ナヘラの戦い
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 (2021/08/12 07:33 UTC 版)
ナヘラの戦い（ナヘラのたたかい、英語: Battle of Nájera）は、 1367年4月3日にカスティーリャ王国ラ・リオハ地方のナヘラで起こった、カスティーリャ王ペドロ1世（残酷王）とトラスタマラ伯エンリケ（後のカスティーリャ王エンリケ2世、恩寵王）の間の、カスティーリャ軍同士の戦いである。イングランド王国のエドワード黒太子と共に戦ったペドロ1世がフランス人傭兵の支援を受けたエンリケを破ったが、この勝利は逆にペドロ1世を破滅的な結末に導くことになる。第一次カスティーリャ継承戦争における最初の大規模な戦いであると共に、両軍に英仏はじめ各勢力が加担したため、百年戦争の一環としてもとらえられている。
- ^ Cáceres, Fernando Castillo (1991-01-01). “Análisis de una batalla: Najera (1367)”. Cuadernos de historia de España (73): 105–146.
- ^ Sumption, Jonathon (2001). Trial by Fire. faber & faber. ISBN 0-571-20737-5
- ^ Ayala, Pero López de; Amirola, Llaguno (1779-01-01) (スペイン語). Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, por D. Pedro López de Ayala,... con las enmiendas del secretario Gerónimo Zurita y las correcciones y notas añadidas por Don Eugenio de Llaguno Amirola,.... Don A. de Sancho. p. 453. "El Rey Don Enrique, segun dicho avemos, tenía su Real asentado en guisa que el rio Najerilla estaba entre el, é el logar por dó avian de venir el Rey Don Pedro é el Príncipe, é ovo su acuerdo de pasar el rio, é poner la batalla en una grand plaza que es contra Navarrete, por dó los otros venían, é fizolo asi. E desto pesó a muchos de los que con él estaban, ca tenian primero su Real á mayor ventaja que despues le asentaron;"
- ^ Chandos Herald, fl 1350-1380; Pope, Mildred Katharine; Lodge, Eleanor Constance (1910-01-01). Life of the Black Prince. Oxford, Clarendon press. p. 231. "But the true-hearted Prince did not go the most direct road, but took the road to the right hand. They descended a mountain and a big valley, all on horseback, so nobly arrayed and in such fair close order that it was marvellous to behold."
- ^ “The Chronicles of Sir Jean Froissart”. www.maisonstclaire.org. 2016年5月22日閲覧。 “The prince of Wales, as it has been before related, drew up his army in the manner he intended they should engage, whilst he lay before Vittoria, when the enemy did not appear according to his expectations. He had not since then made any alterations concerning it, and had always marched in this order. At break of day, therefore, the prince’s army took the field, marching in battle-array, as expecting to meet the Spaniards. No one advanced before the battalion of the marshals excepting those who received orders, as scouts; and the two leaders, as well as both the armies, knew, from the intelligence of the scouts, that they should shortly meet: they therefore marched forward with a gentle pace. When the sun was risen it was a beautiful sight to view these battalions, with their brilliant armour glittering with its beams. In this manner, they nearly approached to each other. The prince, with a few attendants, mounted a small hill, and saw very clearly the enemy marching straight towards them. Upon descending this hill, he extended his line of battle in the plain, and then halted. The Spaniards, seeing the English had halted, did the same in order of battle; then each man tightened his armour, and made ready as for instant combat.”
- ^ Ayala, Pero López de; Amirola, Llaguno (1779-01-01). “AÑO DECIMOCTAVO. 1367. Capítulo XII” (スペイン語). Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, por D. Pedro López de Ayala,... con las enmiendas del secretario Gerónimo Zurita y las correcciones y notas añadidas por Don Eugenio de Llaguno Amirola,.... Don A. de Sancho. p. 454. "Y antes que las batallas se juntasen, algunos ginetes, y el pendón de San Esteban del Puerto, con los del dicho logar que allí eran con el Rey Don Enrique, pasáronse a la parte del Rey Don Pedro."
- ^ Ayala, Pero López de; Amirola, Llaguno (1779-01-01) (スペイン語). Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, por D. Pedro López de Ayala,... con las enmiendas del secretario Gerónimo Zurita y las correcciones y notas añadidas por Don Eugenio de Llaguno Amirola,.... Don A. de Sancho. p. 454. "Y luego movieron los unos contra los otros,y el Conde Don Sancho hermano del Rey Don Enrique, y Mosen Beltran de Claquin, y los Caballeros que estaban con el pendón de la Vanda, y todos aquellos Caballeros que diximos que el Rey Don Enrique ordenara que estoviesen do pie fueronse juntar con la avanguarda de la parte do venían el Duque de Alencastre, y el Condestable de Guiana Mosen Juan Chandos, y otros muchos buenos Caballeros (...) Y tan recio se juntaron los unos con los otros, que a los de la una parte, y a los de la otra cayeron las lanzas en tierra: y juntáronse cuerpos con cuerpos, y luego se comenzaron a ferir de las espadas y hachas y dagas. (...) Y los de la avanguarda del Príncipe retraxeronse un poco quanto una pasada, en manera que los de la avanguarda del Rey Don Enrique cuidaron que vencían, y llegáronse más a ellos , y comenzáronse otra vez a ferír."
