvs; Nordik. ISBN 9984675556 
  76. ^ a b en:Andrew Ezergailis, The Holocaust in Latvia, 1996
  77. ^ http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x14/xm1411.html
  78. ^ Nuremberg Document L-180, relevant excerpts from www.nizkor.org
  79. ^ Einsatzgruppen Archives.
  80. ^ Cf the Jäger Report of 1 December 1941
  81. ^ Dieckmann, Christoph; Toleikis, Vytautas; and Zizas, Rimantas (2005) (Lithuanian and English). Karo belaisvių ir civilių gyventojų žudynės Lietuvoje, 1941–1944 = Murders of Prisoners of War and of Civilian Population in Lithuania, 1941–1944. Totalitarinių režimų nusikaltimai Lietuvoje 2. Vilnius: Margi Raštai. ISBN 9986092973 
  82. ^ Šarūnas Liekis. A State within a State? Jewish autonomy in Lithuania 1918–1925. Versus aureus, 2003
  83. ^ Šarūnas Liekis. Žydai: "kaimynai" ar "svetimieji"? Etninių mažumų problematika
  84. ^ Reflections on the Holocaust in Lithuania: A New Book by Alfonsas Eidintas - Senn
  85. ^ Д. Муриев, Описание подготовки и проведения балтийской операции 1944 года, Военно-исторический журнал, сентябрь 1984. Translation available, D. Muriyev, Preparations, Conduct of 1944 Baltic Operation Described, Military History Journal (USSR Report, Military affairs), 1984-9, pp. 22-28
  86. ^ a b Background Note: Latvia at US Department of State
  87. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Talmon, Stefan (2001). Recognition of Governments in International Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 103. ISBN 9780198265733. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=scc8EboiJX8C&pg=PA103&dq=&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 
  88. ^ Aust, Anthony (2005). Handbook of International Law. Cambridge University Press,. pp. 26. ISBN 0521823498. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=EqO9rKIcoQMC&pg=PA26&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 
  89. ^ Diplomats Without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War by James T. McHugh , James S. Pacy, Page 2. ISBN 0313318786
  90. ^ Hiden, John; Vahur Made, David J. Smith (2008). The Baltic Question During the Cold War. Routledge. pp. 120. ISBN 9780415371001. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=jx4JQycHtnkC&pg=PA120&dq=&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 
  91. ^ "The Government of Canada recognizes that Estonia has de facto entered the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics but has not recognised this de jure. The Government of Canada recognizes the Government of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic to be the de facto government of Estonia but does not recognize it as the de jure government of Estonia."Stefan Talmon, Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, p104
  92. ^ Lawrence Juda, United States' nonrecognition of the Soviet Union's annexation of the Baltic States: Politics and law, Journal of Baltic Studies, Volume 6, Issue 4 Winter 1975 , pages 272 - 290
  93. ^ Nordic Contacts 1991-1998 retrieved January 25, 2008
  94. ^ Sweden to repay two nations gold deposits, American Metal Market, July 2, 1992
  95. ^ a b U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship at state.gov
  96. ^ The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania By David J. Smith; Page 138
  97. ^ Harriman, Averel & Abel, Elie. Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin 1941-1946, Random House, New York. 1974. p. 1135.
  98. ^ Gannon, Robert. The Cardinal Spellman Story. Doubleday, New York. 1962. pp. 222-223
  99. ^ Minutes of meeting, Bohlen, recording. Foreign Relations of the United States, The Conferences of Cairo and Teheran, 1943, pp. 594-596
  100. ^ Bullitt, Orville. For the President: Personal and Secret. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. 1972. p. 601.
  101. ^ Churchill, Winston. The Second World War (6 volumes). Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. 1953. v. 6. pp. 227-228.