- ^ “The Chronicles of Sir Jean Froissart”. www.maisonstclaire.org. 2016年5月22日閲覧。 “During this time, the first battalion, commanded by the duke of Lancaster, sir John Chandos, and the two marshals, sir Guiscard d’Angle and sir Stephen Cossington, was warmly engaged with that of sir Bertrand du Guesclin and the other knights from Arragon and France. Many valorous actions were done; and each tried his strength to open a passage through the enemy. Several fought with their spears in both hands, with which they dealt about lustily their blows; others made use of short swords and daggers. At the commencement the French and Arragonians made a desperate resistance, and gave the good knights of England much trouble.”
- ^ Ayala, Pero López de; Amirola, Llaguno (1779-01-01) (スペイン語). Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, por D. Pedro López de Ayala,... con las enmiendas del secretario Gerónimo Zurita y las correcciones y notas añadidas por Don Eugenio de Llaguno Amirola,.... Don A. de Sancho. p. 455. "Y Don Tello hermano del Rey Don Enrique, Señor de Lara y de Vizcaya, que estaba de caballo a la mano izquierda de la avanguarda del Rey Don Enrique, non movia para pelear; y los de la ala derecha de la avanguarda del Príncipe, que eran el Conde de Armiñaque, y los de Lebret, y otros muchos que venían en aquella haz, enderezaron a Don Tello; y el y los que con él estaban non los esperaron, y movieron del campo a todo romper huyendo."
- ^ “The Chronicles of Sir Jean Froissart”. www.maisonstclaire.org. 2016年5月22日閲覧。 “(...) a sudden panic seized don Tello, so that he wheeled about, and fled in disorder without striking a blow, carrying with him two thousand cavalry of his division. No one knew how to account for this conduct. (...) The English archers, according to their custom, shot sharply with their bows, to the great annoyance and death of the Spaniards.”
- ^ Ayala, Pero López de; Amirola, Llaguno (1779-01-01) (スペイン語). Cronicas de los Reyes de Castilla Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III, por D. Pedro López de Ayala,... con las enmiendas del secretario Gerónimo Zurita y las correcciones y notas añadidas por Don Eugenio de Llaguno Amirola,.... Don A. de Sancho. p. 455. "Y el Rey Don Enrique llegó dos o tres veces en su caballo armado de loriga por socorrer a los suyos que estaban de pie, teniendo que así lo harían todos los suyos que estaban con él de caballo, y llegó donde veía que el pendón de la Vanda estaba, que aún no era derribado: y cuando él llegó donde era la priesa de la batalla, y vio que los suyos no peleaban, hubo de volver."
- ^ Chandos Herald, fl 1350-1380; Pope, Mildred Katharine; Lodge, Eleanor Constance (1910-01-01). Life of the Black Prince. Oxford, Clarendon press. p. 233. "The Spaniards hurled with might archegays, lances, and darts. Each one strove to acquit himself well, for archers shot thicker than rain falls in winter time. They wounded their horses and men, and the Spaniards perceived well that they could no longer endure ; they began to turn their horses and took to flight. When the Bastard Henry saw them he was filled with wrath. Three times he made them rally, saying, \Sirs, help, me, for God's sake, for you have made me king and have also made oath to help me loyally.' But his speech is of no avail, for the attack waxed ever stronger"
- ^ “The Chronicles of Sir Jean Froissart”. www.maisonstclaire.org. 2016年5月22日閲覧。 “Those who were near king Henry did their duty like men; for he had before entreated of them to behave courageously. He himself set the example, and performed such valorous acts as gave courage to all around him. He advanced before those who were beginning to give way and fly, calling to them: “My lords, I am your king. You have placed me upon the throne of Castille, and have sworn that you would die sooner than forsake me. For the love of God, preserve your oaths sacred which you have sworn to me, and behave yourselves handsomely in my cause. I will acquit myself towards you, for I will not fly one step as long as I shall see you combating by my side.” By these words, or others of a similar tendency, did king Henry thrice bring back his men to the combat. He himself behaved so valiantly, that he ought to be much honoured and respected. This battle was fought with great perils: many were slain, wounded, and put to flight.”
- ^ “The Chronicles of Sir Jean Froissart”. www.maisonstclaire.org. 2016年5月22日閲覧。 “The English and Gascons now mounted their horses, and went in pursuit of the Spaniards, who were flying in dismay, as far as Najarra. There was much slaughter and effusion of blood at the entrance of the bridge: many were killed and drowned: for great numbers leaped into the river, which was both rapid and deep, preferring the being drowned to being murdered.”
- ^ “The Chronicles of Sir Jean Froissart”. www.maisonstclaire.org. 2016年5月22日閲覧。 “In this flight, there were two valiant men of Spain, knights at arms, who wore, however, the dress of monks: one was called the grand prior of St. Jago, the other the grand master of the order of Calatrava: they and their attendants threw themselves for safety into the town of Najarra, but were so closely pursued by the English and Gascons, who were at their heels, that they won the bridge with great slaughter, and entered the town with them. They took possession of a strong house, which was well built with worked stone: but this was soon gained, the knights taken, many of the people killed, and the whole town pillaged. The English and Gascons gained considerable riches: they went to the lodgings of king Henry and the other Spanish lords, where the first comers found quantities of plate and jewels; for king Henry and his army had come thither with much splendour, and after the defeat had not leisure to return to place in security what they had left behind them in the morning.”
[続きの解説]
「ナヘラの戦い」の続きの解説一覧
- 1 ナヘラの戦いとは
- 2 ナヘラの戦いの概要
- 3 背景
- 4 開戦まで
- 5 戦闘
- 6 戦後
- ナヘラの戦いのページへのリンク