  102. ^ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics :: Foreign policy - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  103. ^ Interview with Gerald Ford, August 4, 1997—"You have to recognize that the terms of that agreement said those boundaries have to be maintained peacefully. In other words, the Helsinki accords ruled out military action to change those borders. Now as long as those borders were re-defined peacefully, that was okay under the Helsinki Accords. Well what happened when you had the human rights provisions, and the dissidents rose up against their dictators, they changed those borders the Baltic nations and even Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, they took advantage of the human rights provision, to re-define what the borders meant."
  104. ^ Collier's Yearbook, 1975
  105. ^ en:European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States
  106. ^ Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia by EU
  107. ^ Estonia says Soviet occupation justifies it staying away from Moscow celebrations - Pravda.Ru Archived 2005年7月28日, at the Wayback Machine.
  108. ^ Žalimas, Dainius. LEGAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES ON THE CONTINUITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
  109. ^ Russia denies Baltic 'occupation' by BBC News
  110. ^ Bush denounces Soviet domination by BBC News
  111. ^ Russia denies Archived 2007年12月15日, at the Wayback Machine. at newsfromrussia
  112. ^ the term "occupation" inapplicable Archived 2007年9月29日, at the Wayback Machine. at newsfromrussia
  113. ^ A Do-Over for Russian History? at the Wall Street Journal.
  114. ^ (ロシア語)1939 USSR-Latvia Mutual Aid Pact (full text)
  115. ^ en:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  116. ^ http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/communistnationssince1917/ch2.html at University of Kansas, retrieved January 23, 2008
  117. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, Vol. XI, pp. 29-71.
  118. ^ Receuil de traités conclus par la Lithuanie avec les pays étrangérs, Vol. I, Kaunas, 1930, pp. 30-45.
  119. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, 1920-21, No. 67, pp. 213-231.
  120. ^ the Peace Treaty with Estonia and Latvia, para. 2., Peace Treaty with Lithuania, para. 1.
  121. ^ Prof. Dr. G. von Rauch "Die Baltischen Staaten und Sowjetrussland 1919-1939", Europa Archiv No. 17 (1954), p. 6865.
  122. ^ Receuil des traités conclus par la Lithuanie avec les pays étrangés, Vol. I, Kaunas, 1930, pp. 429-435.
  123. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, 1934, No. 3408, pp. 123-125 and 127
  124. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, Vol. CXXXI, pp. 297-307.
  125. ^ Arts. I and IV of the Non-Aggression Treaties with Latvia and Estonia, and Arts. III and V of the Non-Aggression Treaty with Lithuania.
  126. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, 1929, No. 2028.
  127. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, 1928, No. 2137.
  128. ^ Kellogg-Briand Pact at Yale University
  129. ^ Aggression Defined at Time Magazine the Convention for the Definition of Aggression.
  130. ^ League of Nations Treaty Series, 1934, No. 3391.
  131. ^ League of Nations Treaties Series No. 4656/39, pp. 385-387.
  132. ^ B. Meissner, Die Sowjetunion, die Baltischen Staaten und das Volkerrecht, 1956, pp. 119-120.
  133. ^ Louis L. Snyder, Fifty Major Documents of the Twentieth Century, 1955, p. 92.
  134. ^ Embassy of the U.S.S.R., Soviet War Documents (Washington, D.C.: 1943), p. 17 as quoted in Karski, Jan. The Great Powers and Poland, 1919-1945, 1985, on 418
  135. ^ Foreign Relations of the United States, The Conference at Malta and Yalta, Washington, 1955, p. 977.
  136. ^ Frank McDonough. Neville Chamberlain, Appeasement and the British Road to War, pg. 86
  137. ^ Scott, George (1973). The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations. London: Hutchinson & Co LTD. pp. 312, 398 ISBN 0-09-117040-0.
  138. ^ パッツの死去は1974年にソ連から国際赤十字に伝えられた。
  139. ^ Michael L. Dockrill, B. J. C. McKercher, Diplomacy and World Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy, 1890-1950, Cambridge University Press 1996, p226





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